3D-Printable PP/SEBS Thermoplastic Elastomeric Blends: Preparation and Properties

Currently, material extrusion 3D printing (ME3DP) based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) is considered a highly adaptable and efficient additive manufacturing technique to develop components with complex geometries using computer-aided design. While the 3D printing process for a number of thermoplastic materials using FDM technology has been well demonstrated, there still exists a significant challenge to develop new polymeric materials compatible with ME3DP. The present work reports the development of ME3DP compatible thermoplastic elastomeric (TPE) materials from polypropylene (PP) and styrene-(ethylene-butylene)-styrene (SEBS) block copolymers using a straightforward blending approach, which enables the creation of tailorable materials. Properties of the 3D printed TPEs were compared with traditional injection molded samples. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the 3D printed sample were lower than the injection molded samples. However, no significant differences could be found in the melt rheological properties at higher frequency ranges or in the dynamic mechanical behavior. The phase morphologies of the 3D printed and injection molded TPEs were correlated with their respective properties. Reinforcing carbon black was used to increase the mechanical performance of the 3D printed TPE, and the balancing of thermoplastic elastomeric and mechanical properties were achieved at a lower carbon black loading. The preferential location of carbon black in the blend phases was theoretically predicted from wetting parameters. This study was made in order to get an insight to the relationship between morphology and properties of the ME3DP compatible PP/SEBS blends.

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Biodegradable 3D Printed Polymer Microneedles for Transdermal Drug Delivery

10.26434/chemrxiv.5851950.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael A. Luzuriaga ◽

Danielle R. Berry ◽

John C. Reagan ◽

Ronald A. Smaldone ◽

Jeremiah J. Gassensmith

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

3D Printing ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Modeling Software ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

3D Printed ◽

Microfabrication Technique ◽

Mechanical Strengths

Biodegradable polymer microneedle (MN) arrays are an emerging class of transdermal drug delivery devices that promise a painless and sanitary alternative to syringes; however, prototyping bespoke needle architectures is expensive and requires production of new master templates. Here, we present a new microfabrication technique for MNs using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing using polylactic acid, an FDA approved, renewable, biodegradable, thermoplastic material. We show how this natural degradability can be exploited to overcome a key challenge of FDM 3D printing, in particular the low resolution of these printers. We improved the feature size of the printed parts significantly by developing a post fabrication chemical etching protocol, which allowed us to access tip sizes as small as 1 μm. With 3D modeling software, various MN shapes were designed and printed rapidly with custom needle density, length, and shape. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that our method resulted in needle tip sizes in the range of 1 – 55 µm, which could successfully penetrate and break off into porcine skin. We have also shown that these MNs have comparable mechanical strengths to currently fabricated MNs and we further demonstrated how the swellability of PLA can be exploited to load small molecule drugs and how its degradability in skin can release those small molecules over time.

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Mechanical Characterization and Thermodynamic Analysis of Laser-Polished Landscape Design Products Using 3D Printing

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14102601 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 2601

Author(s):

Yue Ba ◽

Yu Wen ◽

Shibin Wu

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

High Surface ◽

Landscape Design ◽

Laser Polishing ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Design Structure ◽

3D Printed ◽

Stability And Accuracy

Recent innovations in 3D printing technologies and processes have influenced how landscape products are designed, built, and developed. In landscape architecture, reduced-size models are 3D-printed to replicate full-size structures. However, high surface roughness usually occurs on the surfaces of such 3D-printed components, which requires additional post-treatment. In this work, we develop a new type of landscape design structure based on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique and present a laser polishing method for FDM-fabricated polylactic acid (PLA) mechanical components, whereby the surface roughness of the laser-polished surfaces is reduced from over Ra 15 µm to less than 0.25 µm. The detailed results of thermodynamics and microstructure evolution are further analyzed during laser polishing. The stability and accuracy of the results are evaluated based on the standard deviation. Additionally, the superior tensile and flexural properties are examined in the laser-polished layer, in which the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is increased by up to 46.6% and the flexural strength is increased by up to 74.5% compared with the as-fabricated components. Finally, a real polished landscape model is simulated and optimized using a series of scales.

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3D Printed Clamps for In Vitro Tensile Tests of Human Gracilis and the Superficial Third of Quadriceps Tendons

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11062563 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 2563

Author(s):

Ivan Grgić ◽

Vjekoslav Wertheimer ◽

Mirko Karakašić ◽

Željko Ivandić

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

Biomechanical Properties ◽

Testing Procedure ◽

Laboratory Equipment ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Custom Made ◽

3D Printed

Recent soft tissue studies have reported issues that occur during experimentation, such as the tissue slipping and rupturing during tensile loads, the lack of standard testing procedure and equipment, the necessity for existing laboratory equipment adaptation, etc. To overcome such issues and fulfil the need for the determination of the biomechanical properties of the human gracilis and the superficial third of the quadriceps tendons, 3D printed clamps with metric thread profile-based geometry were developed. The clamps’ geometry consists of a truncated pyramid pattern, which prevents the tendons from slipping and rupturing. The use of the thread application in the design of the clamp could be used in standard clamping development procedures, unlike in previously custom-made clamps. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) was used as a 3D printing technique, together with polylactic acid (PLA), which was used as a material for clamp printing. The design was confirmed and the experiments were conducted by using porcine and human tendons. The findings justify the usage of 3D printing technology for parts manufacturing in the case of tissue testing and establish independence from the existing machine clamp system, since it was possible to print clamps for each prepared specimen and thus reduce the time for experiment setup.

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Desain dan Pembuatan Prototype Piston Honda MEGAPRO FI Menggunakan 3D Printing

SPROCKET JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ◽

10.36655/sprocket.v1i2.184 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 81-91

Author(s):

Frince Marbun ◽

Richard A.M. Napitupulu

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Printing Technology ◽

3D Printing Technology ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Manufacturing Technologies ◽

Aided Design

3D printing technology has great potential in today's manufacturing world, one of its uses is in making miniatures or prototypes of a product such as a piston. One of the most famous and inexpensive 3D printing (additive manufacturing) technologies is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), the principle FDM works by thermoplastic extrusion through a hot nozzle at melting temperature then the product is made layer by layer. The two most commonly used materials are ABS and PLA so it is very important to know the accuracy of product dimensions. FDM 3D Printing Technology is able to make duplicate products accurately using PLA material. FDM machines work by printing parts that have been designed by computer-aided design (CAD) and then exported in the form of STL or .stl files and uploaded to the slicer program to govern the printing press according to the design. Using Anet A8 brand 3D printing tools that are available to the public, Slicing of general CAD geometry files such as autocad and solidwork is the basis for making this object. This software is very important to facilitate the design process to be printed. Some examples of software that can be downloaded and used free of charge such as Repetier-Host and Cura. by changing the parameters in the slicer software is very influential in the 3D printing manufacturing process.

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Vibration Characteristics of 3D Printed Viscoelastic Graded Polymeric Plates

10.1115/detc2021-68460 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Justin Carter ◽

Kumar Vikram Singh ◽

Fazeel Khan

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Vibration Characteristics ◽

Thin Plates ◽

Future Research ◽

Structural Components ◽

Processing Technologies ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Multiple Materials

Abstract The exploration of structures made of multiple materials is a growing area of research as additive manufacturing processing technologies such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing allows for their fabrication. Such a technology allows for rapid prototyping of structural components with complex geometries or spatially distributed materials with different properties and functionalities. By selecting suitable spatial distribution of materials, the performance of structural components can be manipulated and enhanced as per different engineering application needs. For a low-cost design of structural prototypes using 3D printing processes, viscoelastic polymeric materials are often used, having inherent damping properties. In this research, vibration characteristics of thin plates which are axially graded with multiple polymeric materials are investigated. The goal is to understand the influence of material grading on the frequency and damping characteristics of graded plates. Although in literature, material grading along the thickness in designing composite laminates and their vibration characteristics are available, the performance of plates having axially graded viscoelastic polymers have not been investigated yet. Through systematic modeling and experimental plans, vibration characteristics of axially graded viscoelastic plates are presented here. In particular, the damping performance for different grading schemes is evaluated. It is anticipated that such analysis will allow accurate modeling and testing of design prototypes of structural components for future research, such as design and testing of graded panels for enhanced flutter characteristics.

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Use of polymer concrete for large-scale 3D printing

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-12-2019-0316 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 465-474

Author(s):

Martin Krčma ◽

David Škaroupka ◽

Petr Vosynek ◽

Tomáš Zikmund ◽

Jozef Kaiser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Large Scale ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Construction Material ◽

Polymer Concrete ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Cast State ◽

Content Type ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

3D Printed

Purpose This paper aims to focus on the evaluation of a polymer concrete as a three-dimensional (3D) printing material. An associated company has developed plastic concrete made from reused unrecyclable plastic waste. Its intended use is as a construction material. Design/methodology/approach The concrete mix, called PolyBet, composed of polypropylene and glass sand, is printed by the fused deposition modelling process. The process of material and parameter selection is described. The mechanical properties of the filled material were compared to its cast state. Samples were made from castings and two different orientations of 3D-printed parts. Three-point flex tests were carried out, and the area of the break was examined. Computed tomography of the samples was carried out. Findings The influence of the 3D printing process on the material was evaluated. The mechanical performance of the longitudinal samples was close to the cast state. There was a difference in the failure mode between the states, with cast parts exhibiting a tougher behaviour, with fractures propagating in a stair-like manner. The 3D-printed samples exhibited high degrees of porosity. Originality/value The results suggest that the novel material is a good fit for 3D printing, with little to no degradation caused by the process. Layer adhesion was shown to be excellent, with negligible effect on the finished part for the longitudinal orientation. That means, if large-scale testing of buildability is successful, the material is a good fit for additive manufacturing of building components and other large-scale structures.

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Cellulose Nanofibrils Filled Poly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposite Filament for FDM 3D Printing

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25102319 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (10) ◽

pp. 2319 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Qianqian Wang ◽

Chencheng Ji ◽

Lushan Sun ◽

Jianzhong Sun ◽

Jun Liu

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Cellulose Nanofibrils ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Matrix ◽

Direct Digital Manufacturing

As direct digital manufacturing, 3D printing (3DP) technology provides new development directions and opportunities for the high-value utilization of a wide range of biological materials. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposite filaments for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3DP were developed in this study. Firstly, CNF was isolated by enzymatic hydrolysis combined with high-pressure homogenization. CNF/PLA filaments were then prepared by melt-extrusion of PLA as the matrix and CNF as the filler. Thermal stability, mechanical performance, and water absorption property of biocomposite filaments and 3D-printed objects were analyzed. Findings showed that CNF increased the thermal stability of the PLA/PEG600/CNF composite. Compared to unfilled PLA FDM filaments, the CNF filled PLA biocomposite filament showed an increase of 33% in tensile strength and 19% in elongation at break, suggesting better compatibility for desktop FDM 3DP. This study provided a new potential for the high-value utilization of CNF in 3DP in consumer product applications.

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Properties and applications of electrically conductive thermoplastics for additive manufacturing of sensors

tm - Technisches Messen ◽

10.1515/teme-2016-0057 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 84 (9) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Benedikt Hampel ◽

Samuel Monshausen ◽

Meinhard Schilling

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Electrical Conductance ◽

Electrically Conductive ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Printing Technique ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

3D Printed ◽

3D Printing Technique ◽

Printing Parameters

AbstractIn consequence of the growing diversity of materials in the fused deposition modeling 3D printing technique, electrically conductive materials are commercially available. In this work two filaments based on thermoplastics filled with carbon or metal nanoparticles are analyzed in terms of their electrical conductance. The printing parameters to process the materials with the 3D printer are optimized with the design of experiments (DoE) method. A model to calculate the resistance of such 3D printed structures is presented and a demonstrator as a proof of concept was 3D printed based on these results. In addition, 3D printing of capacitors is investigated.

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An overview on 3D Printed Medicine

Material Science Research India ◽

10.13005/msri/180102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 07-13

Author(s):

Neha Thakur ◽

Hari Murthy

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Low Cost ◽

Selective Laser Sintering ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Digitally Controlled ◽

3D Printed ◽

Semi Solid

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is a digitally-controlled additive manufacturing technique used for fast prototyping. This paper reviews various 3D printing techniques like Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Fused Deposition Modeling, (FDM), Semi-solid extrusion (SSE), Stereolithography (SLA), Thermal Inkjet (TIJ) Printing, and Binder jetting 3D Printing along with their application in the field of medicine. Normal medicines are based on the principle of “one-size-fits-all”. This is not true always, it is possible medicine used for curing one patient is giving some side effects to another. To overcome this drawback “3D Printed medicines” are developed. In this paper, 3D printed medicines forming different Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) are reviewed. Printed medicines are capable of only curing the diseases, not for the diagnosis. Nanomedicines have “theranostic” ability which combines therapeutic and diagnostic. Nanoparticles are used as the drug delivery system (DDS) to damaged cells’ specific locations. By the use of nanomedicine, the fast recovery of the disease is possible. The plant-based nanoparticles are used with herbal medicines which give low-cost and less toxic medication called nanobiomedicine. 4D and 5D printing technology for the medical field are also enlightened in this paper.

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Effects of wood flour and MA-EPDM on the properties of fused deposition modeling 3D-printed poly lactic acid composites

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.4.7122-7138 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 7122-7138

Author(s):

Sang-U Bae ◽

Young-Rok Seo ◽

Birm-June Kim ◽

Min Lee

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Wood Flour ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Common System ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

3D Printed ◽

Material Composite

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology is the most common system for polymer additive manufacturing (AM). Recent studies have been conducted to expand both the range of materials that can be used for FDM and their applications. As a filler, wood flour was incorporated into poly lactic acid (PLA) polymer to develop a biocomposite material. Composite filaments were manufactured with various wood flour contents and then successfully used for 3D printing. Morphological, mechanical, and biodegradation properties of FDM 3D-printed PLA composites were investigated. To mitigate brittleness, 5 phr of maleic anhydride grafted ethylene propylene diene monomer (MA-EPDM) was added to the composite blends, and microstructural properties of the composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical strength tests demonstrated that elasticity was imparted to the composites. Additionally, test results showed that the addition of wood flour to the PLA matrix promoted pore generation and further influenced the mechanical and biodegradation properties of the 3D-printed composites. An excellent effect of wood flour on the biodegradation properties of FDM 3D-printed PLA composites was observed.

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