scholarly journals The Jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo (Cnidaria): Biochemical Composition of Ovaries and Antibacterial Lysozyme-like Activity of the Oocyte Lysate

Marine Drugs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loredana Stabili ◽  
Lucia Rizzo ◽  
Francesco Fanizzi ◽  
Federica Angilè ◽  
Laura Del Coco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Positive Effects

Jellyfish outbreaks in marine coastal areas represent an emergent problem worldwide, with negative consequences on human activities and ecosystem functioning. However, potential positive effects of jellyfish biomass proliferation may be envisaged as a natural source of bioactive compounds of pharmaceutical interest. We investigated the biochemical composition of mature female gonads and lysozyme antibacterial activity of oocytes in the Mediterranean barrel jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo. Chemical characterization was performed by means of multinuclear and multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. The ovaries of R. pulmo were mainly composed of water (93.7 ± 1.9% of wet weight), with organic matter (OM) and dry weight made respectively of proteins (761.76 ± 25.11 µg mg−1 and 45.7 ± 1.5%), lipids (192.17 ± 10.56 µg mg−1 and 9.6 ± 0.6%), and carbohydrates (59.66 ± 2.72 µg mg−1 and 3.7 ± 0.3%). The aqueous extract of R. pulmo gonads contained free amino acids, organic acids, and derivatives; the lipid extract was composed of triglycerides (TG), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), diunsaturated fatty acids (DUFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and minor components such as sterols and phospholipids. The R. pulmo oocyte lysate exhibited an antibacterial lysozyme-like activity (mean diameter of lysis of 9.33 ± 0.32 mm corresponding to 1.21 mg/mL of hen egg-white lysozyme). The occurrence of defense molecules is a crucial mechanism to grant healthy development of mature eggs and fertilized embryos (and the reproductive success of the species) by preventing marine bacterial overgrowth. As a corollary, these results call for future investigations for an exploitation of R. pulmo biomasses as a resource of bioactive metabolites of biotechnological importance including pharmaceuticals and nutrition.

scholarly journals Variability in Macro- and Micronutrients of 15 Commercially Available Microalgae Powders

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 310
Author(s):  
Fabian Sandgruber ◽  
Annekathrin Gielsdorf ◽  
Anja C. Baur ◽  
Benjamin Schenz ◽  
Sandra Marie Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dunaliella Salina ◽  
Haematococcus Pluvialis ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Tetraselmis Chuii

The nutrient composition of 15 commercially available microalgae powders of Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and vulgaris, Dunaliella salina, Haematococcus pluvialis, Tetraselmis chuii, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was analyzed. The Dunaliella salina powders were characterized by a high content of carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), omega-6-polyunsaturated fatty acids (n6-PUFAs), heavy metals, and α-tocopherol, whereas the protein amounts, essential amino acids (EAAs), omega-3-PUFAs (n3-PUFAs), vitamins, and minerals were low. In the powder of Haematococcus pluvialis, ten times higher amounts of carotenoids compared to all other analyzed powders were determined, yet it was low in vitamins D and E, protein, and EAAs, and the n6/n3-PUFAs ratio was comparably high. Vitamin B12, quantified as cobalamin, was below 0.02 mg/100 g dry weight (d.w.) in all studied powders. Based on our analysis, microalgae such as Aphanizomenon and Chlorella may contribute to an adequate intake of critical nutrients such as protein with a high content of EAAs, dietary fibers, n3-PUFAs, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn, as well as vitamin D and E. Yet, the nutritional value of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was slightly decreased by high contents of SFAs. The present data show that microalgae are rich in valuable nutrients, but the macro- and micronutrient profiles differ strongly between and within species.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition of Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis Bracts Cultivated in Central Greece: The Impact of Harvesting Time

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1976
Author(s):  
Filipa Mandim ◽  
Spyridon A. Petropoulos ◽  
Kyriakos D. Giannoulis ◽  
Celestino Santos-Buelga ◽  
Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Harvesting Time ◽  
Late Maturity ◽  
The Impact

The present study evaluated the effect of maturity stage on the chemical composition of cardoon bracts. Plant material was collected in Greece at eight different maturation stages (C1–C8) and the chemical composition was analyzed in regard to lipidic fraction and the content in fatty acids, tocopherols, organic acids, and free sugars. Samples of late maturity (C6–C8) revealed the lowest lipidic content, while a total of 29 fatty acids was identified in all the samples, with palmitic, stearic, oleic, and eicosatrienoic acids present in the highest levels depending on harvesting time. Immature (C1) and mature (C8) bracts were more abundant in saturated fatty acids (SFA) than bracts of medium-to-late maturity (C5, C6), where the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were the prevalent class. The α- and γ-tocopherols were the only identified isoforms of vitamin E, while the highest content was observed in sample C8 (199 µg/100 g dry weight (dw). The detected organic acids were oxalic, quinic, malic, citric, and fumaric acids, while fructose, glucose, sucrose, trehalose, and raffinose were the main detected sugars. The results of the present study allowed us to reveal the effect of maturity stage on cardoon bracts chemical composition and further valorize this byproduct by improving its bioactive compounds content.

scholarly journals Biochemical Characterization by GC-MS of Palm Kernel Oils Produced in Côte d’Ivoire

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Ahou Irène Kouadio
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Undecylenic Acid ◽  
Human Diet

The objective of this study was to determine biochemical composition of palm kernel oils produced and consuming in Côte d’Ivoire in order to find out those more suitable for human diet. Our preliminary investigations showed that palm kernel oils consumed in Côte d’Ivoire were those extracted from varieties Dura and Tenera of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Thus, the types of oils analyzed in this study were oil extracted from the variety Dura (OD) and oil extrated from the variety Tenera (OT). The GC-MS was used to determine the biochemical composition of these oils. The results obtained show that in each oil, seventeen fatty acids were identified by GC–MS. However, among these fatty acids, undecylenic acid was identified only in OD and heptanoic acid was identified only in OT. The two types of oil are rich in saturated fatty acids. However, OD had a relatively higher unsaturated fatty acids content. For the other compounds identified, OT had significantly the highest contents of polyphenols, α-tocopherol and sterols with the predominance of β-sitosterol. These results support that palm kernel oil extracted from the variety Tenera is rich in natural compounds that could be developed as nutraceuticals and phytomedicine. However, some unexpected compounds such as lactones were also identified in the two types of oils. Moreover, it is noted that these lactones were more abundant in oil extracted from the variety Dura (OD).

scholarly journals Effects of fermentation on the proximate, anti-nutrients, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acids profiles of jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam) seeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Rhamatallah Adenike Alawode ◽  
Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso ◽  
Yahaya Ahmed Iyaka ◽  
Julian Chukwuemeka Anuonye
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Ziziphus Mauritiana ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Nutrient Compositions

Background: Fermentation has been recognized as one of the oldest ways of food processing that increase food quality by increasing nutrient bio-availability through the reduction in anti-nutrient compositions. The present study evaluated the effects of fermentation on nutrients and anti-nutrients composition of jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam) seed. Methods: The seed of Z. mauritiana was fermented for 24 hr. Standard analytical procedures were used to analyse the proximate, minerals, amino acid, fatty acid and anti-nutrient compositions of the seed sample at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hr of fermentation. Results: The seed has high amounts of proteins, minerals, amino acids and low levels of anti-nutrients. The seed also has higher unsaturated than saturated fatty acids. Fermentation significantly increased the minerals compositions, decreases anti-nutrients and some amino acid levels but had no plausible effects (p>0.05) on proximate contents of the seed. Fermentation for 6 and 12 hr had no significant (p <0.05) effect on the fatty acids, however, at 18 and 24 hr a significant (p<0.05) reduction in fatty acid were recorded. On the basis of nutrient retention, the most plausible and positive effects of the fermentation on Z. mauritiana were observed at ≤ 12 of fermentation. Conclusion: Ziziphus mauritiana seed could be employed as an alternative source of nutrients for humans and animals. However, fermentation of Z. mauritiana should be done for a period of ≤ 12 hr if necessary

Nutritional profile of the wild harvested armoured cricket (Acanthoplus discoidalis) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) in northern region of Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
A.K. Mugova ◽  
C.J. Zvidzai ◽  
R. Musundire
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritional Profile ◽  
Weight Content

Armoured crickets are an important food source in some parts of Zimbabwe. These insects are abundant in some regions but however, they are under utilised and not much is known about their nutritional value. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional profile of the armoured cricket (Acanthoplus discoidalis). Armoured crickets were collected from a structured sampling framework in Mbire district Mashonaland Central province of Zimbabwe. Removal of the head and thorax, degutting and boiling were done. A proximate analysis was carried out followed by mineral, amino acid and fatty acid profiling of the prepared insects. Analyses were done on a dry basis. A. discoidalis contained 69.2% protein, 16.8% fat, 8.6% ash, 1.2% carbohydrate, 4.2% chitin and 454.3 Kcal/100 g energy. A 100 g dry weight quantity of insect contains 11.48 mg iron which is enough to meet the required daily intake of 10.0-20 mg/day for an adult. The zinc (4.37 mg/100 g dry weight) and phosphorus (491.4 mg/100 g dry weight) content in A. discoidalis almost meets the reference nutrient intake for adults. Essential amino acids, leucine (60.7 mg/g protein) had the highest concentration followed by phenylalanine+tyrosine (59.3 mg/g protein), valine (48.4 mg/g protein), lysine (46.7 mg/g protein), threonine (37.4 mg/g protein), isoleucine (26.4 mg/g protein), methionine+cysteine (20.9 mg/g protein) and histidine (16.5 mg/g protein) the least concentration. In total, 9 saturated fatty acids were determined of which stearic acid and palmitic acid had the highest concentrations of 2,034.5 mg/100 g and 2,005.3 mg/100 g respectively. Four mono unsaturated fatty acids were determined of which oleic acid and palmitoleic acid had the highest concentrations of 361.4 mg/100 g and 305.2 mg/100 g respectively. Four poly-unsaturated fatty acids were determined of which eicosapentaenoic and α-linolenic acid had the highest concentrations of 1,598.0 mg/100 g and 185.6 mg/100 g respectively. A. discoidalis is good source of protein, the minerals iron, zinc and phosphorus, some essential amino acids and poly-unsaturated fatty acids.

scholarly journals THE BIOGENESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA

1968 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jollow ◽  
G. M. Kellerman ◽  
Anthony W. Linnane
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Phospholipid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Growth Media

The growth conditions known to influence the occurrence of mitochondrial profiles and other cell membrane systems in anaerobic cells of S. cerevisiae have been examined, and the effect of the several growth media on the lipid composition of the organism has been determined. The anaerobic cell type containing neither detectable mitochondrial profiles nor the large cell vacuole may be obtained by the culture of the organism on growth-limiting levels of the lipids, ergosterol, and unsaturated fatty acids. Under these conditions, the organism has a high content of short-chain saturated fatty acids (10:0, 12:0), phosphatidyl choline, and squalene, compared with aerobically grown cells, and it is especially low in phosphatidyl ethanolamine and the glycerol phosphatides (phosphatidyl glycerol + cardiolipin). The high levels of unsaturated fatty acids normally found in the phospholipids of the aerobic cells are largely replaced by the short-chain saturated acids, even though the phospholipid fraction contains virtually all of the small amounts of unsaturated fatty acid present in the anaerobic cells. Such anaerobic cells may contain as little as 0.12 mg of ergosterol per g dry weight of cells while the aerobic cells contain about 6 mg of ergosterol per g dry weight. Anaerobic cell types containing mitochondrial profiles can be obtained by the culture of the organism in the presence of excess quantities of ergosterol and unsaturated fatty acids. Such cells have increased levels of total phospholipid, ergosterol, and unsaturated fatty acids, although these compounds do not reach the levels found in aerobic cells. The level of ergosterol in anaerobic cells is markedly influenced by the nature of the carbohydrate in the medium; those cells grown on galactose media supplemented with ergosterol and unsaturated fatty acids have well defined mitochondrial profiles and an ergosterol content (2 mg per g dry weight of cells) three times that of equivalent glucose-grown cells which have poorly defined organelle profiles. Anaerobic cells which are low in ergosterol synthesize increased amounts of squalene.

Seasonal variation of biochemical composition of Noah's ark shells (Arca noae L. 1758) in a Tunisian coastal lagoon in relation to its reproductive cycle and environmental conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feriel Ghribi ◽  
Dhouha Boussoufa ◽  
Fatma Aouini ◽  
Safa Bejaoui ◽  
Imene Chetoui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Coastal Lagoon ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Quality Indices ◽  
Bizerte Lagoon

The seasonal changes in biochemical composition of the edible bivalve Arca noae harvested from a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Bizerte lagoon, Tunisia) were investigated from October 2013 to September 2014. Potential food sources and nutritional quality indices (NQI) were determined by analyzing the fatty acid profiles of their tissues during an annual reproductive cycle. Results showed that A. noae had moisture (73.8–82%) and protein (24.1–58.6% dry weight) as major components, followed by lipid (10.4–28.8% dry weight) and glycogen (4.05–14.6% dry weight). A. noae accumulated lipid and glycogen for gonadal development during both maturation periods (late autumn/late spring–summer) to be used during spawning periods (winter/late summer–early autumn). However, proteins were mainly used to support reproductive allocation and played an important role on the energetic maintenance. Lipid and glycogen were found to be significantly related to temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a (p < 0.05). An increase of condition index (CI) was observed during spring and early summer when both temperature and food supply increased. The total fatty acid (TFA) profile of Ark shells was dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (33.8–49.6%), followed by saturated (SFA) (29.1–43.1%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (20.77–28.3%). A. noae soft tissues were also rich in macro-minerals (Na, Ca and Mg). The analysis of fatty acid trophic markers revealed that the diet of A. noae during the year of study was based on mixture food mainly on phytoplankton followed by zooplankton and other sources (bacteria, seagrass and macroalgae). Furthermore, the nutritional quality indices have revealed that A. noae is an excellent source of nutrients and a healthy food for human consumption. These data are useful to the conservation of natural stocks of A. noae and the development of sustainable aquaculture production of this shellfish species in the Bizerte lagoon.

scholarly journals Physicochemical properties of new peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties

OCL ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamdy A. Zahran ◽  
Hesham Z. Tawfeuk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Oil Characteristics ◽  
First Time

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are one of the major oilseed crops of the world and are an important source of protein in many countries. In this study, some nutrients and characteristics of the seeds’ oil extracted from four peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties: Line 27r (Israel), Line 9 (Malawi), Line 4 (Brazil) and Line 18 (Israel) cultivated, for first time, in Upper Egypt were subjected to the comparative assessment with control NC variety (USA). Peanut seeds are a rich source of oil content (50.45 to 52.12 g 100 g−1 dry weight “DW”). The physicochemical properties of extracted oil were investigated in this study. The obtained data showed that the ratios of saturated fatty acids ranged from 14.24 to 17.23%, and the amounts of unsaturated fatty acids ranged from 82.77 to 85.76%. Significant variations (p ≤ 0.05) of oil content, saponification value, oleic/linoleic (O/L), and oil characteristics were found. Line 9 was found to be high in oil content, while Line 27r was said to have a high O/L ratio (3.22%) and proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (85.76%).

scholarly journals Absorption of very-long-chain saturated fatty acids in totally hydrogenated fish oil

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Granlund ◽  
Laila N. Larsen ◽  
Erling N. Christiansen ◽  
Jan I. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Triacylglycerol Fraction ◽  
Long Chain

Partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO) contains a high amount of trans fatty acids (TFA). Total hydrogenation results in a minimal amount of TFA, but a high content of very-long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLCSFA). Absorption and metabolism of VLCSFA from totally hydrogenated fish oil (THFO) were studied in rats. Groups of eight rats were fed one of four diets containing 40 g soyabean oil (SBO)/kg (low-fat diet), 150 g SBO/kg (SBO diet), 40 g SBO+110 g PHFO/kg (PHFO diet) or 40 g SBO+110 g THFO/kg (THFO diet) for 4 weeks. A lower absorption coefficient of the fat content was found in the THFO group (61 %) compared with the other groups (PHFO 95 %, SBO 99 %, low fat 98 %; P<0·05), which was mainly due to reduced absorption of VLCSFA. A reduced weight gain was found for the THFO group compared with the other groups, but this was only significant when compared with the SBO group (P<0·05). Faecal fat excretion (dry weight) was markedly increased in the THFO group (47 %), which was 2·4, 4·8 and 8·3 times higher compared with the groups fed PHFO, SBO and low-fat diets (P<0·05), respectively. Serum total cholesterol was reduced for the PHFO and THFO groups (P<0·05), whereas serum triacylglycerol was increased for the PHFO group compared with the other groups (P<0·05). Animals fed THFO diet had an increased content of 20:0 and 22:0 in the serum triacylglycerol fraction (P<0·05), whereas only 20:0 was increased in the serum phospholipid fraction (P<0·05). The low absorption coefficient of THFO must be considered if this fat is to be used for consumption by animals or man.

scholarly journals Functional bioactive compounds and biological activities of Spirulina platensis lipids

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 211-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F. Ramadan ◽  
M.M.S. Asker ◽  
Z.K. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lipid Classes ◽  
Gamma Tocopherol

The compositions and concentrations of lipid classes, fatty acids, tocopherols were determined in the lipids from blue-green microalga <i>Spirulina platensis</i>. Total lipids (TL) recovered using chloroform: methanol (2:1, v/v) were found to be 163.5 g/kg (on dry weight basis). The level of neutral lipids was the highest, followed by glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively. Among TL and lipid classes, palmitic, &gamma;-linolenic and linoleic acids were the dominating fatty acids. Compared to the neutral lipids, the polar fractions were generally characterised by higher percentages of saturated fatty acids. The recovered lipids were characterised by high percentage of tocopherols, wherein &gamma;-tocopherol constitutes about 73% of total tocopherols present, the rest being &gamma;-tocopherol. <i>Spirulina platensis</i> lipids exhibited a strong radical scavenging activity towards stable DPPH free radicals, whereas 27% of DPPH radicals were quenched after 2 h incubation. TL and lipid classes inhibited the growth of different microorganisms except gram-negative bacteria. At high concentrations, the tested lipids appeared more effective against <i>A. niger</i> (28.3 ± 1.53 mm). The information obtained in the present investigation is useful for lipid characterisation and further chemical and nutritional investigations of <i>Spirulina platensis</i>.

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