scholarly journals Quasi Single Point Calibration Method for High-Speed Measurements of Resistive Sensors

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Botín-Córdoba ◽  
Oballe-Peinado ◽  
Sánchez-Durán ◽  
Hidalgo-López
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Digital Conversion ◽  
Interface Circuits ◽  
Sensor Reading ◽  
Mean Estimation ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Proposal A ◽  
The Mean

Direct interface circuits are a simple, inexpensive alternative for the digital conversion of a sensor reading, and in some of these circuits only passive calibration elements are required in order to carry out this conversion. In the case of resistive sensors, the most accurate methods of calibration, namely two-point calibration method (TPCM) and fast calibration methods I and II (FCMs I and II), require two calibration resistors to estimate the value of a sensor. However, although FCMs I and II considerably reduce the time necessary to estimate the value of the sensor, this may still be excessive in certain applications, such as when making repetitive readings of a sensor or readings of a large series of sensors. For these situations, this paper proposes a series of calibration methods that decrease the mean estimation time. Some of the proposed methods are based on the TPCM and quasi single-point calibration methods, while others make the most of the advantages of FCM II and fast quasi single-point calibration methods. In general, the proposed methods significantly reduce estimation times in exchange for a small increase in errors. To validate the proposal, a circuit with a Xilinx XC3S50AN-4TQG144C FPGA has been designed and resistors in the range (267.56 Ω, 7464.5 Ω) have been measured. For 20 repetitive measurements, the proposed methods achieve time reductions of up to 61% with a relative error increase of only 0.1%.

scholarly journals Reducing Measurement Time in Direct Interface Circuits for Resistive Sensor Readout

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2596
Author(s):  
José A. Hidalgo-López ◽  
José A. Sánchez-Durán ◽  
Óscar Oballe-Peinado
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Method ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Digital Conversion ◽  
Digital Device ◽  
Interface Circuits ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Resistive Sensor ◽  
Relative Errors ◽  
Capacitor Charge

Direct Interface Circuits (DICs) carry out resistive sensor readings using a resistance-to-time-to-digital conversion without the need for analog-to-digital converters. The main advantage of this approach is the simplicity involved in designing a DIC, which only requires some additional resistors and a capacitor in order to perform the conversion. The main drawback is the time needed for this conversion, which is given by the sum of up to three capacitor charge times and their associated discharge times. This article presents a modification of the most widely used estimation method in a resistive DIC, which is known as the Two-Point Calibration Method (TPCM), in which a single additional programmable digital device pin in the DIC and one extra measurement in each discharge cycle, made without slowing down the cycle, allow charge times to be reduced more than 20-fold to values around 2 µs. The new method designed to achieve this reduction only penalizes relative errors with a small increase of between 0.2% and 0.3% for most values in the tested resistance range.

scholarly journals An innovative method to calibrate a spinner anemometer without the use of yaw position sensor

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Demurtas ◽  
Nick Gerardus Cornelis Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Position Sensor ◽  
Flow Angle ◽  
Angle Measurements ◽  
Innovative Method ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. A spinner anemometer can be used to measure the yaw misalignment and flow inclination experienced by a wind turbine. Previous calibration methods used to calibrate a spinner anemometer for flow angle measurements were based on measurements of a spinner anemometer with default settings (arbitrary values, generally k1,d  =  1 and k2,d  =  1) and a reference yaw misalignment signal measured with a yaw position sensor. The yaw position sensor is normally present in wind turbines for control purposes; however, such a signal is not always available for a spinner anemometer calibration. Therefore, an additional yaw position sensor was installed prior to the spinner anemometer calibration. An innovative method to calibrate the spinner anemometer without a yaw positions sensor was then developed. It was noted that a non-calibrated spinner anemometer that overestimates (underestimates) the inflow angle will also overestimate (underestimate) the wind speed when there is a yaw misalignment. The new method leverages the non-linearity of the spinner anemometer algorithm to find the calibration factor Fα by an optimization process that minimizes the dependency of the wind speed on the yaw misalignment. The new calibration method was found to be rather robust, with Fα values within ±2.7 % of the mean value for four successive tests at the same rotor position.

Numerical Simulation Method for Velocity Sensors Calibration in High Speed Flows

2015 ◽  
Vol 811 ◽  
pp. 194-198
Author(s):  
Laura Alina Stika ◽  
Mircea Boscoianu ◽  
Valeriu Alexandru Vilag ◽  
Ionuţ Porumbel
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Measurement Range ◽  
Pitot Tube ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Rms Error ◽  
High Speed Flows

The paper presents RANS numerical simulations carried out to calibrate the Pitot tube velocity measurements in order to extend the accurate measurement range to high velocities, up to 250 m/s. Three calibration methods are proposed, able to reduce the rms error of the velocity measurement from an initial value of 6.5 m/s, to 3.11 m/s, 2.33 m/s, and 0.08 m/s, respectively. As the accuracy of the calibration method increases, the complexity and the portability of the method for other flows and other Pitot tube dimensions is found to decrease.

scholarly journals Calibration of sea ice drift forecasts using random forest algorithms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Palerme ◽  
Malte Müller
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ice Drift ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Sea Ice Drift ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. Developing accurate sea-ice drift forecasts is essential to support decision making of maritime end-users operating in the Arctic. In this study, two calibration methods have been developed for improving 10-day sea-ice drift forecasts from an operational sea-ice prediction system (TOPAZ4). The methods are based on random forest algorithms (supervised machine learning models) and have been trained using either drifting buoy or synthetic-aperture radar observations for the target variables. Depending on the calibration method, the mean absolute error is reduced, on average, between 5.9 % and 8.1 % for the direction, and between 7.1 % and 9.6 % for the speed of sea-ice drift. Overall, the algorithms trained with buoy observations have the best performances when the forecasts are evaluated using drifting buoys as reference. However, there is a large spatial variability in these results, and the algorithms trained with buoy observations have particularly poor performances for predicting the speed of sea-ice drift in the Canadian Archipelago, along the east coast of Greenland, and north of Svalbard. In these areas, the algorithms trained with SAR observations have better performances for predicting the speed of sea-ice drift.

scholarly journals An innovative method to calibrate a spinner anemometer without use of yaw position sensor

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Demurtas ◽  
Nick Gerardus Cornelis Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Position Sensor ◽  
Flow Angle ◽  
Angle Measurements ◽  
Innovative Method ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. A spinner anemometer can be used to measure the yaw misalignment and flow inclination experienced by a wind turbine. Previous calibration methods used to calibrate a spinner anemometer for flow angle measurements were based on measurements of a spinner anemometer with default settings and a reference yaw misalignment signal measured measured with a yaw position sensor. The yaw position sensor is normally present in wind turbines for control purposes, however, such a signal is not always available for a spinner anemometer calibration. Therefore, an additional yaw position sensor has been installed prior to the spinner anemometer calibration. An innovative method to calibrate the spinner anemometer without a yaw positions sensor was then developed. It was noted that a non calibrated spinner anemometer that overestimate (underestimate) the inflow angle will also overestimate (underestimate) the wind speed when there is a yaw misalignment. The new method leverage on the non linearity of the spinner anemometer algorithm to find the calibration factor Fα by an optimization process that minimizes the dependency of the wind speed to the yaw misalignment. The new calibration method was found to be rather robust with Fα values within ±2.7 % of the mean value for four successive tests at the same rotor position.

Articulatory Behavior Pre and Post Full-Mouth Tooth Extraction and Alveoloplasty

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Zimmermann ◽  
J.A. Scott Kelso ◽  
Larry Lander
Keyword(s):  
Control Subject ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Normal Speech

High speed cinefluorography was used to track articulatory movements preceding and following full-mouth tooth extraction and alveoloplasty in two subjects. Films also were made of a control subject on two separate days. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of dramatically altering the structural dimensions of the oral cavity on the kinematic parameters of speech. The results showed that the experimental subjects performed differently pre and postoperatively though the changes were in different directions for the two subjects. Differences in both means and variabilities of kinematic parameters were larger between days for the experimental (operated) subjects than for the control subject. The results for the Control subject also showed significant differences in the mean values of kinematic variables between days though these day-to-day differences could not account for the effects found pre- and postoperatively. The results of the kinematic analysis, particularly the finding that transition time was most stable over the experimental conditions for the operated subjects, are used to speculate about the coordination of normal speech.

scholarly journals The influence of solar wind on extratropical cyclones – Part 1: Wilcox effect revisited

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Prikryl ◽  
V. Rušin ◽  
M. Rybanský
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Solar Wind ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Coronal Holes ◽  
Extratropical Cyclones ◽  
Sector Boundary ◽  
Speed Solar Wind ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Speed Solar Wind

Abstract. A sun-weather correlation, namely the link between solar magnetic sector boundary passage (SBP) by the Earth and upper-level tropospheric vorticity area index (VAI), that was found by Wilcox et al. (1974) and shown to be statistically significant by Hines and Halevy (1977) is revisited. A minimum in the VAI one day after SBP followed by an increase a few days later was observed. Using the ECMWF ERA-40 re-analysis dataset for the original period from 1963 to 1973 and extending it to 2002, we have verified what has become known as the "Wilcox effect" for the Northern as well as the Southern Hemisphere winters. The effect persists through years of high and low volcanic aerosol loading except for the Northern Hemisphere at 500 mb, when the VAI minimum is weak during the low aerosol years after 1973, particularly for sector boundaries associated with south-to-north reversals of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) BZ component. The "disappearance" of the Wilcox effect was found previously by Tinsley et al. (1994) who suggested that enhanced stratospheric volcanic aerosols and changes in air-earth current density are necessary conditions for the effect. The present results indicate that the Wilcox effect does not require high aerosol loading to be detected. The results are corroborated by a correlation with coronal holes where the fast solar wind originates. Ground-based measurements of the green coronal emission line (Fe XIV, 530.3 nm) are used in the superposed epoch analysis keyed by the times of sector boundary passage to show a one-to-one correspondence between the mean VAI variations and coronal holes. The VAI is modulated by high-speed solar wind streams with a delay of 1–2 days. The Fourier spectra of VAI time series show peaks at periods similar to those found in the solar corona and solar wind time series. In the modulation of VAI by solar wind the IMF BZ seems to control the phase of the Wilcox effect and the depth of the VAI minimum. The mean VAI response to SBP associated with the north-to-south reversal of BZ is leading by up to 2 days the mean VAI response to SBP associated with the south-to-north reversal of BZ. For the latter, less geoeffective events, the VAI minimum deepens (with the above exception of the Northern Hemisphere low-aerosol 500-mb VAI) and the VAI maximum is delayed. The phase shift between the mean VAI responses obtained for these two subsets of SBP events may explain the reduced amplitude of the overall Wilcox effect. In a companion paper, Prikryl et al. (2009) propose a new mechanism to explain the Wilcox effect, namely that solar-wind-generated auroral atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) influence the growth of extratropical cyclones. It is also observed that severe extratropical storms, explosive cyclogenesis and significant sea level pressure deepenings of extratropical storms tend to occur within a few days of the arrival of high-speed solar wind. These observations are discussed in the context of the proposed AGW mechanism as well as the previously suggested atmospheric electrical current (AEC) model (Tinsley et al., 1994), which requires the presence of stratospheric aerosols for a significant (Wilcox) effect.

scholarly journals Modeling the Excess Velocity of Low-Viscous Taylor Droplets in Square Microchannels

Fluids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorben Helmers ◽  
Philip Kemper ◽  
Jorg Thöming ◽  
Ulrich Mießner
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Process Intensification ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Channel Cross Section ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Bypass Flow ◽  
Wall Film ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Mean

Microscopic multiphase flows have gained broad interest due to their capability to transfer processes into new operational windows and achieving significant process intensification. However, the hydrodynamic behavior of Taylor droplets is not yet entirely understood. In this work, we introduce a model to determine the excess velocity of Taylor droplets in square microchannels. This velocity difference between the droplet and the total superficial velocity of the flow has a direct influence on the droplet residence time and is linked to the pressure drop. Since the droplet does not occupy the entire channel cross-section, it enables the continuous phase to bypass the droplet through the corners. A consideration of the continuity equation generally relates the excess velocity to the mean flow velocity. We base the quantification of the bypass flow on a correlation for the droplet cap deformation from its static shape. The cap deformation reveals the forces of the flowing liquids exerted onto the interface and allows estimating the local driving pressure gradient for the bypass flow. The characterizing parameters are identified as the bypass length, the wall film thickness, the viscosity ratio between both phases and the C a number. The proposed model is adapted with a stochastic, metaheuristic optimization approach based on genetic algorithms. In addition, our model was successfully verified with high-speed camera measurements and published empirical data.

scholarly journals A Multi Camera and Multi Laser Calibration Method for 3D Reconstruction of Revolution Parts

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 765
Author(s):  
Hugo Álvarez ◽  
Marcos Alonso ◽  
Jairo R. Sánchez ◽  
Alberto Izaguirre
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Laser Plane ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Laser Calibration ◽  
Calibration Object ◽  
Focus Plane ◽  
Chessboard Pattern ◽  
Line Patterns

This paper describes a method for calibrating multi camera and multi laser 3D triangulation systems, particularly for those using Scheimpflug adapters. Under this configuration, the focus plane of the camera is located at the laser plane, making it difficult to use traditional calibration methods, such as chessboard pattern-based strategies. Our method uses a conical calibration object whose intersections with the laser planes generate stepped line patterns that can be used to calculate the camera-laser homographies. The calibration object has been designed to calibrate scanners for revolving surfaces, but it can be easily extended to linear setups. The experiments carried out show that the proposed system has a precision of 0.1 mm.

Stable Calibrations of Six-DOF Serial Robots by Using Identification Models with Equalized Singular Values

Robotica ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Zhouxiang Jiang ◽  
Min Huang
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Robot ◽  
Singular Values ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Condition Numbers ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Six Dof ◽  
The Stability

SUMMARY In typical calibration methods (kinematic or non-kinematic) for serial industrial robot, though measurement instruments with high resolutions are adopted, measurement configurations are optimized, and redundant parameters are eliminated from identification model, calibration accuracy is still limited under measurement noise. This might be because huge gaps still exist among the singular values of typical identification Jacobians, thereby causing the identification models ill conditioned. This paper addresses such problem by using new identification models established in two steps. First, the typical models are divided into the submodels with truncated singular values. In this way, the unknown parameters corresponding to the abnormal singular values are removed, thereby reducing the condition numbers of the new submodels. However, these models might still be ill conditioned. Therefore, the second step is to further centralize the singular values of each submodel by using a matrix balance method. Afterward, all submodels are well conditioned and obtain much higher observability indices compared with those of typical models. Simulation results indicate that significant improvements in the stability of identification results and the identifiability of unknown parameters are acquired by using the new identification submodels. Experimental results indicate that the proposed calibration method increases the identification accuracy without incurring additional hardware setup costs to the typical calibration method.

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