scholarly journals Preparation and Flame Retardant Properties of Calcium–Aluminium Hydrotalcite with Root Cutting Silicate Layers as Bamboo Flame Retardants

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 7319
Author(s):  
Ailian Hu ◽  
Chungui Du ◽  
Yating Hua ◽  
Yingying Shan ◽  
Chunlin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Coprecipitation Method ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Crystallisation Temperature ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

Bamboo has been widely used in architecture, decoration and other fields because of its advantages of short growth period, high strength and degradability. However, bamboo, as a combustible material like wood, are easy to burn and cause building fires. However, the existing bamboo water-based flame retardants have some shortcomings, such as strong hygroscopicity and easy loss, which limits the application of bamboo products. In order to improve the flame retardant performance of bamboo, CaAl-SiO2 layered double hydroxide (LDH) as bamboo flame retardant was synthesised by coprecipitation method. The influence of preparation technology on CaAl–SiO3–LDH structures and properties as well as the flame retardant and smoke suppression characteristics of flame retardant-treated bamboo was discussed. The results revealed that the crystallisation temperature, crystallisation time and crystallisation concentration of CaAl–SiO3–LDHs considerably affected its structure and properties. The optimum technological parameters for preparing CaAl–SiO3–LDHs by using the coprecipitation method are as follows: crystallisation temperature of 100 °C, crystallisation time of 9 h and Ca2+ solution molar concentration of 0.33 mol/L. Compared with nonflame-retardant wood, CaAl–SiO3–LDH flame retardant treatment delayed the peak time of the heat release rate by 20 s and the ignition time by 77.78% and increased the carbon residue rate by 9.54%. This study can provide reference for the research of new flame retardant for bamboo products.

Properties of Flame-Retardant Cellulose Fibers Prepared from Cellulose[Amim]Cl Dope Solution

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 1152-1155
Author(s):  
Lei Gao ◽  
Bo Wen Cheng ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
Zeng Geng Guo ◽  
Fei Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Simultaneous Thermal Analysis ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Fiber Structure ◽  
Fiber Degradation ◽  
Dope Solution ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

This paper has studied the structure and flame-retardant properties of flame-retardant cellulose fiber with DDPSN as flame retardant. The flame retardants was uniformly dispersed in the cellulose /[Amim]Cl Solution to obtain the good spinnable dope, then the dope was wet-spun. Effects of the flame-retardant contention the fiber structure and properties were investigated. The surface of the flame-retardant cellulose fiber was observed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Besides, through the Simultaneous thermal analysis, it has been shown that, with the increase of fame retardant, the degree of fame resistance was obviously improved. The flame retardant acted greatly in condensed phase during the fiber degradation and remained mainly in residues after degradation, the experiments show that the flame-retardant properties of flame-retardant cellulose fiber with 20wt% DDPSN was obvious.

Wool: Its Effect On Flame Retardant Properties of Blend Fabrics

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
John V. Beninate ◽  
Brenda J. Trask ◽  
Timothy A. Calamari ◽  
George L. Drake
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Cotton Wool ◽  
Burning Rates ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Strength Retention

Durable phosphorus-based flame retardants were applied to twill fabrics con taining cotton and wool to study the effect of wool on the flame retardancy and physical properties of the blend fabrics. The presence of wool in untreated blend fabrics caused burning rates to decrease and oxygen index values to increase as wool content increased in the blends. These effects were also observed in cotton/ wool blends treated with low levels of the Thps-urea-TMM flame retardant, but were less pronounced in fabrics treated at high levels. Thermogravimetric analyses were conducted to study the thermal degradation of the treated and untreated fabrics. The presence of wool in treated blend fabrics did not sig nificantly change strength retention, area shrinkage and wrinkle recovery values in comparison to similarly treated 100% cotton fabrics.

Flammability and mechanical properties of poly(styrene–butadiene–styrene) copolymer–containing intumescent flame retardants

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 816-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiren Huang ◽  
Jianwei Yang ◽  
Zhengzhou Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Flame-retardant properties of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and its two microcapsules, APP with a shell of melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin (MFAPP) and APP with a shell of epoxy resin (EPAPP), were studied in styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS). The results indicate that APP after the microencapsulation leads to an increase in limiting oxygen index in SBS compared with APP. When dipentaerythritol is incorporated into the SBS composites containing the APP microcapsules, a further improvement in flame retardancy of the composites is observed. The microencapsulation does not result in much improvement of mechanical properties. Moreover, the effect of a compatibilizer (SBS grafted with maleic anhydride) on flame-retardant and mechanical properties of SBS/APP composites was investigated.

scholarly journals Nanoreinforcements of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Flame Retardant Polymeric Composites: An Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaolin Lu ◽  
Wei Hong ◽  
Xudong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Fire Hazards ◽  
Uniform Dispersion ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

Polymer materials are ubiquitous in daily life. While polymers are often convenient and helpful, their properties often obscure the fire hazards they may pose. Therefore, it is of great significance in terms of safety to study the flame retardant properties of polymers while still maintaining their optimal performance. Current literature shows that although traditional flame retardants can satisfy the requirements of polymer flame retardancy, due to increases in product requirements in industry, including requirements for durability, mechanical properties, and environmental friendliness, it is imperative to develop a new generation of flame retardants. In recent years, the preparation of modified two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants has attracted wide attention in the field. Due to their unique layered structures, two-dimensional nanomaterials can generally improve the mechanical properties of polymers via uniform dispersion, and they can form effective physical barriers in a matrix to improve the thermal stability of polymers. For polymer applications in specialized fields, different two-dimensional nanomaterials have potential conductivity, high thermal conductivity, catalytic activity, and antiultraviolet abilities, which can meet the flame retardant requirements of polymers and allow their use in specific applications. In this review, the current research status of two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants is discussed, as well as a mechanism of how they can be applied for reducing the flammability of polymers.

scholarly journals Sol–Gel Treatments to Flame Retard PA11/Flax Composites

Fibers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samyn ◽  
Vandewalle ◽  
Bellayer ◽  
Duquesne
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Solid State Nmr ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Deposition Method ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Successive Layer ◽  
Coating Methods ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

This work investigates the efficiency of sol–gel treatments to flame retard flax fabric/PA11 composites. Different sol–gel treatments applied to the flax fabrics were prepared using TEOS in combination with phosphorus and/or nitrogen containing co-precursors (DEPTES, APTES) or additives (OP1230, OP1311). When the nitrogen and the phosphorus co-precursors were used, two coating methods were studied: a ‘one-pot’ route and a successive layer deposition method. For the “one-pot” method, the three precursors (TEOS, DEPTES, and APTES) were mixed together in the same solutions whereas for the different layers deposition method, the three different treatments were deposited on the fibers successively, first the TEOS, then a mix of TEOS/DEPTES, and finally a mix of TEOS/APTES. After deposition, the sol–gel coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscope, electron probe microanalyzer, and 29Si and 31P solid-state NMR. When only TEOS or a mix of TEOS and DEPTES is used, homogeneous coatings are obtained presenting well-condensed Si units (mainly Q units). When APTES is added, the coatings are less homogenous and agglomerates are present. A lower condensation rate of the Si network is also noticed by solid-state NMR. When additives are used in combination with TEOS, the TEOS forms a homogenous and continuous film at the surface of the fibers, but the flame retardants are not well distributed and form aggregates. The flame retardant (FR) efficiency of the different treatments on flax fabrics was evaluated using horizontal flame spread test. The following ranking of the different systems is obtained: TEOS + Additives > TEOS > TEOS + DEPTES ~ TEOS + DEPTES + APTES > multilayers. All the sol–gel coatings improve the flame retardant properties of the flax fabric, except the multilayer treatment. Based on these results, the three most efficient sol–gels were selected to prepare sol–gel-modified flax/PA11 composites. The composite modified with only TEOS showed the best FR properties. Surprisingly, the composite modified with the phosphorus-based flame retardant (AlPi) did not exhibit improved FR properties. This effect was attributed to the fact that the amount of the FR additive deposited on the fabrics was too low.

Preparation and surface modification of Mg(OH)2/siloxane nanocomposite flame retardant

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qilei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Composite Particles ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Good Heat Resistance ◽  
Good Heat

Abstract In order to obtain flame retardants with good heat resistance, retardant properties and affinity, magnesium hydroxide (MH)/siloxane nanocomposite flame retardants were prepared by the hydrothermal and hypergravity method. The MH and MH/siloxane particles were characterized and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunner-Emment-Teller (BET) measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), etc. The results show that the stability of as-prepared MH/siloxane nanocomposite flame retardants is superior to MH particles prepared by other prepared methods, and the agglomeration is significantly reduced. The specific area of the composite particles was reduced, and the affinity and thermal stability were effectively improved. As a kind of filler for polymer, the MH/siloxane nanocomposite could help to improve the reinforcement of the polymer, and the heat resistant and flame retardant properties, which provide the foundation for further application of this nanocomposite as a flame retardant.

scholarly journals Study on the Synergies of Nanoclay and MWCNTs to the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Tuan Anh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Nanocomposite Materials ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Multiwalled Carbon ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

Modern flame retardants are organic compounds containing halogen or phosphorus groups and are not always well dispersed in polymers. Thus, by using a small amount of nanoclay and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), they can significantly reduce the number of conventional flame retardant additives, making the material with optimal flame retardant properties. Conventional flame retardants always have some negative effects on the mechanical properties of the polymer substrate, so by using nanoclay and MWCNTs, those adverse effects can be minimized and overcome. In this work, in order to improve the mechanical properties and flame retardant of nanocomposite materials, nanoclay I.30E and MWCNTs are mixed into epoxy, with the selected percentage of 2% and 0.02% by weight, respectively, stirring mechanically for 7, 8, and 9 hours at 3000 rpm at 80°C, then performing ultrasonic vibration for 6 hours at 65°C.

scholarly journals ПРИДАНИЕ ОГНЕЗАЩИТНЫХ СВОЙСТВ ЦЕЛЛЮЛОЗНЫМ ТЕКСТИЛЬНЫМ МАТЕРИАЛАМ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ЗОЛЬ - ГЕЛЬ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 365-372
Author(s):  
Bijamal Raimovna Tausarova ◽  
Anastasiya Yur'yevna Stasenko
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Sodium Hydrogen ◽  
Fire Retardant Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

The article presents studies on the use of a new composition based on sodium silicate, urea and sodium hydrogen phosphate to impart fire-retardant properties to cellulosic textile materials. The influence of the concentration of the starting components, temperature, and heat treatment time on the flame retardant properties was studied. The change in the fire retardant properties of cotton fabric is given for three heat treatment modes: at 80, 90 and 100 °C. Compared to the initial fabric, the samples treated with a flame retardant have indicators of flame retardant properties. Untreated fabric with a size of 220×170 mm when tested for flammability at an ignition time of 15 s completely burns out in 60 s. In samples treated with a flame retardant, at an ignition time of 15 s, the smoldering time is practically reduced to zero. With an increase in the concentration of the flame retardant, and the temperature of the heat treatment, the loss of material strength, breaking load, and the appearance of the fabric change slightly. Using electron scanning microscopy and energy dispersive microanalysis, it was shown that pure cotton fabric contains 68.77% carbon and 31.22% oxygen; after modification, particles of sodium – 0.02%, phosphorus – 0.04% and potassium – 0.05% are formed on the surface of the treated fabric. distributed fairly unevenly. It has been shown that in cellulosic materials modified with compositions based on sodium silicate and urea, sodium hydrogen phosphate, flame retardant properties increase. The proposed composition provides the achievement of higher fire resistance. Processing can be carried out on standard equipment of finishing enterprises without the stage of high-temperature fixation of the drug.

scholarly journals Preparation of Intercalated Organic Montmorillonite DOPO-MMT by Melting Method and Its Effect on Flame Retardancy to Epoxy Resin

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 3496
Author(s):  
Junming Geng ◽  
Jianyu Qin ◽  
Jiyu He
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Melting Method ◽  
Organic Montmorillonite ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

An intercalated organic montmorillonite DOPO-MMT was prepared through the melting method using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as a modifier. Epoxy resin (EP) composites were prepared with DOPO-MMT, DOPO, MMT, and the physical mixtures of DOPO+MMT as flame retardants. The microstructure of the flame retardants and EP samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The flame retardant properties, thermal stability, and residual char structure of the EPs were studied by the limited oxygen index (LOI) test, the UL-94 vertical burning test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) test, the cone calorimeter (CONE) test as well as other characterization methods. The results showed that the intercalated organic montmorillonite DOPO-MMT can be successfully prepared by the melting method and that the MMT is evenly dispersed in the EP/DOPO-MMT composite in the form of nanosheets. The EP/DOPO-MMT nanocomposites showed the optimal flame retardancy (LOI, UL-94, PHRR, etc.) among the EPs with DOPO, MMT, and the physical mixture of DOPO+MMT. The flame-retardant grade of the material reached V-0.

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