A Study of Methylcellulose Based Polymer Electrolyte Impregnated with Potassium Ion Conducting Carrier: Impedance, EEC Modeling, FTIR, Dielectric, and Device Characteristics

In this research, a biopolymer-based electrolyte system involving methylcellulose (MC) as a host polymeric material and potassium iodide (KI) salt as the ionic source was prepared by solution cast technique. The electrolyte with the highest conductivity was used for device application of electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) with high specific capacitance. The electrical, structural, and electrochemical characteristics of the electrolyte systems were investigated using various techniques. According to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the bulk resistance (Rb) decreased from 3.3 × 105 to 8 × 102 Ω with the increase of salt concentration from 10 wt % to 40 wt % and the ionic conductivity was found to be 1.93 ×10−5 S/cm. The dielectric analysis further verified the conductivity trends. Low-frequency regions showed high dielectric constant, ε′ and loss, ε″ values. The polymer-salt complexation between (MC) and (KI) was shown through a Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies. The analysis of transference number measurement (TNM) supported ions were predominantly responsible for the transport process in the MC-KI electrolyte. The highest conducting sample was observed to be electrochemically constant as the potential was swept linearly up to 1.8 V using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) profile reveals the absence of a redox peak, indicating the presence of a charge double-layer between the surface of activated carbon electrodes and electrolytes. The maximum specific capacitance, Cs value was obtained as 118.4 F/g at the sweep rate of 10 mV/s.

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Structural, Morphological, Electrical and Electrochemical Properties of PVA: CS-Based Proton-Conducting Polymer Blend Electrolytes

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes10040071 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 71 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Ayub Shahab Marf ◽

Ranjdar M. Abdullah ◽

Shujahadeen B. Aziz

Keyword(s):

Polymer Blend ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Electrochemical Impedance ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Linear Sweep Voltammetry ◽

Transference Number ◽

Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

The Relationship ◽

Added Salt

Polymer blend electrolytes based on poly(vinyl alcohol):chitosan (PVA:CS) incorporated with various quantities of ammonium iodide were prepared and characterized using a range of electrochemical, structural and microscopic techniques. In the structural analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to confirm the buildup of the amorphous phase. To reveal the effect of dopant addition on structural changes, field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was used. The protrusions of salt aggregates with large quantity were seen at the surface of the formed films at 50 wt.% of the added salt. The nature of the relationship between conductivity and dielectric properties was shown using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS spectra were fitted with electrical equivalent circuits (EECs). It was observed that both dielectric constant and dielectric loss were high in the low-frequency region. For all samples, loss tangent and electric modulus plots were analyzed to become familiar with the relaxation behavior. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and transference number measurement (TNM) were recorded. A relatively high cut-off potential for the polymer electrolyte was obtained at 1.33 V and both values of the transference number for ion (tion) and electronic (telec) showed the ion dominant as charge carrier species. The TNM and LSV measurements indicate the suitability of the samples for energy storage application if their conductivity can be more enhanced.

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From Cellulose, Shrimp and Crab Shells to Energy Storage EDLC Cells: The Study of Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Proton Conducting Chitosan-Based Biopolymer Blend Electrolytes

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12071526 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 1526 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Shujahadeen B. B. Aziz ◽

Muhamad. H. H. Hamsan ◽

Muaffaq M. M. Nofal ◽

Saro San ◽

Rebar T. Abdulwahid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Specific Capacitance ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Electrochemical Impedance ◽

Linear Sweep Voltammetry ◽

Transference Number ◽

Ammonium Fluoride ◽

Amorphous Region ◽

Internal Resistance ◽

Solid Polymer ◽

Electrical Equivalent Circuit

In this study, solid polymer blend electrolytes (SPBEs) based on chitosan (CS) and methylcellulose (MC) incorporated with different concentrations of ammonium fluoride (NH4F) salt were synthesized using a solution cast technique. Both Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed a strong interaction and dispersion of the amorphous region within the CS:MC system in the presence of NH4F. To gain better insights into the electrical properties of the samples, the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were analyzed by electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) modeling. The highest conductivity of 2.96 × 10−3 S cm−1 was recorded for the sample incorporated with 40 wt.% of NH4F. Through transference number measurement (TNM) analysis, the fraction of ions was specified. The electrochemical stability of the electrolyte sample was found to be up to 2.3 V via the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) study. The value of specific capacitance was determined to be around 58.3 F/g. The stability test showed that the electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) system can be recharged and discharged for up to 100 cycles with an average specific capacitance of 64.1 F/g. The synthesized EDLC cell was found to exhibit high efficiency (90%). In the 1st cycle, the values of internal resistance, energy density and power density of the EDLC cell were determined to be 65 Ω, 9.3 Wh/kg and 1282 W/kg, respectively.

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Structural, Impedance and Electrochemical Characteristics of Electrical Double Layer Capacitor Devices Based on Chitosan: Dextran Biopolymer Blend Electrolytes

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12061411 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 1411 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Shujahadeen B. Aziz ◽

Muhamad H. Hamsan ◽

Muaffaq M. Nofal ◽

Wrya O. Karim ◽

Iver Brevik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Double Layer ◽

Electrical Double Layer ◽

Linear Sweep Voltammetry ◽

Transference Number ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Cyclic Voltammogram ◽

Electrochemical Characteristics ◽

Equivalent Series Resistance ◽

Electrical Double Layer Capacitor ◽

Double Layer Capacitor

This report presents the preparation and characterizations of solid biopolymer blend electrolyte films of chitosan as cationic polysaccharide and anionic dextran (CS: Dextran) doped with ammonium iodide (NH4I) to be utilized as electrolyte and electrode separator in electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) devices. FTIR and XRD techniques were used to study the structural behavior of the films. From the FTIR band analysis, shifting and broadening of the bands were observed with increasing salt concentration. The XRD analysis indicates amorphousness of the blended electrolyte samples whereby the peaks underwent broadening. The analysis of the impedance spectra emphasized that incorporation of 40 wt.% of NH4I salt into polymer electrolyte exhibited a relatively high conductivity (5.16 × 10−3 S/cm). The transference number measurement (TNM) confirmed that ion (tion = 0.928) is the main charge carriers in the conduction process. The linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) revealed the extent of durability of the relatively high conducting film which was 1.8 V. The mechanism of charge storage within the fabricated EDLC has been explained to be fully capacitive behavior with no redox peaks appearance in the cyclic voltammogram (CV). From this findings, four important parameters of the EDLC; specific capacitance, equivalent series resistance, energy density and power density were calculated as 67.5 F/g, 160 ohm, 7.59 Wh/kg and 520.8 W/kg, respectively.

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Plasticized Polymer Blend Electrolyte Based on Chitosan for Energy Storage Application: Structural, Circuit Modeling, Morphological and Electrochemical Properties

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13081233 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1233

Author(s):

M. H. Hamsan ◽

Muaffaq M. Nofal ◽

Shujahadeen B. Aziz ◽

M. A. Brza ◽

Elham M. A. Dannoun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metal Complex ◽

Electrochemical Impedance ◽

Minimum Degree ◽

Linear Sweep Voltammetry ◽

Transference Number ◽

Sweep Rate ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

Maximum Conductivity ◽

Eis Measurements ◽

The Impact

Chitosan (CS)-dextran (DN) biopolymer electrolytes doped with ammonium iodide (NH4I) and plasticized with glycerol (GL), then dispersed with Zn(II)-metal complex were fabricated for energy device application. The CS:DN:NH4I:Zn(II)-complex was plasticized with various amounts of GL and the impact of used metal complex and GL on the properties of the formed electrolyte were investigated.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements have shown that the highest conductivity for the plasticized system was 3.44 × 10−4 S/cm. From the x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, the plasticized electrolyte with minimum degree of crystallinity has shown the maximum conductivity. The effect of (GL) plasticizer on the film morphology was studied using FESEM. It has been confirmed via transference number analysis (TNM) that the transport mechanism in the prepared electrolyte is predominantly ionic in nature with a high transference number of ion (ti)of 0.983. From a linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) study, the electrolyte was found to be electrochemically constant as the voltage sweeps linearly up to 1.25 V. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve covered most of the area of the current–potential plot with no redox peaks and the sweep rate was found to be affecting the capacitance. The electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) has shown a great performance of specific capacitance (108.3 F/g), ESR(47.8 ohm), energy density (12.2 W/kg) and power density (1743.4 W/kg) for complete 100 cycles at a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2.

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Structural, Impedance, and EDLC Characteristics of Proton Conducting Chitosan-Based Polymer Blend Electrolytes with High Electrochemical Stability

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24193508 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (19) ◽

pp. 3508 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Shujahadeen B. Aziz ◽

Rebar T. Abdulwahid ◽

Muhamad H. Hamsan ◽

Mohamad A. Brza ◽

Ranjdar M. Abdullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Double Layer ◽

Polymer Blend ◽

Electrochemical Impedance ◽

Linear Sweep Voltammetry ◽

Transference Number ◽

Electrochemical Stability ◽

Dc Conductivity ◽

Transference Numbers ◽

Cyclic Voltammogram ◽

Casting Technique

In this report, a facile solution casting technique was used to fabricate polymer blend electrolytes of chitosan (CS):poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO):NH4SCN with high electrochemical stability (2.43V). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the polymer electrolyte formation. For the electrochemical property analysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were carried out. Referring to the FTIR spectra, a complex formation between the added salt and CS:PEO was deduced by considering the decreasing and shifting of FTIR bands intensity in terms of functional groups. The CS:PEO:NH4SCN electrolyte was found to be electrochemically stable as the applied voltage linearly swept up to 2.43V. The cyclic voltammogram has presented a wide potential window without showing any sign of redox peaks on the electrode surface. The proved mechanisms of charge storage in these fabricated systems were found to be double layer charging. The EIS analysis showed the existence of bulk resistance, wherein the semicircle diameter decreased with increasing salt concentration. The calculated maximum DC conductivity value was observed to be 2.11 × 10−4 S/cm for CS:PEO incorporated with 40 wt% of NH4SCN salt. The charged species in CS:PEO:NH4SCN electrolytes were considered to be predominantly ionic in nature. This was verified from transference number analysis (TNM), in which ion and electron transference numbers were found to be tion = 0.954 and tel = 0.045, respectively. The results obtained for both ion transference number and DC conductivity implied the possibility of fabricating electrolytes for electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC) device application. The specific capacitance of the fabricated EDLC was obtained from the area under the curve of the CV plot.

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A Promising Polymer Blend Electrolytes Based on Chitosan: Methyl Cellulose for EDLC Application with High Specific Capacitance and Energy Density

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24132503 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (13) ◽

pp. 2503 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Shujahadeen B. Aziz ◽

M. H. Hamsan ◽

Ranjdar M. Abdullah ◽

M. F. Z. Kadir

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

Specific Capacitance ◽

Double Layer ◽

Polymer Blend ◽

Electrochemical Techniques ◽

High Specific Capacitance ◽

Transference Number ◽

Constant Current ◽

Equivalent Series Resistance ◽

Charge Discharge

In the present work, promising proton conducting solid polymer blend electrolytes (SPBEs) composed of chitosan (CS) and methylcellulose (MC) were prepared for electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) application with a high specific capacitance and energy density. The change in intensity and the broad nature of the XRD pattern of doped samples compared to pure CS:MC system evidencedthe amorphous character of the electrolyte samples. The morphology of the samples in FESEM images supported the amorphous behavior of the solid electrolyte films. The results of impedance and Bode plotindicate that the bulk resistance decreasedwith increasing salt concentration. The highest DC conductivity was found to be 2.81 × 10−3 S/cm. The electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) model was conducted for selected samples to explain the complete picture of the electrical properties.The performance of EDLC cells was examined at room temperature by electrochemical techniques, such as impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and constant current charge–discharge techniques. It was found that the studied samples exhibit a very good performance as electrolyte for EDLC applications. Ions were found to be the dominant charge carriers in the polymer electrolyte. The ion transference number (tion) was found to be 0.84 while 0.16 for electron transference number (tel). Through investigation of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), the CS:MC:NH4SCN system was found to be electrochemically stable up to 1.8 V. The CV plot revealed no redox peak, indicating the occurrence of charge double-layer at the surface of activated carbon electrodes. Specific capacitance (Cspe) for the fabricated EDLC was calculated using CV plot and charge–discharge analyses. It was found to be 66.3 F g−1 and 69.9 F g−1 (at thefirst cycle), respectively. Equivalent series resistance (Resr) of the EDLC was also identified, ranging from 50.0 to 150.0 Ω. Finally, energy density (Ed) was stabilized to anaverage of 8.63 Wh kg−1 from the 10th cycle to the 100th cycle. The first cycle obtained power density (Pd) of 1666.6 W kg−1 and then itdropped to 747.0 W kg−1 at the 50th cycle and continued to drop to 555.5 W kg−1 as the EDLC completed 100 cycles.

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Blending and Characteristics of Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor Device Assembled from Plasticized Proton Ion Conducting Chitosan:Dextran:NH4PF6 Polymer Electrolytes

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12092103 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2103 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shujahadeen B. Aziz ◽

Mohamad A. Brza ◽

Iver Brevik ◽

Muhamad H. Hafiz ◽

Ahmad S.F.M. Asnawi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Double Layer ◽

Linear Sweep Voltammetry ◽

Transference Number ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Internal Resistance ◽

Ionic Dissociation ◽

Double Layer Capacitor ◽

Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor ◽

Electrochemical Double Layer ◽

Ion Conducting

This research paper investigates the electrochemical performance of chitosan (CS): dextran (DX) polymer-blend electrolytes (PBEs), which have been developed successfully with the incorporation of ammonium hexafluorophosphate (NH4PF6). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates that the plasticized electrolyte system with the highest value of direct current (DC) ionic conductivity is the most amorphous system. The glycerol addition increased the amorphous phase and improved the ionic dissociation, which contributed to the enhancement of the fabricated device’s performance. Transference number analysis (TNM) has shown that the charge transport process is mainly by ions rather than electrons, as tion = 0.957. The CS:DX:NH4PF6 system was found to decompose as the voltage goes beyond 1.5 V. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) revealed that the potential window for the most plasticized system is 1.5 V. The fabricated electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) was analyzed with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge-discharge analysis. The results from CV verify that the EDLC in this work holds the characteristics of a capacitor. The imperative parameters of the fabricated EDLC such as specific capacitance and internal resistance were found to be 102.9 F/g and 30 Ω, respectively. The energy stored and power delivered by the EDLC were 11.6 Wh/kg and 2741.2 W/kg, respectively.

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Glycerolized Li+ Ion Conducting Chitosan-Based Polymer Electrolyte for Energy Storage EDLC Device Applications with Relatively High Energy Density

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12061433 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 1433 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Ahmed S. F. M. Asnawi ◽

Shujahadeen B. Aziz ◽

Muaffaq M. Nofal ◽

Muhamad H. Hamsan ◽

Mohamad A. Brza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

Polymer Electrolyte ◽

Specific Capacitance ◽

Power Density ◽

High Specific Capacitance ◽

High Energy ◽

High Energy Density ◽

Equivalent Series Resistance ◽

Ion Conducting ◽

High Dielectric

In this study, the solution casting method was employed to prepare plasticized polymer electrolytes of chitosan (CS):LiCO2CH3:Glycerol with electrochemical stability (1.8 V). The electrolyte studied in this current work could be established as new materials in the fabrication of EDLC with high specific capacitance and energy density. The system with high dielectric constant was also associated with high DC conductivity (5.19 × 10−4 S/cm). The increase of the amorphous phase upon the addition of glycerol was observed from XRD results. The main charge carrier in the polymer electrolyte was ion as tel (0.044) < tion (0.956). Cyclic voltammetry presented an almost rectangular plot with the absence of a Faradaic peak. Specific capacitance was found to be dependent on the scan rate used. The efficiency of the EDLC was observed to remain constant at 98.8% to 99.5% up to 700 cycles, portraying an excellent cyclability. High values of specific capacitance, energy density, and power density were achieved, such as 132.8 F/g, 18.4 Wh/kg, and 2591 W/kg, respectively. The low equivalent series resistance (ESR) indicated that the EDLC possessed good electrolyte/electrode contact. It was discovered that the power density of the EDLC was affected by ESR.

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Ferrous Nitrate–Nickel Oxide (Fe(NO3)2–NiO) Nanospheres Incorporated With Carbon Black and Polyvinylidenefluoride for Supercapacitor Applications

Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage ◽

10.1115/1.4042727 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Aqib Muzaffar ◽

Keerthana Muthusamy ◽

M. Basheer Ahamed

Keyword(s):

Nickel Oxide ◽

Specific Capacitance ◽

Double Layer ◽

Electrochemical Impedance ◽

Maximum Efficiency ◽

Potential Range ◽

Double Layer Capacitance ◽

Hydrothermal Route ◽

Sem Images ◽

Charge Discharge

Ferrous nitrate/nickel oxide {Fe(NO3)2–NiO} nanocomposite was synthesized via two-step facile hydrothermal route. The nanocomposite exhibits crystalline structure as unveiled by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, while as the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images divulge spherical morphologies for both Fe(NO3)2 as well as NiO nanoparticles differentiating from each other in size. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used to investigate supercapacitive behavior of the symmetrically fabricated nanocomposite electrode configuration using aqueous KOH as the electrolyte. The CV analyses demonstrate dominant electrical double layer capacitance (EDLC) behavior in the potential range of 0–1 V. From charge–discharge curves, the maximum specific capacitance calculated was 460 F g−1 corresponding to the energy density of 16 W h kg−1 at a high power density of 250 W kg−1. EIS data affiliate well with the CV and GCD results justifying the maximum contribution of specific capacitance due to double layer capacitance. The nanocomposite retained 84% of its original capacitance after 1000 cycles and yielded maximum efficiency of 78%.

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Characteristics of Glycerolized Chitosan: NH4NO3-Based Polymer Electrolyte for Energy Storage Devices with Extremely High Specific Capacitance and Energy Density Over 1000 Cycles

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12112718 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 2718

Author(s):

Shujahadeen B. Aziz ◽

M. A. Brza ◽

Iver Brevik ◽

M. H. Hamsan ◽

Rebar T. Abdulwahid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Energy Density ◽

Polymer Electrolyte ◽

Specific Capacitance ◽

Electrochemical Techniques ◽

High Specific Capacitance ◽

Transference Number ◽

Energy Storage Devices ◽

Storage Devices ◽

The Impact

In this work, plasticized polymer electrolyte films consisting of chitosan, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and glycerol for utilization in energy storage devices was presented. Various microscopic, spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques were used to characterize the concerned electrolyte and the electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) assembly. The nature of complexation between the polymer electrolyte components was examined via X-ray diffraction analysis. In the morphological study, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to investigate the impact of glycerol as a plasticizer on the morphology of films. The polymer electrolyte (conducting membrane) was found to have a conductivity of 3.21 × 10−3 S/cm. It is indicated that the number density (n), mobility (μ) and diffusion coefficient (D) of ions are increased with the glycerol amount. The mechanism of charge storing was clarified, which implies a non-Faradaic process. The voltage window of the polymer electrolyte is 2.32 V. It was proved that the ion is responsible for charge-carrying via measuring the transference number (TNM). It was also determined that the internal resistance of the EDLC assembly lay between 39 and 50 Ω. The parameters associated with the EDLC assembly are of great importance and the specific capacitance (Cspe) was determined to be almost constant over 1 to 1000 cycles with an average of 124 F/g. Other decisive parameters were found: energy density (18 Wh/kg) and power density (2700 W/kg).

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