scholarly journals Long-Life Fatigue of Carburized 12Cr2Ni Alloy Steel: Evaluation of Failure Characteristic and Prediction of Fatigue Strength

Metals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailong Deng ◽  
Qichen Liu ◽  
Hang Liu ◽  
Huan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Strength ◽  
Fatigue Limit ◽  
Alloy Steel ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Crack Size ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Statistical Point ◽  
Surface Failure ◽  
Material Hardness ◽  
Long Life

In this study, the fatigue failure behaviors of carburized 12Cr2Ni alloy steel were examined in the long-life regime between 104 and 108 cycles with about 100 Hz under R = 0. Results showed that this alloy steel exhibited the double S-N characteristics with surface failure and interior failure. From a statistical point of view, the correlation coefficient further proved that the fine granular area (FGA) governed the fatigue performance of carburized 12Cr2Ni alloy steel. Based on the generalized extreme values (GEV) distribution and test data, the predicted maximum defect size was about 23.4 μm. Considering the effect of tensile limit, material hardness, and crack size characteristics, the fatigue strength prediction model under stress ratio of 0 could be established. The predicted fatigue limit for carburized 12Cr2Ni alloy steel at 108 cycles under R = 0 was 507.86 MPa, and the prediction error of fatigue limit was within 0.04. Therefore, the results were extremely accurate.

scholarly journals Effect of intensity of bee visitation and the foraging behaviour of honeybees on the fruit set and yield of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Finta ◽  
P. Benedek
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Statistical Point ◽  
Seed Content ◽  
Pollinating Insects ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Effective Intensity

Based on the results of our experiments, both the relative and the effective intensity of bee visitation were rather different depending on the cultivars as well as the time of the day. While it varied between relatively extreme values (40-80%) in the morning for the varieties examined, there were much smaller differences between the intensity of bee visitation at the afternoon, because the relative bee visitation attained 70-90% at each cultivar. These results showed that the differences arising from intensity of bee visitation of different cultivars should be taken into consideration more carefully in the morning in orchard planning and in estimating the number of honeybee colonies required. The results showed that the greatest percentage of fruit set and the highest number of viable seeds per fruit were measured on branches of those cultivars that were most frequently visited by pure pollen gatherer bees as well as by bees collecting both nectar and pollen (mixed behaviour). The effect of pure pollen gatherers and of bees with mixed behaviour was highly significant from the statistical point of view on the fruit set and the number of viable seeds per fruit. Those bees that were sucking nectar only from apple flowers did not proved to be effective pollinators at all. Relationship between their number and the fruit set as well as the number of viable seed per fruit were not significant because the coefficient of correlation was close to nil. The ratio of side worker nectar gatherers was negatively correlated with the fruit set and the seed content of fruits of apple cultivars examined at both of our experimental sites, at Mosonmagyaróvár and Feketeerdő as well. The presence of side worker nectar gatherers resulted in higher decrease of fruit set and seed content of fruits at Feketeerd6 than at Mosonmagyaróvár, especially in the morning. The effect of flower visiting intensity by other pollinating insects was found to be fairly variable according to the time of the day. In the morning they had no effect on the fruit set as well as on the seed content of fruits either at Mosonmagyaróvár or at Feketeerdo. However, at the afternoon, when their intensity was greater, the correlation was a bit stronger.

Sub-Surface Fatigue Strength of a Steel

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Strength ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Fatigue Limit ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Bending Fatigue ◽  
Surface Fatigue ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
Surface Failure ◽  
Rotating Bending Fatigue ◽  
Rotating Bending

Rotating bending fatigue tests on En 40B steel gave a fatigue limit for surface failure of 30·5 tonf/in2. With nitrided test-pieces sub-surface failures were produced and, with no allowance being made for residual stresses, a fatigue limit of 34·5 tonf/in2 was obtained for sub-surface failure. In the absence of residual stresses this fatigue limit would probably have been higher.

SANDVIK SANBAR 64

Alloy Digest ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Fatigue Strength ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Nickel Alloy ◽  
Alloy Steel ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
High Nickel ◽  
Hardened Condition ◽  
High Nickel Alloy

Abstract Sandvik SANDAR 64 is an air-hardening high nickel alloy steel with good response to carburizing. It has excellent fatigue strength and wear resistance in the case hardened condition. Common applications include extension and shank rods. This datasheet provides information on composition, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on forming and heat treating. Filing Code: SA-503. Producer or source: Sandvik.

A Comparative Evaluation of Serum and Salivary Total Proteins and Immunoglobulins in Patients with Hepatitis A and Healthy Subjects

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1125-1128
Author(s):  
Daniela G. Balan ◽  
Dan Piperea Sianu ◽  
Iulia I. Stanescu ◽  
Dorin Ionescu ◽  
Andra Elena Stroescu Balcangiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Statistical Point ◽  
Immunological Tests ◽  
Acute Hepatitis A

Assessment of changes in total proteins level, serum and saliva IgG and IgA levels, serum IgM level, serum and saliva IgA/IgG ratio. The study was conducted on a group of 40 subjects, divided into 2 lots: the first lot consisting of 20 healthy individuals and the second consisting of 20 patients with hepatitis with hepatitis A virus (HAV). The levels of total proteins, serum and saliva IgG and IgA, serum IgM and serum and saliva IgA/IgG ratio have higher values in patients with hepatitis A, in comparison to healthy subjects, without necessarily exceeding the maximum admitted value. The results are significant from a statistical point of view. Due to the sensitivity and specificity of salivary anti-HAV IgM and IgG in patients with acute hepatitis A, compared with healthy subjects, there is a possibility of using salivary immunological tests instead of serum tests for the diagnosis and epidemiological study of HAV infection.

The Importance of Rainfall Distribution in Urban Drainage Operation

1992 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fons Nelen ◽  
Annemarieke Mooijman ◽  
Per Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rain Event ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Rainfall Distribution ◽  
Statistical Point ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Spatially Distributed

A control simulation model, called LOCUS, is used to investigate the effects of spatially distributed rain and the possibilities to benefit from this phenomenon by means of real time control. The study is undertaken for a catchment in Copenhagen, where rainfall is measured with a network of 8 rain gauges. Simulation of a single rain event, which is assumed to be homogeneous, i.e. using one rain gauge for the whole catchment, leads to large over- and underestimates of the systems output variables. Therefore, when analyzing a single event the highest possible degree of rainfall information may be desired. Time-series simulations are performed for both an uncontrolled and a controlled system. It is shown that from a statistical point of view, rainfall distribution is NOT significant concerning the probability of occurrence of an overflow. The main contributing factor to the potential of real time control, concerning minimizing overflows, is to be found in the system itself, i.e. the distribution of available storage and discharge capacity. When other operational objectives are involved, e.g., to minimize peak flows to the treatment plant, rainfall distribution may be an important factor.

scholarly journals Absolute mortality risk assessment of COVID-19 patients: the Khorshid COVID Cohort (KCC) study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Reza Marateb ◽  
Maja von Cube ◽  
Ramin Sami ◽  
Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard ◽  
Marjan Mansourian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Statistical Point ◽  
Hazard Regression ◽  
Risk Assessment Method ◽  
Discharge From Hospital

Abstract Background Already at hospital admission, clinicians require simple tools to identify hospitalized COVID-19 patients at high risk of mortality. Such tools can significantly improve resource allocation and patient management within hospitals. From the statistical point of view, extended time-to-event models are required to account for competing risks (discharge from hospital) and censoring so that active cases can also contribute to the analysis. Methods We used the hospital-based open Khorshid COVID Cohort (KCC) study with 630 COVID-19 patients from Isfahan, Iran. Competing risk methods are used to develop a death risk chart based on the following variables, which can simply be measured at hospital admission: sex, age, hypertension, oxygen saturation, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. The area under the receiver operator curve was used to assess accuracy concerning discrimination between patients discharged alive and dead. Results Cause-specific hazard regression models show that these baseline variables are associated with both death, and discharge hazards. The risk chart reflects the combined results of the two cause-specific hazard regression models. The proposed risk assessment method had a very good accuracy (AUC = 0.872 [CI 95%: 0.835–0.910]). Conclusions This study aims to improve and validate a personalized mortality risk calculator based on hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The risk assessment of patient mortality provides physicians with additional guidance for making tough decisions.

scholarly journals Effect of micro-notches on fatigue strength of electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel thin films

2018 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 04011
Author(s):  
Keisuke Tanaka ◽  
Yuta Murase ◽  
Hirohisa Kimachi
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Fatigue Strength ◽  
Fatigue Limit ◽  
Stress Ratio ◽  
Fatigue Crack Initiation ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Nickel Thin Films ◽  
Nano Crystalline ◽  
Fictitious Crack

The effect of micro-notches on the fatigue strength of nickel thin films was studied. Two types of thin films with 10 μm thickness were produced by electrodeposition using sulfamate solution without and with brightener: ultra-fine grained film (UFG) with the grain size of 384 nm and nano-crystalline grained film (NCG) with that of 17 nm. Micro-sized notches introduced by FIB had the width of 2 μm and various depths from 8 to 150μm. Fatigue tests were conducted under the stress ratio of 0.1. The fatigue strength decreased with increasing depth of notches. NCG had much higher strength than UFG compared at the same notch depth. Notches as small as 8μm did reduce the fatigue strength of both UFG and NCG. The fatigue limit was controlled by the initiation of cracks and no non-propagating crack was observed in specimens fatigued below the fatigue limit. A model of fictitious crack successfully predicted the reduction of the fatigue limit due to micro-notches. The characteristic crack length of NCG was much smaller than the UFG, while the fatigue strength of defect-free NCG was larger than that of UFG. SEM observation of fracture surfaces was conducted to reveal micromechanisms of fatigue crack initiation.

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