scholarly journals Leaching and VOC Emission Tests of Polymer Composites Produced from Post-Consumer Waste in Terms of Application in the Construction Sector

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3518
Author(s):  
Mateusz Kozicki ◽  
Katarzyna Guzik ◽  
Halina Deptuła ◽  
Justyna Tomaszewska
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Cycle ◽  
Cellulose Fibres ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Cladding Panels ◽  
Environmental Requirements

One of the existing priorities of the European Union is to search for rational waste management and to keep such waste in the economic cycle, while meeting the highest safety requirements. The paper presents the results of environmental tests of composites based on the polyethylene (rPE) and polypropylene (rPP) matrix and reinforced with cellulose fibres (newsprint, NP). Raw materials were obtained by recycling post-consumer waste such as beverage bottles and newsprint. The composites were tested for their potential use as materials in cladding panels and acoustic barriers. Given that normative documents for these products do not define specific environmental requirements, the composites were tested for the release of dangerous substances, such as anions of inorganic compounds, heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and their impact on the environment. A detailed in-depth analysis of the mechanisms of release of substances (diffusion, dissolution, surface leaching and depletion) from the rPP/NP composite into surface water, groundwater and soil was carried out. In turn, emission of VOCs from the rPE (low-density:high-density (LD:HD)—50:50) and rPE (LD:HD—30:70) composites into indoor air was also carried out. Raw materials in the form of granulates and loose cellulose fibres, used to produce the composites, were also tested for their environmental impact.

Modern methods for vegetable oils from various raw materials identification

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-59
Author(s):  
Лев Арсенович Оганесянц ◽  
Александр Львович Панасюк ◽  
Елена Ивановна Кузьмина ◽  
Дмитрий Александрович Свиридов ◽  
Михаил Юрьевич Ганин
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Modern Methods

Продукты масложировой промышленности играют важную роль в формировании рациона питания человека. При этом особое внимание отводится растительным маслам ввиду их высокой физиологической ценности. На сегодняшний день достаточно остро стоит вопрос о способах их идентификации. В связи с тем, что стоимость растительного масла в значительной степени обуславливается выбором сырья, наиболее распространенным видом фальсификации является внесение недобросовестными производителями в готовую продукцию более дешевых видов масел. Приведен анализ современных способов идентификации растительных масел из различного сырья. До настоящего времени метод газожидкостной хроматографии являлся основным при выявлении примесей посторонних жиров в продукции по ее жирнокислотному составу. Также для выявления фальсификатов могут быть использованы такие инструментальные методы, как ЯМР-спектроскопия, ИК-спектроскопия, а также метод изотопной масс-спектрометрии, который является наиболее перспективным. Особый научный интерес представляет идентификация растительных масел по их географическому месту происхождения. Основываясь на анализе литературы, показано, что наибольшее распространение при установлении региональной принадлежности масел получили исследования, направленные на изучение изотопных характеристик углерода (13С/12С), кислорода (18O/16O) и водорода (2H/1H) элементов, входящих в состав продукта, а также его жирнокислотного состава. Описаны преимущества комплексного подхода исследований, включающего в себя создание массива данных, состоящего из значений различных показателей, и его глубокий анализ с использованием статистических методов анализа. Математическая модель может быть усилена данными элементного профиля масла, изотопных характеристик отдельно взятых жирных кислот или содержанием фенольных соединений. Products of the fat and oil industry play an important role in shaping human diet. At the same time, special attention is paid to vegetable oils in view of their high physiological value. Today, the question of how to identify them is quite acute. Due to the fact that the cost of vegetable oil is largely determined by the choice of raw materials, the most common falsification type is the introduction of cheaper oils types into finished products by unscrupulous manufacturers. The authors provide an analysis of modern methods for identifying vegetable oils from various raw materials. It has been shown that the gas-liquid chromatography method is the main one in identifying products by their fatty acid composition and makes it possible to establish the presence of foreign fats impurities. Also, methods of isotope mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and electrophysical methods of analysis can be used to detect counterfeits. Of particular scientific interest is the vegetable oils identification by their geographical place of origin, which is very important for some countries of the European Union. Based on the analysis of literature, it has been shown that the most widespread in the regional oils affiliation establishing are researches aimed at researching the isotopic characteristics of carbon (13C/12C), oxygen (18O/16O) and hydrogen (2H/1H) of the elements that make up the product, and also its fatty acid composition. The advantages of an integrated research approach are described, including the creation of a data array consisting of the values of various indicators and its in-depth analysis using statistical analysis methods. The mathematical model can be strengthened by data on the elemental profile of the oil, isotopic characteristics of individual fatty acids, or the content of phenolic compounds.

scholarly journals Identification of Market Gap as a Chance for Enterprise Development—Example of Polish Raw Materials Industry

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4678
Author(s):  
Marta Sukiennik ◽  
Barbara Kowal ◽  
Patrycja Bąk
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Enterprise Development ◽  
Mineral Raw Materials ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Hard Coal Mining

The raw materials sector plays a key role in the Polish economy. The mineral raw material industry encompasses many different, sometimes highly specialized activities, such as exploration, mining, hauling, mineral processing, metallurgy and metal refining, as well as risk assessment, management (environmental, financial, legal) and marketing. The purpose of the article is to identify the market gap for business for entities or individuals in the mineral resources sector in Poland. Taking into account the European Union regulations which enforce the closure of hard coal mines in Poland by 2050, it is reasonable to identify such a gap in the raw materials area, especially since the current situation may turn out to be a new revival of the raw materials market after the pandemic period. Based on the NACE classification, a key area was identified, which is dedicated to potential entrepreneurs in the mineral resources area. Based on an internal analysis, the sectors directly related to the RM field in Poland were distinguished. Narrowing down the analyzed sections, leading areas were indicated that offer significant employment opportunities for hundreds of thousands of people who will be made redundant (often in groups) as a result of the phasing out of hard coal mining in Poland. As part of the article, the identification and analysis of key trends that have a significant impact on the functioning of companies, the industry, the region or the country, as well as threats, challenges and opportunities that may arise in the near future, was carried out. What is more, a number of scientific, research or development projects implemented in the area of mineral raw materials in the years 2010–2019 were analyzed. The authors present an innovative approach to defining the gap in the mineral raw materials sector in Poland in what regards conducting business activity, as well as an in-depth analysis of the sector in terms of enterprise development opportunities (creation of new start-up companies) and its directions. It should be mentioned that the presented research is the first attempt to analyze this issue in Poland.

European experience in transition to circular economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Ratner
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
National Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
European Experience ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Eu

Subject. The article considers the concept of circular economy, which has originated relatively recently in the academic literature, and is now increasingly recognized in many countries at the national level. In the European Union, the transition to circular economy is viewed as an opportunity to improve competitiveness of the European Union, protect businesses from resource shortages and fluctuating prices for raw materials and supplies, and a way to increase employment and innovation. Objectives. The aim of the study is to analyze the incentives developed by the European Commission for moving to circular economy, and to assess their effectiveness on the basis of statistical analysis. Methods. I employ general scientific methods of research. Results. The analysis of the EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy enabled to conclude that the results of the recent research in circular economy barriers, eco-innovation, technology and infrastructure were successfully integrated into the framework of this document. Understanding the root causes holding back the circular economy development and the balanced combination of economic and administrative incentives strengthened the Action Plan, and it contributed to the circular economy development in the EU. Conclusions. The measures to stimulate the development of the circular economy proposed in the European Action Plan can be viewed as a prototype for designing similar strategies in other countries, including Russia. Meanwhile, a more detailed analysis of barriers to the circular economy at the level of individual countries and regions is needed.

Resources provision of woodworking industries in Ukraine: cross-national and inter-regional comparisons

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
Svitlana Ishchuk ◽  
Lyubomyr Sozanskyy
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Wood Processing

Sufficient supply of woodworking with raw materials while preserving the ecology and rational use of wood is a necessary condition for the functioning of the woodworking industry as one of the key segments of the national economy. The issue is of particular importance given the deepening of world integration processes and the introduction of a moratorium on timber exports from Ukraine. It actualizes the study of the state and dynamics of the formation of raw materials potential of domestic woodworks. The purpose of the article is a structural and dynamic assessment of the economic and environmental aspects of formation of the resource potential of Ukrainian woodworks in comparison with the countries of the European Union, as well as in the regional section by types of wood. In the structure of merchantable wood harvested in Ukraine, fuel wood share increased by 4.3 pp. during 2011-2016, whereas in 2017 it increased by 3.8 pp. compared to 2016 and amounted to 61.4%. Unlike in Ukraine, in the vast majority of EU countries business timber is the basis of the structure of harvested merchantable timber. Thus, in the neighboring countries with similar forest landscape – Poland and the Czech Republic – the share of fuel wood in 2017 was 11.6% and 12.3%, in Slovakia – only 6.3%, and in the EU as a whole – 23. 2%. Hence, the significant deterioration of the structure of the harvested merchantable timber in Ukraine can be interpreted as a threat to environmental, and therefore to national security. On the other hand, the results of the assessments revealed an increase in the volume of commercial timber harvesting in Ukraine (in 18 regions) in 2018, as well as in the level of forest reproduction in the leading regions from the harvesting of merchantable timber (Zhytomyr, Kyiv and Rivne regions) and a decrease in the death rate. The restoration of the logical patterns between the dynamics of the loss of stands and the harvesting of commercial and fuel wood are signs of the beginning of positive tendencies in ensuring the preservation and rationalization of raw potential of domestic woodworks and, at the same time, improving the conditions for deepening the level of wood processing. Further authors’ research in this area will be devoted to the search for effective forms of wood industry development in Ukraine, in particular in the Western region.

scholarly journals Circular Bioeconomy Business Models to Overcome the Valley of Death. A Systematic Statistical Analysis of Studies and Projects in Emerging Bio-Based Technologies and Trends Linked to the SME Instrument Support

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1899
Author(s):  
Fabiana Gatto ◽  
Ilaria Re
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Strategic Orientations ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
Valley Of Death

Reducing the environmental pressure along the products life cycle, increasing efficiency in the consumption of resources and use of renewable raw materials, and shifting the economic system toward a circular and a climate-neutral model represent the heart of the current macro-trends of the European Union (EU) policy agendas. The circular economy and bioeconomy concepts introduced in the EU’s Circular Economy Action Plan and the Bioeconomy Strategy support innovation in rethinking economic systems focusing on market uptaking of greener solutions based on less-intensive resource consumption. In recent decades, industrial research has devoted enormous investments to demonstrate sustainable circular bio-based business models capable of overcoming the “Valley of Death” through alternative strategic orientations of “technological-push” and “market-pull”. The study highlights industrial research’s evolution on bio-based circular business model validation, trends, and topics with particular attention to the empowering capacity of start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to close the loops in renewable biological use and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The research methodology involves a bibliographic search based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach and the European Innovation Council (EIC) Accelerator Data Hub investigation to understand SMEs’ key success factors and start-ups of the circular bioeconomy sector. Eco and bio-based materials, nutraceuticals, and microalgae represent the most sustainable industry applications, leading to circular bioeconomy business models’ future perspective.

scholarly journals Crushed Bricks: Demolition Waste as a Sustainable Raw Material for Geopolymers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7572
Author(s):  
Gigliola D’Angelo ◽  
Marina Fumo ◽  
Mercedes del Rio Merino ◽  
Ilaria Capasso ◽  
Assunta Campanile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Demolition Waste ◽  
Crushed Brick

Demolition activity plays an important role in the total energy consumption of the construction industry in the European Union. The indiscriminate use of non-renewable raw materials, energy consumption, and unsustainable design has led to a redefinition of the criteria to ensure environmental protection. This article introduces an experimental plan that determines the viability of a new type of construction material, obtained from crushed brick waste, to be introduced into the construction market. The potential of crushed brick waste as a raw material in the production of building precast products, obtained by curing a geopolymeric blend at 60 °C for 3 days, has been exploited. Geopolymers represent an important alternative in reducing emissions and energy consumption, whilst, at the same time, achieving a considerable mechanical performance. The results obtained from this study show that the geopolymers produced from crushed brick were characterized by good properties in terms of open porosity, water absorption, mechanical strength, and surface resistance values when compared to building materials produced using traditional technologies.

scholarly journals Complex Concentrated Alloys for Substitution of Critical Raw Materials in Applications for Extreme Conditions

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1197
Author(s):  
Dumitru Mitrica ◽  
Ioana Cristina Badea ◽  
Beatrice Adriana Serban ◽  
Mihai Tudor Olaru ◽  
Denisa Vonica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
General Evaluation ◽  
Critical Metal ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

The paper is proposing a mini-review on the capability of the new complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) to substitute or reduce the use of critical raw materials in applications for extreme conditions. Aspects regarding the regulations and expectations formulated by the European Union in the most recent reports on the critical raw materials were presented concisely. A general evaluation was performed on the CCAs concept and the research directions. The advantages of using critical metals for particular applications were presented to acknowledge the difficulty in the substitution of such elements with other materials. In order to establish the level of involvement of CCAs in the reduction of critical metal in extreme environment applications, a presentation was made of the previous achievements in the field and the potential for the reduction of critical metal content through the use of multi-component compositions.

The certification of the aflatoxin mass fractions in peanut butter

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-289
Author(s):  
G. Buttinger ◽  
S. Harbeck ◽  
R. Josephs
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Mass Fractions ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Combined Uncertainty ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Certified Values

In the context of control activities contamination of food and feed with aflatoxins is a frequently observed non compliance. Pistachios, peanuts and products thereof are particularly affected. The Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements has therefore produced a peanut butter material certified for its aflatoxin mass fractions. This certified reference material (CRM) allows for the evaluation of analytical method performance and the assessment of the comparability of results from different laboratories. The CRM was produced using naturally contaminated raw materials to ensure equivalent behaviour compared to samples routinely encountered. The homogeneity and stability of the CRM were thoroughly tested and certified values were determined in an inter-laboratory study. Furthermore, uncertainties of the certified values were assessed including contributions of the homogeneity, stability and certification studies to the combined uncertainty. This newly prepared CRM allows an assessment of trueness of the analytical method at a concentration level corresponding to the legal limits enforced in the European Union. The material has the following certified properties: aflatoxin B1 1.77±0.29 µg/kg, aflatoxin B2 0.48±0.07 µg/kg, aflatoxin G1 0.9±0.4 µg/kg, aflatoxin G2 0.31±0.12 µg/kg and total aflatoxins, as sum of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, 3.5±0.5 µg/kg.

scholarly journals MEASURING THE PROGRESS TOWARDS CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-35
Author(s):  
Nicolae Pintilie ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Continuous Actions ◽  
Consumption Waste

This paper aims to create an image of progress towards circular economy registered by European Union countries through specific indicators. In this way, this paper is based on the study and analysis of the 13 indicators, grouped on 4 pillars: Production and consumption, Waste management, Secondary raw materials, Competitiveness and innovation. After the presentation of the methodology, the paper develops an analysis in time and space of the selected indicators, then an analysis of the countries with their grouping on clusters, creating a map of them and highlighting the current situation of circular economy in the European Union. Moreover, the paper also presents the evolution of the countries regarding circular economy, which has a big importance taking into account that in the European Union the preoccupations for this concept is higher from one period to another. Among the most interesting results are: (1) a massive concentration of countries with problems for Waste management pillar; (2) Europe is one of the regions with the largest contribution in terms of circular economy, but the concept is developing differently from one country to another; (3) The scoreboard evolution is particularly useful in revealing the continuous actions adopted by countries in order to facilitate the conversion to circular economy. Finally, the paper presents possible limits of the research, but also future directions of its development.

scholarly journals Industrial minerals of the Fennoscandian Shield and their contribution to progress in the mineral-raw materials balance of global economy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Владимир Щипцов
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fennoscandian Shield ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Industrial Minerals ◽  
Geological Evolution ◽  
Industrial Mineral ◽  
Environmental Requirements

The Fennoscandian Shield is a megastructure, which has actively evolved since the early stages of earth crust formation (> 3.5 Ga) and a sequence of geological regimes during subsequent geological evolution paralleled by the formation of various types of industrial mineral deposits. The paper shows the important role of the shield’s industrial minerals in the exploitation of global useful mineral deposits played for decades. The industrial mineral potential and its dependence on socio-economic conditions, environmental requirements and market demand are described.

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