scholarly journals Lab-on-PCB and Flow Driving: A Critical Review

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Francisco Perdigones
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Driving System ◽  
Liquid Samples ◽  
Integrated Devices ◽  
Peristaltic Pumps ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Active Flow

Lab-on-PCB devices have been developed for many biomedical and biochemical applications. However, much work has to be done towards commercial applications. Even so, the research on devices of this kind is rapidly increasing. The reason for this lies in the great potential of lab-on-PCB devices to provide marketable devices. This review describes the active flow driving methods for lab-on-PCB devices, while commenting on their main characteristics. Among others, the methods described are the typical external impulsion devices, that is, syringe or peristaltic pumps; pressurized microchambers for precise displacement of liquid samples; electrowetting on dielectrics; and electroosmotic and phase-change-based flow driving, to name a few. In general, there is not a perfect method because all of them have drawbacks. The main problems with regard to marketable devices are the complex fabrication processes, the integration of many materials, the sealing process, and the use of many facilities for the PCB-chips. The larger the numbers of integrated sensors and actuators in the PCB-chip, the more complex the fabrication. In addition, the flow driving-integrated devices increase that difficulty. Moreover, the biological applications are demanding. They require transparency, biocompatibility, and specific ambient conditions. All the problems have to be solved when trying to reach repetitiveness and reliability, for both the fabrication process and the working of the lab-on-PCB, including the flow driving system.

Photofunctional transition metal complexes as cellular probes, bioimaging reagents and phototherapeutics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang-Xi Xu ◽  
Eunice Chiu-Lam Mak ◽  
Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal ◽  
Metal Complexes ◽  
Transition Metal Complexes ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Cellular Probes

By virtue of their rich photophysical and photochemical properties, transition metal complexes (TMCs) have been extensively studied in multidisciplinary research. In this review, recent studies on TMCs for biological applications...

scholarly journals Review: Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as Mobile Sensing Platforms (MSPs) for Disaster Response, Civil Security and Public Safety

Drones ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanno Hildmann ◽  
Ernö Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Response ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mobile Sensing ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
Future Work

The use of UAVs in areas ranging from agriculture over urban services to entertainment or simply as a hobby has rapidly grown over the last years. Regarding serious/commercial applications, UAVs have been considered in the literature, especially as mobile sensing/actuation platforms (i.e., as a delivery platform for an increasingly wide range of sensors and actuators). With regard to timely, cost-effective and very rich data acquisition, both, NEC Research as well as TNO are pursuing investigations into the use of UAVs and swarms of UAVs for scenarios where high-resolution requirements, prohibiting environments or tight time constraints render traditional approaches ineffective. In this review article, we provide a brief overview of safety and security-focused application areas that we identified as main targets for industrial and commercial projects, especially in the context of intelligent autonomous systems and autonomous/semi-autonomously operating swarms. We discuss a number of challenges related to the deployment of UAVs in general and to their deployment within the identified application areas in particular. As such, this article is meant to serve as a review and overview of the literature and the state-of-the-art, but also to offer an outlook over our possible (near-term) future work and the challenges that we will face there.

scholarly journals Past, Present, and Future of Face Recognition: A Review

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Insaf Adjabi ◽  
Abdeldjalil Ouahabi ◽  
Amir Benzaoui ◽  
Abdelmalik Taleb-Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Expression Change ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Angle Of View ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
Commercial Applications

Face recognition is one of the most active research fields of computer vision and pattern recognition, with many practical and commercial applications including identification, access control, forensics, and human-computer interactions. However, identifying a face in a crowd raises serious questions about individual freedoms and poses ethical issues. Significant methods, algorithms, approaches, and databases have been proposed over recent years to study constrained and unconstrained face recognition. 2D approaches reached some degree of maturity and reported very high rates of recognition. This performance is achieved in controlled environments where the acquisition parameters are controlled, such as lighting, angle of view, and distance between the camera–subject. However, if the ambient conditions (e.g., lighting) or the facial appearance (e.g., pose or facial expression) change, this performance will degrade dramatically. 3D approaches were proposed as an alternative solution to the problems mentioned above. The advantage of 3D data lies in its invariance to pose and lighting conditions, which has enhanced recognition systems efficiency. 3D data, however, is somewhat sensitive to changes in facial expressions. This review presents the history of face recognition technology, the current state-of-the-art methodologies, and future directions. We specifically concentrate on the most recent databases, 2D and 3D face recognition methods. Besides, we pay particular attention to deep learning approach as it presents the actuality in this field. Open issues are examined and potential directions for research in facial recognition are proposed in order to provide the reader with a point of reference for topics that deserve consideration.

AN INTELLIGENT CAMERA FOR ACTIVE VISION

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 33-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.-F. PAU
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Active Vision ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Industrial Companies ◽  
Generic Library ◽  
Processor Unit ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Almost All

Much research is currently going on about the processing of one or two-camera imagery, possibly combined with other sensors and actuators, in view of achieving attentive vision, i.e. processing selectively some parts of a scene possibly with another resolution. Attentive vision in turn is an element of active vision where the outcome of the image processing triggers changes in the image acquisition geometry and/or of the environment. Almost all this research is assuming classical imaging, scanning and conversion geometries, such as raster based scanning and processing of several digitized outputs on separate image processing units. A consortium of industrial companies comprising Digital Equipment Europe, Thomson CSF, and a few others, have taken a more radical view of this. To meet active vision requirements in industry, an intelligent camera is being designed and built, comprised of three basic elements: – a unique Thomson CSF CCD sensor architecture with random addressing – the DEC Alpha 21064 275MHz processor chip, sharing the same internal data bus as the digital sensor output – a generic library of basic image manipulation, control and image processing functions, executed right in the sensor-internal bus-processor unit, so that only higher level results or commands get exchanged with the processing environment. Extensions to color imaging (with lower spatial resolution), and to stereo imaging, are relatively straightforward. The basic sensor is 1024*1024 pixels with 2*10 bits addresses, and a 2.5 ms (400 frames/second) image data rate compatible with the Alpha bus and 64 bits addressing. For attentive vision, several connex fields of max 40 000 pixels, min 5*3 pixels, can be read and addressed within each 2.5 ms image frame. There is nondestructive readout, and the image processing addressing over 64 bits shall allow for 8 full pixel readouts in one single word. The main difficulties have been identified as the access and reading delays, the signal levels, and dimensioning of some buffer arrays in the processor. The commercial applications targeted initially will be in industrial inspection, traffic control and document imaging. In all of these fields, selective position dependent processing shall take place, followed by feature dependent processing. Very large savings are expected both in terms of solutions costs to the end users, development time, as well as major performance gains for the ultimate processes. The reader will appreciate that at this stage no further implementation details can be given.

scholarly journals Past, Present, and Future of Face Recognition: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Insaf Adjabi ◽  
Abdeldjalil Ouahabi ◽  
Amir Benzaoui ◽  
Abdelmalik Taleb-Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Expression Change ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Angle Of View ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Degree Of Maturity ◽  
Commercial Applications

Face recognition is one of the most active research fields of computer vision and pattern recognition, with many practical and commercial applications including identification, access control, forensics, and human-computer interactions. However, identifying a face in a crowd raises serious questions about individual freedoms and poses ethical issues. Significant methods, algorithms, approaches, and databases have been proposed over recent years to study constrained and unconstrained face recognition. 2D approaches reached some degree of maturity and reported very high rates of recognition. This performance is achieved in controlled environments where the acquisition parameters are controlled, such as lighting, angle of view, and distance between the camera-subject. However, if the ambient conditions (e.g., lighting) or the facial appearance (e.g., pose or facial expression) change, this performance will degrade dramatically. 3D approaches were proposed as an alternative solution to the problems mentioned above. The advantage of 3D data lies in its invariance to pose and lighting conditions, which has enhanced recognition systems efficiency. 3D data, however, is somewhat sensitive to changes in facial expressions. This review presents the history of face recognition technology, the current state-of-the-art methodologies, and future directions. We specifically concentrate on the most recent databases, 2D and 3D face recognition methods. Besides, we pay particular attention to deep learning approach as it presents the actuality in this field. Open issues are examined and potential directions for research in facial recognition are proposed in order to provide the reader with a point of reference for topics that deserve consideration.

Eight-Ton Advanced GAX Cycle Prototype Results

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Anand ◽  
Donald C. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Economy Of Scale ◽  
Effective Components ◽  
Pressure Cycle ◽  
Market Status ◽  
Commercial Applications

Abstract The advanced Vapor eXchange Generator Absorber heat eXchange (VX GAX) cycle has similar components as the basic GAX cycle but is a three-pressure cycle and makes more complete use of the GAX temperature overlap. Less external heat is supplied to the generator, and the cycle efficiency is increased. A breadboard prototype of a gas-fired heat pump using the VX GAX cycle has been developed and tested. A higher COP was achieved using reliable and cost effective components. This paper presents the VX GAX cycle breadboard design concept, the hardware realization, and the performance achieved. Several novel concepts were incorporated to achieve the design objectives of higher efficiency and capacity, lower cost, compactness, avoidance of code restrictions, and operability from 49°C (120°F) summer to −8°C (17°F) winter ambient conditions. The prototype results have confirmed the high performance capability of the advanced GAX cycle. At 35°C (95°F) ambient air-cooled conditions, a gas-cooling COP of 0.85 was achieved at design capacity. This is a 20% improvement relative to current basic GAX chillers. The eight-ton capacity is ideal for small-scale commercial applications and provides economy of scale. The wide ambient operating range is key to year-round operation and attractive payback in all climate zones. The demonstrated improvement in both system performance and cost is key to achieving nationwide mass-market status.

scholarly journals The effect of nanoparticles on reservoir wettability alteration: a critical review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilmy Eltoum ◽  
Yu-Long Yang ◽  
Ji-Rui Hou
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Hydrocarbon Reservoirs ◽  
Oil Reservoirs ◽  
Wettability Alteration ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Nanofluid Stability ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
Reservoir Wettability

Abstract A novel concept of treating oil reservoirs by nanofluids is being developed to improve oil recovery and reduce the trapped oil in hydrocarbon reservoirs. Nanoparticles show great potential in enhancing oil recovery under ambient conditions. In this paper, the approaches of wettability alteration by using nanofluid, stability of nanofluids, and the most reliable wettability alteration mechanisms associated with variant types of nanoparticles have been reviewed. Moreover, the parameters that have a significant influence on nanofluid flooding have been discussed. Finally, the recent studies of the effect of nanoparticles on wettability alteration have been summarised and analysed. Furthermore, this paper presents possible opportunities and challenges regarding wettability alteration using nanofluids.

scholarly journals Oxidation of Copper Nanoparticles Protected with Different Coatings and Stored under Ambient Conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noemi Jardón-Maximino ◽  
Marissa Pérez-Alvarez ◽  
Rubén Sierra-Ávila ◽  
Carlos Alberto Ávila-Orta ◽  
Enrique Jiménez-Regalado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Copper Nanoparticles ◽  
Printed Electronics ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
No Oxidation ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Wet Chemistry

The synthesis of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) stable to chemical oxidation has attracted much attention due to their novel application possibilities. The physicochemical properties of Cu NPs define their utilization in diverse fields, including biological applications, solar cells, high conductivity inks for printed electronics, and other specific applications. In this study we present the synthesis of oxide-free Cu NPs by wet chemistry routes and their chemical oxidation during the storage exposed to ambient conditions. The Cu NPs synthesized in PAAm and AAm/glycerol presence exhibit no oxidation during synthesis and atmospheric conditions storage for 60 and 37 months, respectively. The obtained results compared with those coming from oxidation of partially passivated commercial Cu NPs at 99.8% purity, are presented. The role of the Cu NPs coating is critical to avoid oxidation, and it can be an important feature to achieve good dispersion in different polymers. The Cu NPs oxidation was studied by XRD, TGA, TEM, FTIR, and HR-TEM.

A miniature closed-circle flow cell for high photon flux X-ray scattering experiments

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1555-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. J. Sahle ◽  
C. Henriquet ◽  
M. A. Schroer ◽  
I. Juurinen ◽  
J. Niskanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cell ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Inert Material ◽  
Spectroscopy Data ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Raman Scattering Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Liquid Samples ◽  
Closed Circle

A closed-circle miniature flow cell for high X-ray photon flux experiments on radiation-sensitive liquid samples is presented. The compact cell is made from highly inert material and the flow is induced by a rotating magnetic stir bar, which acts as a centrifugal pump inside the cell. The cell is ideal for radiation-sensitive yet precious or hazardous liquid samples, such as concentrated acids or bases. As a demonstration of the cell's capabilities, X-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy data on the oxygenK-edge of liquid water under ambient conditions are presented.

SOI Technologies from Microelectronics to Microsystems — Meeting the More than Moore Roadmap Requirements

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 1640004
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Raskin
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
Harsh Environments ◽  
High Resistivity ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Thin Film Sensors ◽  
Temperature Radiation ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Soi Technology

This last decade Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) MOSFET technology has demonstrated its potentialities for high frequency, reaching cut-off frequencies close to 500 GHz for nMOSFETs, and for harsh environments (high temperature, radiation) commercial applications. SOI also presents high resistivity substrate capabilities, leading to substantially reduced substrate losses and non-linearities. More recently, SOI technology has been emerging as a major contender for heterogeneous microsystems applications. In this work, we demonstrate the advantages of SOI technology for Radio Frequency CMOS integration as well as for building thin film sensors on thin dielectric membrane and three-dimensional micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) sensors and actuators cointegrated with their associated SOI CMOS circuitry.

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