Mussel Shells, a Valuable Calcium Resource for the Pharmaceutical Industry

(1) Background: The mussel (Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis) is the most widespread lamellibranch mollusk, being fished on all coasts of the European seas. Mussels are also widely grown in Japan, China, and Spain, especially for food purposes. This paper shows an original technique for mussel shell processing for preparation of calcium salts, such as calcium levulinate. This process involves synthesis of calcium levulinate by treatment of Mytilus galloprovincialis shells with levulinic acid. The advantage of mussel shell utilization results in more straightforward qualitative composition. Thus, the weight of the mineral component lies with calcium carbonate, which can be used for extraction of pharmaceutical preparations. (2) Methods: Shell powder was first deproteinized by calcination, then the mineral part was treated with levulinic acid. The problem of shells generally resulting from the industrialization of marine molluscs creates enough shortcomings, if one only mentions storage and handling. One of the solutions proposed by us is the capitalization of calcium from shells in the pharmaceutical industry. (3) Results: The toxicity of calcium levulinate synthesized from the mussel shells was evaluated by the method known in the scientific literature as the Constantinescu phytobiological method (using wheat kernels, Triticum vulgare Mill). Acute toxicity of calcium levulinate was evaluated; the experiments showed the low toxicity of calcium levulinate. (4) Conclusion: The experimental results highlighted calcium as the predominant element in the composition of mussel shells, which strengthens the argument of capitalizing the shells as an important natural source of calcium.

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Development of Immediate Release Tablets Containing Calcium Lactate Synthetized from Black Sea Mussel Shells

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md20010045 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Magdalena Mititelu ◽

Elena Moroșan ◽

Anca Cecilia Nicoară ◽

Ana Andreea Secăreanu ◽

Adina Magdalena Musuc ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Black Sea ◽

Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Immediate Release ◽

Calcium Lactate ◽

Calcium Source ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Mussel Shells ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

By Products

Nowadays, the use of marine by-products as precursor materials has gained great interest in the extraction and production of chemical compounds with suitable properties and possible pharmaceutical applications. The present paper presents the development of a new immediate release tablet containing calcium lactate obtained from Black Sea mussel shells. Compared with other calcium salts, calcium lactate has good solubility and bioavailability. In the pharmaceutical preparations, calcium lactate was extensively utilized as a calcium source for preventing and treating calcium deficiencies. The physical and chemical characteristics of synthesized calcium lactate were evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and thermal analysis. Further, the various pharmacotechnical properties of the calcium lactate obtained from mussel shells were determined in comparison with an industrial used direct compressible Calcium lactate DC (PURACAL®). The obtained results suggest that mussel shell by-products are suitable for the development of chemical compounds with potential applications in the pharmaceutical domain.

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Ocean acidification alters the material properties of Mytilus edulis shells

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2014.1227 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (103) ◽

pp. 20141227 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Susan C. Fitzer ◽

Wenzhong Zhu ◽

K. Elizabeth Tanner ◽

Vernon R. Phoenix ◽

Nicholas A. Kamenos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ocean Acidification ◽

Mytilus Edulis ◽

Material Properties ◽

Blue Mussel ◽

Global Ocean ◽

Mussel Shell ◽

Multiple Stressor ◽

Mussel Shells ◽

Increasing Temperature ◽

The Impact

Ocean acidification (OA) and the resultant changing carbonate saturation states is threatening the formation of calcium carbonate shells and exoskeletons of marine organisms. The production of biominerals in such organisms relies on the availability of carbonate and the ability of the organism to biomineralize in changing environments. To understand how biomineralizers will respond to OA the common blue mussel, Mytilus edulis , was cultured at projected levels of p CO 2 (380, 550, 750, 1000 µatm) and increased temperatures (ambient, ambient plus 2°C). Nanoindentation (a single mussel shell) and microhardness testing were used to assess the material properties of the shells. Young's modulus ( E ), hardness ( H ) and toughness ( K IC ) were measured in mussel shells grown in multiple stressor conditions. OA caused mussels to produce shell calcite that is stiffer (higher modulus of elasticity) and harder than shells grown in control conditions. The outer shell (calcite) is more brittle in OA conditions while the inner shell (aragonite) is softer and less stiff in shells grown under OA conditions. Combining increasing ocean p CO 2 and temperatures as projected for future global ocean appears to reduce the impact of increasing p CO 2 on the material properties of the mussel shell. OA may cause changes in shell material properties that could prove problematic under predation scenarios for the mussels; however, this may be partially mitigated by increasing temperature.

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Investigation on surface charasteristics of uncalcinated and calcinated mussel shells

New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Advances Pure and Applied Sciences ◽

10.18844/gjapas.v0i9.3016 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 52-57

Author(s):

Sahra Dandil

Keyword(s):

Tap Water ◽

Low Cost ◽

Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽

Surface Characteristics ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Small Particles ◽

Mussel Shell ◽

Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Seafood Industry ◽

Mussel Shells

In recent years, developing economical adsorbents to treat with different types of pollutants has attracted great interest. Waste mussel shells are common wastes produced by the seafood industry. They have some advantages over conventional process such as simplicity of design and low cost. In this study, the uncalcinated and calcinated mussel shells were characterisated for their surface characteristics. Mussel shells washed with tap water several times followed by distilled water and dried at 105°C for 12 hours in an oven. They were powdered to small particles and calcined at 900°C for 2 hours. The sample was finely ground into small particles of different sizes, washed with distilled water and dried overnight at 105°C. And then, the sample was calcined at a heating rate of 2°C/min to 400°C and maintaned at this temperature for 4 hours.The calcined and uncalcined mussel shell samples were characterised by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Zeta potential mesaurements. The results indicated that calcination studies improved the surface charasteristics of the mussel shells and that the calcinated mussel shells can be used in adsorption studies as a novel low-cost, eco-friendly biosorbent efficiently Keywords: Adsorption, calcination, characterization, mussel shell.

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Comparison of Chitosan Characterization from Mussel Shell Waste Using Varying Concentration of Solvents

Kontribusia (Research Dissemination for Community Development) ◽

10.30587/kontribusia.v5i1.2873 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Nur Maulida Safitri ◽

Andi Rahmad Rahim ◽

Ummul Firmani

Keyword(s):

Environmental Pollution ◽

Food Processing ◽

Structural Component ◽

Ash Content ◽

Mussel Shell ◽

Degree Of Deacetylation ◽

Shell Waste ◽

Mussel Shells ◽

High Degree ◽

Medium Weight

Massive amounts of mussel shell waste are generated and wasted from the aquaculture processing sectors, resulting in environmental pollution. This material contains chitosan as a valuable compound characterized as a non-toxic structural component with several food processing applications or medicinal applications. In this research, mussel shells were processed using different solvents concentrations in several stages: demineralization, deproteination, decolourization, and deacetylation. Our result showed that the C2 samples gained a high degree of deacetylation (31.8±0.21%) with low moisture and ash content and medium weight of yield. Further research is recommended to purify chitosan using various instrumentation and assess its bioactivity.

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Penerapan Teknologi Pengolahan Limbah Cangkang Kerang Hijau sebagai Pakan Ternak dan Ikan

ETHOS (Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian) ◽

10.29313/ethos.v9i2.6898 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 169-177

Author(s):

Kartono Kartono ◽

Mukarto Siswoyo ◽

Bukhori Bukhori

Keyword(s):

Action Research ◽

Community Participation ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Hammer Mill ◽

Mussel Shell ◽

Community Based ◽

Green Mussel ◽

Shell Waste ◽

Mussel Shells

Abstract. Environmental problems in Muara Village, Suranenggala Subdistrict,Cirebon Regency, are accumulated waste of green mussel shells. The objectives ofthis PKM activity are: 1) to deal with the accumulation of green mussel shells asfeed ingredients / fish pelets by applying technology, namely; hammer millmachines, mixer machines, pelet extruders, and 2) to improve the welfare of thecommunity from the activities of making fish feed / pelets. The method used isParticiparoty Action Rural (PRA) which is one of the Participaroty Action Researchmethods. This method prioritizes community participation, identifying problems,compiling programs to plan solutions together. The location of the activity wascarried out in the fishermen group in Muara Village, Suranenggala District,Cirebon Regency. The results of the application of technology for the process ofmaking animal feed carried out in Muara Village can create new businesses forcommunity groups, especially fishermen groups, so that it has implications forincreasing welfare for the surrounding community. Based on the results ofmonitoring and evaluation, it is concluded that the application of appropriatetechnology in overcoming the accumulation of green mussel shell waste can create anew business, namely UKM making fish feed / pelets which in turn can improvewelfare for the community.Keywords: SMEs, appropriate technologyAbstrak. Permasalahan lingkungan di Desa Muara Kecamatan SuranenggalaKabupaten Cirebon adalah menumpuknya limbah cangkang kerang hijau. Tujuandari kegiatan PKM ini adalah 1) untuk menanggulangi menumpuknya limbahcangkang kerang hijau sebagai bahan pakan/pelet ikan dengan penerapanteknologi, yaitu mesin hammer mill, mesin mixer, pelet extruder; dan 2) untukmeningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat dari kegiatan pembuatan pakan/pelet ikan.Metode yang digunakan adalah Participaroty Action Research (PAR). Metode inimengutamakan partisipasi masyarakat, mengidentifikasi masalah, dan menyusunprogram merencanakan solusi bersama-sama. Lokasi kegiatan dilaksanakan padakelompok nelayan di Desa Muara, Kecamatan Suranenggala, Kabupaten Cirebon.Hasil dari penerapan teknologi untuk proses pembuatan pakan ternak yangdilakukan di Desa Muara dapat memunculkan usaha baru bagi kelompokmasyarakat, khususnya kelompok nelayan sehingga dapat berimplikasi terhadapmeingkatnya kesejahteraan bagi masyarakat sekitar. Berdasarkan hasil monitoringdan evaluasi disimpulkan bahwa penerapan teknologi tepat guna dalammenanggulangi menumpuknya limbah cangkang kerang hijau dapat menciptakanusaha baru, yaitu UKM pembuatan pakan/pelet ikan yang pada akhirnya dapatmeningkatkan kesejahteraan bagi masyarakat.Kata Kunci: UKM, Teknologi tepat guna

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Oxygen and carbon stable isotopes of Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 shells as environmental and provenance proxies

The Holocene ◽

10.1177/0959683619865595 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 65-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Stefania Milano ◽

Bernd R Schöne ◽

Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti

Keyword(s):

Stable Isotopes ◽

Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽

Shell Growth ◽

Geochemical Data ◽

Carbon Stable Isotopes ◽

Northern Spain ◽

Mollusc Shell ◽

Geochemical Composition ◽

Mussel Shells ◽

Geochemical Analyses

Mollusc shell stable isotopes are commonly used to reconstruct past environmental conditions. However, despite being abundant components of natural and anthropogenic fossil accumulations, the geochemical composition of mussel shells ( Mytilus spp.) has rarely received attention in palaeoenvironmental studies. This study tests the suitability of oxygen isotopes (δ18Os) of Mytilus galloprovincialis as palaeothermometer. For 1 year, mussels and water samples were collected twice a month from Berria Beach, in Northern Spain. The geochemical data of the shells indicate that water temperatures can be reconstructed with an average offset of 1.2 ± 0.7°C with respect to the measured values. Furthermore, no prolonged shell growth cessations are observed. These results validate M. galloprovincialis as reliable recorders of seasonal water temperature fluctuations, supporting their use in palaeoenvironmental studies. In addition, further shell and water collections were carried out in the upper and lower areas of a nearby estuary. The geochemical analyses of these shells were aimed to test whether oxygen and carbon stable isotopes (δ13Cs) may be used as novel proxies to identify the shell provenance at local scale. The results show that the δ18Os versus δ13Cs correlation direction varies along the coast–upper estuary geographical gradient, suggesting it to be a potential new proxy to distinguish between marine and estuarine mussel specimens.

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Hygrothermal Behaviour of Air Lime Coatings with Mussel Shell Sand

10.4028/www.scientific.net/cta.1.627 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Carolina Martínez-García ◽

Belén González-Fonteboa ◽

Diego Carro-López ◽

Fernando Martínez-Abella ◽

Paulina Faria

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Mussel Shell ◽

Aesthetic Quality ◽

Good Opportunity ◽

Mussel Shells ◽

The Aesthetic ◽

Shell Particles ◽

Hygrothermal Behaviour

Air lime coating mortars with mussel shells exhibit useful hygrothermal properties related to humidity and temperature regulation. Introducing mussel shell sand produces a significant increase in pore volume, changing mortar’s microstructure and reducing density. This is attributed to the flaky and irregular shape of the shell particles that present also traces of organic matter. In this work, the natural aggregate is replaced by mussel shell sand in increasing percentages of 25%, 50% and 75%. Additionally, a mortar with 0% of sand replacement is used as baseline of reference. These mortars are tested focusing in two main parameters, in first term, thermal conductivity. And also absorption and desorption cycles, at 80 and 50% relative humidity. The results are very positive for mussel shells specimens, it can be concluded that the use of mussel shell aggregates can improve the hygrothermal properties of air lime coating mortars. Another interesting result is a subjective property such as the aesthetic quality of the finishing, the results is pleasing and, combined with the promising hygrothermal properties opens a good opportunity for mussel shell mortars.

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Adsorption of Pb(II) from Aqueous Solution by Mussel Shell-Based Adsorbent: Preparation, Characterization, and Adsorption Performance

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14040741 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 741

Author(s):

Quan Wang ◽

Fangyuan Jiang ◽

Xiao-Kun Ouyang ◽

Li-Ye Yang ◽

Yangguang Wang

Keyword(s):

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Raw Material ◽

Mussel Shell ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

X Ray ◽

Before And After ◽

Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm ◽

Mussel Shells ◽

Shell Powder

As a natural biological adsorbent, shell powder is inexpensive, highly efficient, and does not leave any chemical residue; thus, it can be used to remove contaminants from water. In this study, we used mussel shells as a raw material to prepare an adsorbent. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the surface morphology of the mussel shell powder before and after calcination, and X-ray diffraction measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements were performed to analyze the structure and composition of calcined mussel shell powder. Characterization of the shell powder before and after calcination revealed a change from calcium carbonate to calcium oxide, as well as the formation of a surface porous structure. Using Pb(II) as a representative contaminant, various factors affecting the adsorption were explored, and the adsorption mechanism was analyzed. It was found that the adsorption is consistent with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm and the pseudo second-order model. The calcined mussel shell powder exhibits excellent adsorption for Pb(II), with an adsorption capacity reaching 102.04 mg/g.

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Effect of the Elemental Content of Shells of the Bivalve Mollusks (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from Saldanha Bay (South Africa) on Their Crystallographic Texture

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10111093 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1093

Author(s):

Pavel Nekhoroshkov ◽

Inga Zinicovscaia ◽

Dmitry Nikolayev ◽

Tatiana Lychagina ◽

Alexey Pakhnevich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Crystallographic Texture ◽

Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽

Reference Model ◽

Open Ocean ◽

Elemental Content ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Anthropogenic Inputs ◽

Pole Figures ◽

Mussel Shells

A both wild and farmed mussels in natural conditions, anthropogenic inputs are usually reflected in the increase of the content of specific elements. To determine the possible effect of the elemental patterns of farmed and wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected in the Saldanha Bay area (South Africa) on the crystallographic texture of the shells, the content of 20 elements in shells and 24 in the soft tissue of mussels was determined by neutron activation analysis. The crystallographic texture of mussel shells was analyzed using time-of-flight neutron diffraction. The wild mussels from open ocean site live in stressful natural conditions and contain higher amounts of the majority of determined elements in comparison with mussels farmed in closed water areas with anthropogenic loadings. The changes between the maximums of the same pole figures of the three samples are in the range of variability identified for the genus Mytilus. The content of Cl, Sr, and I was the highest in mussels from the open ocean site, which is reflected by the lowest mass/length ratio. The determined crystallographic textures of mussels are relatively stable as shown in the analyzed pole figures despite the concentrations of Na, Mg, Cl, Br, Sr, and I in shells, which significantly differ for wild and farmed mussels. The stability of the crystallographic texture that we observed suggests that it can be used as a reference model, where if a very different texture is determined, increased attention to the ecological situation should be paid.

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Mussel Shell and Waterworks Sludge as Sorbent Materials for the Removal of Cu(II) from Aqueous Solution

Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences ◽

10.11113/mjfas.v7n2.248 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Hanim Awab ◽

Thanalechumi Paramalinggam

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste Management ◽

Copper Ions ◽

Particle Density ◽

Bentonite Clay ◽

Kinetic Studies ◽

Mussel Shell ◽

Sorbent Materials ◽

Mussel Shells ◽

Waterworks Sludge

Waterworks sludge generated from water treatment plants and mussel shells generated from the mussel cultivation industry contribute to the problem of solid waste in the environment. Reusing them as sorbent materials for the removal of heavy metals from water systems not only reduces the problem of solid waste management but also solves the problem of heavy metal pollution. In this study, the properties and capability of mussel shells (MS), waterworks sludge (AS), mussel shell-bentonite clay mixture (MSBC) and mussel shell-alum sludge mixture (MSAS) to remove copper from aqueous solutions were investigated. The bulk density, particle density, porosity and pH were determined to discern the physical properties of the sorbents. The addition of MS into BC and AS increased the sorption capability for Cu(II). The order of removal of copper ions by each sorbent was MSBC > MSAS > AS > BC which was established in 300-360 minutes. The maximum sorption capacities were in the range of 9.0-11.8 mg/g, with mixed sorbents exhibiting higher capacity. Kinetic studies showed that the pseudo second-order kinetics correlated well with experimental data. In addition, the removal of Cu(II) were well described by the Langmuir isotherm.

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