Mechanical Characterization and Thermodynamic Analysis of Laser-Polished Landscape Design Products Using 3D Printing

Recent innovations in 3D printing technologies and processes have influenced how landscape products are designed, built, and developed. In landscape architecture, reduced-size models are 3D-printed to replicate full-size structures. However, high surface roughness usually occurs on the surfaces of such 3D-printed components, which requires additional post-treatment. In this work, we develop a new type of landscape design structure based on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique and present a laser polishing method for FDM-fabricated polylactic acid (PLA) mechanical components, whereby the surface roughness of the laser-polished surfaces is reduced from over Ra 15 µm to less than 0.25 µm. The detailed results of thermodynamics and microstructure evolution are further analyzed during laser polishing. The stability and accuracy of the results are evaluated based on the standard deviation. Additionally, the superior tensile and flexural properties are examined in the laser-polished layer, in which the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is increased by up to 46.6% and the flexural strength is increased by up to 74.5% compared with the as-fabricated components. Finally, a real polished landscape model is simulated and optimized using a series of scales.

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Improve Surfaces properties of ABS Products fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D Printing: تحسين خواص الأسطح المصنعة عن طريق الطباعة ثلاثية الأبعاد بتقنية نمذجة ترسيب المنصهر FDM لمنتجات ABS

Journal of engineering sciences and information technology - مجلة العلوم الهندسية و تكنولوجيا المعلومات ◽

10.26389/ajsrp.s270819 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Suleiman Ibrahim Yousef, Mahmoud Al-Assad, Maher Al-Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

3D Printing ◽

Surface Treatment ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Metal Layer ◽

High Surface ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposited Metal ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Effect Of Surface

FDM (fused deposition modeling) 3D printing products often suffer from high surface roughness and low durability compared to conventional methods. In this paper, the effect of surface treatment after printing and coating with a layer of metal on its properties has been studied, The mechanical surface treatment methods (sandpaper) and chemical (solvent treatment) were compared and their effect on the adhesion strength of the deposited metal layer on the surface. The surface of the ABS product was coated with a layer of metal, the effect of both treatment and coating on the mechanical properties of printing products was studied. The results showed a clear decrease in surface roughness after surface treatment, where surface roughness decreased by 92%, and the best result was when grinding with sandpaper (2000 Grit) was Ra 0.35 μm. The tensile strength after acetone surface treatment was improved by 50% and after coating the product with a layer of metal by 56.25%. The adhesion test of the surface-deposited metal (CROSS-CUT) was conducted, and the result showed that the best adhesion durability was when the surface was treated with acetone vapor before coating.

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Biodegradable 3D Printed Polymer Microneedles for Transdermal Drug Delivery

10.26434/chemrxiv.5851950.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael A. Luzuriaga ◽

Danielle R. Berry ◽

John C. Reagan ◽

Ronald A. Smaldone ◽

Jeremiah J. Gassensmith

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

3D Printing ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Modeling Software ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

3D Printed ◽

Microfabrication Technique ◽

Mechanical Strengths

Biodegradable polymer microneedle (MN) arrays are an emerging class of transdermal drug delivery devices that promise a painless and sanitary alternative to syringes; however, prototyping bespoke needle architectures is expensive and requires production of new master templates. Here, we present a new microfabrication technique for MNs using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing using polylactic acid, an FDA approved, renewable, biodegradable, thermoplastic material. We show how this natural degradability can be exploited to overcome a key challenge of FDM 3D printing, in particular the low resolution of these printers. We improved the feature size of the printed parts significantly by developing a post fabrication chemical etching protocol, which allowed us to access tip sizes as small as 1 μm. With 3D modeling software, various MN shapes were designed and printed rapidly with custom needle density, length, and shape. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that our method resulted in needle tip sizes in the range of 1 – 55 µm, which could successfully penetrate and break off into porcine skin. We have also shown that these MNs have comparable mechanical strengths to currently fabricated MNs and we further demonstrated how the swellability of PLA can be exploited to load small molecule drugs and how its degradability in skin can release those small molecules over time.

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3D Printed Clamps for In Vitro Tensile Tests of Human Gracilis and the Superficial Third of Quadriceps Tendons

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11062563 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 2563

Author(s):

Ivan Grgić ◽

Vjekoslav Wertheimer ◽

Mirko Karakašić ◽

Željko Ivandić

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

Biomechanical Properties ◽

Testing Procedure ◽

Laboratory Equipment ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Custom Made ◽

3D Printed

Recent soft tissue studies have reported issues that occur during experimentation, such as the tissue slipping and rupturing during tensile loads, the lack of standard testing procedure and equipment, the necessity for existing laboratory equipment adaptation, etc. To overcome such issues and fulfil the need for the determination of the biomechanical properties of the human gracilis and the superficial third of the quadriceps tendons, 3D printed clamps with metric thread profile-based geometry were developed. The clamps’ geometry consists of a truncated pyramid pattern, which prevents the tendons from slipping and rupturing. The use of the thread application in the design of the clamp could be used in standard clamping development procedures, unlike in previously custom-made clamps. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) was used as a 3D printing technique, together with polylactic acid (PLA), which was used as a material for clamp printing. The design was confirmed and the experiments were conducted by using porcine and human tendons. The findings justify the usage of 3D printing technology for parts manufacturing in the case of tissue testing and establish independence from the existing machine clamp system, since it was possible to print clamps for each prepared specimen and thus reduce the time for experiment setup.

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Influence of Part Orientation on the Surface Roughness in the Process of Fused Deposition Modeling

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.896.29 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 896 ◽

pp. 29-37

Author(s):

Ján Milde ◽

František Jurina ◽

Jozef Peterka ◽

Patrik Dobrovszký ◽

Jakub Hrbál ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Orientation Angle ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Lower Surface ◽

Geometrical Model ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Part Orientation

The article focused on the influence of part orientation on the surface roughness of cuboid parts during the process of fabricating by FDM technology. The components, in this case, is simple cuboid part with the dimensions 15 mm x 15mm x 30 mm. A geometrical model is defined that considers the shape of the material filaments after deposition, to define a theoretical roughness profile, for a certain print orientation angle. Five different print orientations in the X-axis of the cuboid part were set: 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°. According to previous research in the field of FDM technology by the author, the internal structure (infill) was set at the value of 70%. The method of 3D printing was the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and the material used in this research was thermoplastic ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). For each setting, there were five specimens (twenty five prints in total). Prints were fabricated on a Zortrax M200 3D printer. After the 3D printing, the surface “A” was investigated by portable surface roughness tester Mitutoyo SJ-210. Surface roughness in the article is shown in the form of graphs (Fig.7). Results show increase in part roughness with increasing degree of part orientation. When the direction of applied layers on the measured surface was horizontal, significant improvement in surface roughness was observed. Findings in this paper can be taken into consideration when designing parts, as they can contribute in achieving lower surface roughness values.

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Experimental investigations into abrasive flow machining (AFM) of 3D printed ABS and PLA parts

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-01-2021-0013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Nitin Dixit ◽

Varun Sharma ◽

Pradeep Kumar

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Experimental Investigations ◽

Future Research ◽

Content Type ◽

Abrasive Flow Machining ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Cylindrical Parts ◽

3D Printed

Purpose The surface roughness of additively manufactured parts is usually found to be high. This limits their use in industrial and biomedical applications. Therefore, these parts required post-processing to improve their surface quality. The purpose of this study is to finish three-dimensional (3D) printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) parts using abrasive flow machining (AFM). Design/methodology/approach A hydrogel-based abrasive media has been developed to finish 3D printed parts. The developed abrasive media has been characterized for its rheology and thermal stability using sweep tests, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The ABS and PLA cylindrical parts have been prepared using fused deposition modeling (FDM) and finished using AFM. The experiments were designed using Taguchi (L9 OA) method. The effect of process parameters such as extrusion pressure (EP), layer thickness (LT) and abrasive concentration (AC) was investigated on the amount of material removed (MR) and percentage improvement in surface roughness (%ΔRa). Findings The developed abrasive media was found to be effective for finishing FDM printed parts using AFM. The microscope images of unfinished and finished showed a significant improvement in surface topography of additively manufactures parts after AFM. The results reveal that AC is the most significant parameter during the finishing of ABS parts. However, EP and AC are the most significant parameters for MR and %ΔRa, respectively, during the finishing of PLA parts. Practical implications The FDM technology has applications in the biomedical, electronics, aeronautics and defense sectors. PLA has good biodegradable and biocompatible properties, so widely used in biomedical applications. The ventilator splitters fabricated using FDM have a profile similar to the shape used in the present study. Research limitations/implications The present study is focused on finishing FDM printed cylindrical parts using AFM. Future research may be done on the AFM of complex shapes and freeform surfaces printed using different additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. Originality/value An abrasive media consists of xanthan gum, locust bean gum and fumed silica has been developed and characterized. An experimental study has been performed by combining printing parameters of FDM and finishing parameters of AFM. A comparative analysis in MR and %ΔRa has been reported between 3D printed ABS and PLA parts.

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3D-Printable PP/SEBS Thermoplastic Elastomeric Blends: Preparation and Properties

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11020347 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 347 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Shib Banerjee ◽

Stephen Burbine ◽

Nischay Kodihalli Shivaprakash ◽

Joey Mead

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Carbon Black ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

3D Printed ◽

Injection Molded ◽

Preferential Location

Currently, material extrusion 3D printing (ME3DP) based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) is considered a highly adaptable and efficient additive manufacturing technique to develop components with complex geometries using computer-aided design. While the 3D printing process for a number of thermoplastic materials using FDM technology has been well demonstrated, there still exists a significant challenge to develop new polymeric materials compatible with ME3DP. The present work reports the development of ME3DP compatible thermoplastic elastomeric (TPE) materials from polypropylene (PP) and styrene-(ethylene-butylene)-styrene (SEBS) block copolymers using a straightforward blending approach, which enables the creation of tailorable materials. Properties of the 3D printed TPEs were compared with traditional injection molded samples. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the 3D printed sample were lower than the injection molded samples. However, no significant differences could be found in the melt rheological properties at higher frequency ranges or in the dynamic mechanical behavior. The phase morphologies of the 3D printed and injection molded TPEs were correlated with their respective properties. Reinforcing carbon black was used to increase the mechanical performance of the 3D printed TPE, and the balancing of thermoplastic elastomeric and mechanical properties were achieved at a lower carbon black loading. The preferential location of carbon black in the blend phases was theoretically predicted from wetting parameters. This study was made in order to get an insight to the relationship between morphology and properties of the ME3DP compatible PP/SEBS blends.

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Properties and applications of electrically conductive thermoplastics for additive manufacturing of sensors

tm - Technisches Messen ◽

10.1515/teme-2016-0057 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 84 (9) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Benedikt Hampel ◽

Samuel Monshausen ◽

Meinhard Schilling

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Electrical Conductance ◽

Electrically Conductive ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Printing Technique ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

3D Printed ◽

3D Printing Technique ◽

Printing Parameters

AbstractIn consequence of the growing diversity of materials in the fused deposition modeling 3D printing technique, electrically conductive materials are commercially available. In this work two filaments based on thermoplastics filled with carbon or metal nanoparticles are analyzed in terms of their electrical conductance. The printing parameters to process the materials with the 3D printer are optimized with the design of experiments (DoE) method. A model to calculate the resistance of such 3D printed structures is presented and a demonstrator as a proof of concept was 3D printed based on these results. In addition, 3D printing of capacitors is investigated.

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An overview on 3D Printed Medicine

Material Science Research India ◽

10.13005/msri/180102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 07-13

Author(s):

Neha Thakur ◽

Hari Murthy

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Low Cost ◽

Selective Laser Sintering ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Digitally Controlled ◽

3D Printed ◽

Semi Solid

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is a digitally-controlled additive manufacturing technique used for fast prototyping. This paper reviews various 3D printing techniques like Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Fused Deposition Modeling, (FDM), Semi-solid extrusion (SSE), Stereolithography (SLA), Thermal Inkjet (TIJ) Printing, and Binder jetting 3D Printing along with their application in the field of medicine. Normal medicines are based on the principle of “one-size-fits-all”. This is not true always, it is possible medicine used for curing one patient is giving some side effects to another. To overcome this drawback “3D Printed medicines” are developed. In this paper, 3D printed medicines forming different Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) are reviewed. Printed medicines are capable of only curing the diseases, not for the diagnosis. Nanomedicines have “theranostic” ability which combines therapeutic and diagnostic. Nanoparticles are used as the drug delivery system (DDS) to damaged cells’ specific locations. By the use of nanomedicine, the fast recovery of the disease is possible. The plant-based nanoparticles are used with herbal medicines which give low-cost and less toxic medication called nanobiomedicine. 4D and 5D printing technology for the medical field are also enlightened in this paper.

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Effects of wood flour and MA-EPDM on the properties of fused deposition modeling 3D-printed poly lactic acid composites

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.4.7122-7138 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 7122-7138

Author(s):

Sang-U Bae ◽

Young-Rok Seo ◽

Birm-June Kim ◽

Min Lee

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Wood Flour ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Common System ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

3D Printed ◽

Material Composite

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology is the most common system for polymer additive manufacturing (AM). Recent studies have been conducted to expand both the range of materials that can be used for FDM and their applications. As a filler, wood flour was incorporated into poly lactic acid (PLA) polymer to develop a biocomposite material. Composite filaments were manufactured with various wood flour contents and then successfully used for 3D printing. Morphological, mechanical, and biodegradation properties of FDM 3D-printed PLA composites were investigated. To mitigate brittleness, 5 phr of maleic anhydride grafted ethylene propylene diene monomer (MA-EPDM) was added to the composite blends, and microstructural properties of the composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical strength tests demonstrated that elasticity was imparted to the composites. Additionally, test results showed that the addition of wood flour to the PLA matrix promoted pore generation and further influenced the mechanical and biodegradation properties of the 3D-printed composites. An excellent effect of wood flour on the biodegradation properties of FDM 3D-printed PLA composites was observed.

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COVID-19 and a novel initiative to improve safety by 3D printing personal protective equipment parts from computed tomography

10.21203/rs.3.rs-31671/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John Cote ◽

John Haggstrom ◽

Ranuga Vivkanandan ◽

Kristin Ann Coté ◽

Daniel Real ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Future Research ◽

Short Supply ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Electronic Caliper ◽

3D Printed ◽

Original Part ◽

Improved Accuracy

Abstract Background Powered air-purifying respirators are in short supply and can break down with extended use. Replacement parts can become hard to acquire. The aim of this study was to create an innovative quality improvement proof of concept using rapid prototyping. Methods Here we report three cases of 3D printed powered air-purifying respirator parts. 3D printing was performed on all parts using fused deposition modeling with standard polylactic acid, in the same way that presurgical models would be created. Measurements using an electronic caliper as well as CT scans were used to compare an original part to its corresponding 3D printed parts for accuracy. Results Electronic caliper and computed tomography measurements both showed accuracy consistant with current published norms. Conclusions Ultimately, there will be questions surrounding intellectual property, effectiveness and potential long-term safety for these types of 3D printed parts. Future research should look into the addition of specific nanoparticles from the position of cost, efficacy, safety and improved accuracy.

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