Identifikasi Salinitas Tanah Menggunakan Instrumen Induksi Elektromagentik EM38 di Kecamatan Baitussalam Kabupaten Aceh Besar

Salinity is the amount of salt contained or dissolved in water or soil. Salinity can cause the change of physical characteristics of soil, especially in coastal area, that affects human daily activities, including agriculture. Baitussalam District (Kecamatan Baitussalam) is one of the districts that was hit most devastatingly by the Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 as well as has large population with potential agricultural prospect in Aceh Besar Region (Kabupaten Aceh Besar). This research aims to identify the soil salinity level in the Baitussalam District. The sampling technique uses descriptive methodology with scalable quantitative approach in the chosen sampling areas. 26 sampling spots have been chosen according to mathematical calculation. Quantitative method is used to analyze the result in this research. Furthermore, conductivity measurement is done through induction electromagnetic method, using Geonics EM38 and to identify the soil salinity level, analysis of soil texture is conducted in the laboratory. As the result, the electrical conductivity measurement shows varying values. The minimum conductivity value is 0,004 dS/m, taken at spot T 004 in Lam Ujong Village (Desa Lam Ujong). Whereas the maximum conductivity value reaches 10,31 dS/m, taken at spot T 003 in Labuy Village. The soil salinity in the 26 sampling spots in Baitussalam District demonstrates an average level, with a value of ECa 2-4 dS/m. The result of this research is expected to be a parameter to control and develop the activities, especially for agricultural activities, in the coastal area in Aceh Besar Region, and in Baitussalam district in particular.

Electrical Properties of Li+-Substituted Solid Solutions Based on Gd2Zr2O7

Solid solution $${\text{G}}{{{\text{d}}}_{{2 - x}}}{\text{L}}{{{\text{i}}}_{x}}{\text{Z}}{{{\text{r}}}_{2}}{{{\text{O}}}_{{7 - x}}}$$ with a pyrochlore structure is synthesized for the first time. The cationic composition is confirmed via chemical analysis and nuclear reactions. It is found that the stoichiometry with respect to lithium is retained up to 1100°C. The lattice parameter diminishes in the homogeneity range 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.30, while the free volume of migration grows. Introducing lithium into the Gd sublattice raises oxygen–ion conductivity, due to the emergence of oxygen vacancies and enhancement of their mobility. Maximum conductivity is reached for composition with х = 0.10 (~1 × 10−3 Ω−1 cm−1, 650°C). An assumption is made about the formation of associates of the type $${{\{ {\text{Li}}_{{{\text{Gd}}}}^{{''}} \cdot {\text{V}}_{{\text{o}}}^{{ \bullet \bullet }}\} }^{ \times }}$$ at high contents of the dopant (x = 0.30), accompanied by an increase in the activation energy of conductivity.

Electrical and Optical characterization of Malonic acid doped Poly Vinyl Alcohol polymer electrolytes

Novel proton conducting solid polymer electrolyte membranes based on Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) with Malonic Acid as dopant are prepared by solution cast technique with varying doping concentrations up to 40 wt.%. The electrical conductivity and optical absorption of pure PVA and Malonic aciddoped PVA electrolytes are investigated. DC conductivity behavior is studied in the range 303K to 373K. It is found that PVA: Malonic acid (70:30) electrolyte exhibits the maximum conductivity. The electrical conductivity initially increases with increasing dopant concentration and then showed a decrease beyond 30 wt.% concentration. The increase in conductivity is attributed to formation of charge transfer complexes while the decrease for concentrations above 30 wt.% is due to segregation. Optical absorption studies are made in the wavelength range 200-600 nm and the values of optical band gap (direct and indirect) are estimated. The results obtained are presented and discussed.

Optimizing the Properties of La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 Thin Films through Post-Annealing for High-Temperature Sensing

La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 (0.2LSCO) thin films were prepared via the RF sputtering method to fabricate thin-film thermocouples (TFTCs), and post-annealing processes were employed to optimize their properties to sense high temperatures. The XRD patterns of the 0.2LSCO thin films showed a pure phase, and their crystallinities increased with the post-annealing temperature from 800 °C to 1000 °C, while some impurity phases of Cr2O3 and SrCr2O7 were observed above 1000 °C. The surface images indicated that the grain size increased first and then decreased, and the maximum size was 0.71 μm at 1100 °C. The cross-sectional images showed that the thickness of the 0.2LSCO thin films decreased significantly above 1000 °C, which was mainly due to the evaporation of Sr2+ and Cr3+. At the same time, the maximum conductivity was achieved for the film annealed at 1000 °C, which was 6.25 × 10−2 S/cm. When the thin films post-annealed at different temperatures were coupled with Pt reference electrodes to form TFTCs, the trend of output voltage to first increase and then decrease was observed, and the maximum average Seebeck coefficient of 167.8 µV/°C was obtained for the 0.2LSCO thin film post-annealed at 1100 °C. Through post-annealing optimization, the best post-annealing temperature was 1000 °C, which made the 0.2LSCO thin film more stable to monitor the temperatures of turbine engines for a long period of time.

Simulation and Comparison of Voltage and Current Characteristics of Novel Finfet by Varying its Oxide Thickness with Single Gate Mosfet for Improved Conductivity

Aim: The current and voltage characteristics of FinFET and single gate MOSFET are simulated by varying their oxide thickness ranging from 2 nm to 20 nm. Materials and Methods: The electrical conductance of FINFET (n= 320) was compared with MOSFET (n=320) by varying oxide thickness ranging from 2 nm to 20 nm in the NANO HUB tool simulation environment. Results: FINFET has significantly higher conductance (2.66*10-4 mho P<0.05) than single gate MOSFET (1.64*10-4 mho). The optimal thickness for maximum conductivity was 2nm for FINFET, and 2 nm for MOSFET. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, FINFET with oxide thickness of 2 nm offers the best conductivity.

Electrically conductive epoxy/polyaniline composite fabrication and characterization for electronic applications

This study reports on the electrical conductivity, dielectric, and electromagnetic interferenc (EMI) shielding properties of conductive epoxy/PAni blend containing various concentrations. Polyaniline (PAni) was synthesized using oxidative chemical polymerization technique and then dispersed into epoxy resin using a sonication bath. Infrared spectra confirm the curing of composites. Increasing the aspect ratio of PAni in epoxy increased the electrical conductivity and improves the microwave absorption properties of composites in the microwave range (0.1 GHz–20 GHz). Electrical conductivity was measured by using the four-probe method, and the maximum conductivity of the composite was achieved 3.51 × 10−13 Scm−1 with 30 wt% of PAni. The maximum porosity of the composite with 30 wt% of PAni was 15.5%. EMI shielding was measured by a vector network analyzer (VNA) in the microwave region (0.1 GHz–20 GHz), which gives the maximum value of 63 dB. IR shielding was measured by IR spectroscopy and less than 0.5% transmission was observed in NIR (700 nm–2500 nm) region. The average particle size of PAni is found to be 113 nm. These composites were used as a potential candidate for conductive coatings, EMI shielding purposes, and electronic applications.

Simulation and Comparison of Current Voltage Characteristics of Si and Ge based Bio Field Effect Transistor by Varying Oxide Thickness to Get Better Sensitivity

Aim: The current voltage characteristics of Silicon based BIOFET and Germanium based BIOFET are simulated by varying their oxide thickness ranging from 1nm to 100nm. Materials and Methods: The electrical conductance of Silicon based BIOFET (n=320) was compared with Germanium based BIOFET (n=320) by varying oxide thickness ranging from 1nm to 100nm in the NanoHub© tool simulation environment. Results: Germanium based BIOFET has significantly higher conductance than Silicon based BIOFET. The optimal gate oxide thickness for maximum conductivity was 1nm for Silicon based BIOFET and 35nm for Germanium based BIOFET. Conclusion: Within the limits of the study, Germanium based BIOFET with oxide thickness of 35nm offers the best conductivity.

Simulation of Carbon Nanotube based Field Effect Transistor by Varying Gate Oxide Thickness to Explore its Electrical Property and Compare it with Standard Mosfet

Aim: The current and voltage characteristics of CNTFET and MOSFET are simulated by varying their gate oxide thickness ranging from 3.5nm to 11.5nm. Materials and Methods: The electrical conductance of CNTFET (n = 320) was compared with MOSFET (n = 320) by varying gate oxide thickness ranging from 3.5nm to 11.5nm in the NanoHUB© tool simulation environment. Results: CNTFET has significantly higher conductance (12.52 mho) than MOSFET (12.07 mho). The optimal thickness for maximum conductivity was 4nm for CNTFET and 3.5 nm for MOSFET. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, CNTFET with the gate oxide thickness of 4 nm offers the best conductivity.

La1–yBayF3–y Solid Solution Crystals as an Effective Solid Electrolyte: Growth and Properties

A series of nonstoichiometric La1–yBayF3–y (0 ≤ y ≤ 0.12) single crystals with a tysonite-type structure (sp. gr. P-3c1) was grown from the melt by the directional crystallization method in a fluorinating atmosphere, and some physical properties were characterized. The concentration dependence of electrical conductivity σdc(y) La1–yBayF3–y crystals was studied. The composition of the ionic conductivity maximum for this solid electrolyte was refined. It was confirmed that the maximum conductivity σmax = 8.5 × 10–5 S/cm (295 K) was observed at the composition ymax = 0.05 ± 0.01. Analysis of the electrophysical data for the group of tysonite-type solid electrolytes R1–yMyF3–y (M = Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu2+ and R = La, Ce, Pr, Nd) showed that the compositions of the maxima of their conductivity were close and amount to y = 0.03−0.05. This fact indicates a weak influence of the size effect (ionic radii R3+ and M2+) on the value of ymax for R1–yMyF3–y solid electrolytes.

Highly Stretchable Shape Memory Self-Soldering Conductive Tape with Reversible Adhesion Switched by Temperature

Highlights Shape memory self-soldering tape used as conductive interconnecting material. Perfect shape and conductivity memory performance and anti-fatigue performance. Reversible strong-to-weak adhesion switched by temperature. Abstract With practical interest in the future applications of next-generation electronic devices, it is imperative to develop new conductive interconnecting materials appropriate for modern electronic devices to replace traditional rigid solder tin and silver paste of high melting temperature or corrosive solvent requirements. Herein, we design highly stretchable shape memory self-soldering conductive (SMSC) tape with reversible adhesion switched by temperature, which is composed of silver particles encapsulated by shape memory polymer. SMSC tape has perfect shape and conductivity memory property and anti-fatigue ability even under the strain of 90%. It also exhibits an initial conductivity of 2772 S cm−1 and a maximum tensile strain of ~ 100%. The maximum conductivity could be increased to 5446 S cm−1 by decreasing the strain to 17%. Meanwhile, SMSC tape can easily realize a heating induced reversible strong-to-weak adhesion transition for self-soldering circuit. The combination of stable conductivity, excellent shape memory performance, and temperature-switching reversible adhesion enables SMSC tape to serve two functions of electrode and solder simultaneously. This provides a new way for conductive interconnecting materials to meet requirements of modern electronic devices in the future.