scholarly journals Experimental Infection of Dogs with Toscana Virus and Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus to Determine Their Potential as Possible Vertebrate Hosts

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 596
Author(s):  
Clara Muñoz ◽  
Nazli Ayhan ◽  
Maria Ortuño ◽  
Juana Ortiz ◽  
Ernest A. Gould ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Challenge Dose ◽  
Anamnestic Response

The sandfly-borne Toscana phlebovirus (TOSV), a close relative of the sandfly fever Sicilian phlebovirus (SFSV), is one of the most common causes of acute meningitis or meningoencephalitis in humans in the Mediterranean Basin. However, most of human phlebovirus infections in endemic areas either are asymptomatic or cause mild influenza-like illness. To date, a vertebrate reservoir for sandfly-borne phleboviruses has not been identified. Dogs are a prime target for blood-feeding phlebotomines and are the primary reservoir of human sandfly-borne Leishmania infantum. However, there are no definitive studies to assess whether dogs play a significant role as a reservoir host for human phlebovirus survival in the environment. Here, we have evaluated the susceptibility of domestic dogs to infection by TOSV and SFSV following the direct inoculation of the infectious virus. After experimental infection, the presence of viral RNA was investigated in plasma, urine, saliva, conjunctiva, faeces, semen, and bone marrow samples from 0 to 91 days postinoculation (dpi), as well as in plasma, saliva, and tears samples at 760 dpi. None of the challenged dogs developed clinical signs of infection with either TOSV or SFSV. SFSV RNA was never detected. TOSV RNA was not in any of the specimen types, except for plasma samples that showed low viral loads, although irregularly. None of the dogs developed detectable neutralizing antibodies after a single challenge dose of either TOSV or SFSV. However, a second challenge dose of virus given 56 days later elicited neutralizing antibodies, implying that the first inoculation of virus primed the animals for an anamnestic response following the second challenge. These results demonstrated that healthy domestic dogs are not highly susceptible to infection by TOSV or SFSV and do not develop significant viremia or excrete virus following infection. Consequently, dogs are unlikely natural reservoir hosts of infection and do not appear to play a significant role in phlebovirus transmission cycles.

Immunological Studies on Experimental Infection of Pigs with Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782. III.—The Antibody Response and Acquired Immunity

1964 ◽  
Vol 38 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 129-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Taffs
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Absorption Test ◽  
Challenge Dose ◽  
Larval Migration ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Two Peaks

Two experiments are described in which antibodies against A. suum were detected in the circulation of infected pigs by means of the conglutinating complement absorption test. The pattern and nature of the antibody response was studied. In 21 out of 24 cases the sera antibody titres rose after test doses of infective eggs were given, and on 18 of these occasions a rise in titre was observed within seven days. Following infection two peaks of antibody were detected. At three to four weeks the antibody content of the serum reached its highest concentration, and a further rise was apparent between the 37th and 56th days.The phenomenon of “self-cure” was demonstrated following reinfection. This was manifested by a depression of the egg count and the elimination of Ascaris worms from the intestine, with a concomitant rise in the antibody content of the serum.In three out of five pigs which were initially infected, the infection became patent between the 51st and 58th days. On only one occasion out of thirteen were any superimposed larvae able to reach maturity.Pigs which had been previously infected exhibited resistance to a challenge dose. This was shown by (1) the absence of clinical signs, (2) a resistance to larval migration, and (3) an inhibition of larval growth. In this demonstration of an active acquired immunity to A. suum infection in pigs, a correlation between resistance and high sera titres was observed.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of Aeromonas hydrophila in pangasius

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Sarker ◽  
MAR Faruk
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Challenge Dose ◽  
Pangasianodon Hypophthalmus ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Colony Forming Unit ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Administration Method

Experimental infections of Aeromonas hydrophila in juvenile pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) were studied. Five different challenge routes included intraperitoneal (IP) injection, intramuscular (IM) injection, oral administration, bath and agar implantation were used with different preparations of the bacteria to infect fish. The challenge experiments were continued for 15 days. A challenge dose of 4.6×106 colony forming unit (cfu) fish-1 was used for IP and IM injection and oral administration method. Generally, IP route was found more effective for infecting and reproducing clinical signs in fish that caused 100% mortality at the end of challenge. IM injection, oral and bath administration routes were also found effective for infecting and reproducing the clinical signs in fish to some extent. Agar implantation with fresh colonies of bacteria also caused 100% mortality of challenged fish very quickly with no visible clinical signs in fish. The major clinical signs of challenged fish included reddening around eyes and mouth, bilateral exophthalmia, hemorrhage and ulceration at fin bases and fin erosion.Progressive Agriculture 27 (3): 392-399, 2016

scholarly journals Immune responses of pigs after experimental infection with a European strain of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 1943-1951 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Díaz ◽  
L. Darwich ◽  
G. Pappaterra ◽  
J. Pujols ◽  
E. Mateu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
European Strain

The purpose of this experiment was to study the immune response of pigs during an experimental infection with a European strain of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Five pigs were challenged intranasally with PRRSV strain VP21 and another five were kept as controls. Clinical course and humoral and cell-mediated responses were monitored for 70 days post-infection (p.i.). Infected pigs developed mild signs at 24 h p.i. Viraemia was detectable by nested RT-PCR until day 14 p.i. Earliest seroconversions (ELISA) were seen by day 7 p.i. (three of five animals) and, by day 14, all inoculated pigs had seroconverted (ELISA and immunoperoxidase monolayer assay). Virus-neutralizing antibodies were undetectable until day 56 p.i. and, by day 70 p.i., two inoculated pigs still were negative. Flow-cytometry assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) showed an upshift in CD8+ cells (day 7 p.i.) and a downshift of CD21+ cells (days 7 and 28 p.i.). Regarding cell-mediated responses, development of PRRSV-specific gamma interferon-secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) and interleukin 4-secreting cells (IL4-SC) in PBMC was examined by ELISPOT assay. IFN-γ-SC were not detected significantly until day 14 p.i., whereas, for IL4-SC, no differences between groups were seen. Concurrently with the onset of viraemia and the development of clinical signs, serum haptoglobin levels and interleukin 10 (IL10) in PRRSV-stimulated PBMC-culture supernatants increased significantly. These differences disappeared later on. For IL2, IL4, IL8 or transforming growth factor beta, no differences were seen among groups. These results are compatible with a model in which the immune response does not fully control the outcome of the infection.

scholarly journals Experimental Infection of Neonatal Calves with Neurovirulent Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1.3

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Belknap ◽  
J. K. Collins ◽  
V. K. Ayers ◽  
P. C. Schultheiss
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Immunohistochemical Staining ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus ◽  
Focal Lesion ◽  
Neurologic Disease ◽  
Histopathologic Examination ◽  
Herpesvirus Type ◽  
Neonatal Calves

A type of bovine herpesvirus, BHV-1.3, causes encephalitis in calves, whereas BHV-1.1 causes respiratory disease. Three colostrum-deprived calves and two colostrum-fed calves were inoculated with BHV-1.3 by intranasal aerosolization. Two colostrum-deprived calves were inoculated with BHV-1.1 by intranasal aerosolization. BHV-1.3-inoculated calves demonstrated severe encephalitis with minimal respiratory lesions, and BHV-1.1-inoculated calves demonstrated severe respiratory lesions and no clinical signs of neurologic disease. Calves fed colostrum that contained virus neutralizing antibodies were protected against neurologic disease. Colostrum-fed BHV-1.3-inoculated calves did not develop disease although they did become infected; virus was shed in respiratory secretions for 10–13 days postinoculation, similar to infected colostrum-deprived calves. BHV-1.3 was reactivated from a latent state from one colostrum-fed calf after administration of dexamethasone 60 days postinoculation. Histopathologic examination of the three colostrum-deprived BHV-1.3-inoculated calves revealed severe lesions of encephalitis. One of the two BHV-1.1-inoculated calves had one focal lesion of encephalitis. Virus was isolated from brain tissue of colostrum-deprived BHV-1.3-inoculated calves and from one BHV-1.1-inoculated calf. Immunohistochemical staining for BHV-1 antigen was observed in neurons from the colostrum-deprived BHV-1.3-inoculated calves.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of indigenous North African goats with goatpox virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihane Hamdi ◽  
Zahra Bamouh ◽  
Mohammed Jazouli ◽  
Meryem Alhyane ◽  
Najet Safini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
North African ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Goatpox Virus

Abstract Background Goatpox is a viral disease caused by infection with goatpox virus (GTPV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Capripoxviruses cause serious disease to livestock and contribute to huge economic losses. Goatpox and sheeppox are endemic to Africa, particularly north of the Equator, the Middle East and many parts of Asia. GTPV and sheeppox virus are considered host-specific; however, both strains can cause clinical disease in either goats or sheep with more severe disease in the homologous species and mild or sub-clinical infection in the other. Goatpox has never been reported in Morocco, Algeria or Tunisia despite the huge population of goats living in proximity with sheep in those countries. To evaluate the susceptibility and pathogenicity of indigenous North African goats to GTPV infection, we experimentally inoculated eight locally bred goats with a virulent Vietnamese isolate of GTPV. Two uninfected goats were kept as controls. Clinical examination was carried out daily and blood was sampled for virology and for investigating the antibody response. After necropsy, tissues were collected and assessed for viral DNA using real-time PCR. Results Following the experimental infection, all inoculated goats displayed clinical signs characteristic of goatpox including varying degrees of hyperthermia, loss of appetite, inactivity and cutaneous lesions. The infection severely affected three of the infected animals while moderate to mild disease was noticed in the remaining goats. A high antibody response was developed. High viral DNA loads were detected in skin crusts and nodules, and subcutaneous tissue at the injection site with cycle threshold (Ct) values ranging from 14.6 to 22.9, while lower viral loads were found in liver and lung (Ct = 35.7 and 35.1). The results confirmed subcutaneous tropism of the virus. Conclusion Clinical signs of goatpox were reproduced in indigenous North African goats and confirmed a high susceptibility of the North African goat breed to GTPV infection. A clinical scoring system is proposed that can be applied in GTPV vaccine efficacy studies.

scholarly journals Virus Adaptation Following Experimental Infection of Chickens with a Domestic Duck Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Isolate from the 2017 USA H7N9 Outbreak Identifies Polymorphic Mutations in Multiple Gene Segments

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1166
Author(s):  
Klaudia Chrzastek ◽  
Karen Segovia ◽  
Mia Torchetti ◽  
Mary Lee Killian ◽  
Mary Pantin-Jackwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Domestic Duck ◽  
Receptor Binding Site ◽  
Synonymous Mutations ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Virus Adaptation

In March 2017, highly pathogenic (HP) and low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H7N9 were detected from poultry farms and backyard birds in several states in the southeast United States. Because interspecies transmission is a known mechanism for evolution of AIVs, we sought to characterize infection and transmission of a domestic duck-origin H7N9 LPAIV in chickens and genetically compare the viruses replicating in the chickens to the original H7N9 clinical field samples used as inoculum. The results of the experimental infection demonstrated virus replication and transmission in chickens, with overt clinical signs of disease and shedding through both oral and cloacal routes. Unexpectedly, higher levels of virus shedding were observed in some cloacal swabs. Next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis identified numerous non-synonymous mutations at the consensus level in the polymerase genes (i.e., PA, PB1, and PB2) and the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding site in viruses recovered from chickens, indicating possible virus adaptation in the new host. For comparison, NGS analysis of clinical samples obtained from duck specimen collected during the outbreak indicated three polymorphic sides in the M1 segment and a minor population of viruses carrying the D139N (21.4%) substitution in the NS1 segment. Interestingly, at consensus level, A/duck/Alabama (H7N9) had isoleucine at position 105 in NP protein, similar to HPAIV (H7N9) but not to LPAIV (H7N9) isolated from the same 2017 influenza outbreak in the US. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the H7N9 viruses could readily jump between avian species, which may have contributed to the evolution of the virus and its spread in the region.

Comparison of immunohistochemical profiles of ovarian germ cells in dysgerminomas of a captive maned wolf and domestic dogs

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872110199
Author(s):  
Rafael B. Rosa ◽  
Matheus V. Bianchi ◽  
Paula R. Ribeiro ◽  
Fernando F. Argenta ◽  
Andréia Vielmo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Placental Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Immunohistochemical Expression ◽  
Cytoplasmic Expression ◽  
Maned Wolf

We characterized the immunohistochemical expression profiles of dysgerminomas from a 16-y-old maned wolf and 13 domestic dogs using the following biomarkers: Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4), octamer-binding transcription factor 3/4 (OCT3/4), placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), c-kit, and vimentin. The maned wolf had nonspecific and long-standing clinical signs of lethargy, anorexia, and weight loss, and was euthanized because of poor prognosis. At autopsy, the left ovary was effaced by a 12 × 8 × 6 cm mass, comprised of anaplastic cells with a mitotic count of 20 mitoses in 10 high power fields. Dysgerminomas from 7 of 13 domestic dogs had nuclear expression of SALL4. Dysgerminomas from the maned wolf and 2 domestic dogs had both nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of SALL4. Cytoplasmic expression of PLAP and OCT3/4 was present in dysgerminomas from the maned wolf and 3 (PLAP) or 4 (OCT3/4) domestic dogs. All dysgerminomas expressed vimentin. Membranous c-kit expression was rare in the dysgerminoma from the maned wolf, and variable in dysgerminomas from 4 domestic dogs. A dysgerminoma from a domestic dog had cytoplasmic expression of c-kit. SALL4 is a useful marker to confirm germ cell origin of dysgerminoma in canids.

​​Differential Disease Resistance of Indian Native Chicken Breeds to Experimental P. multocida Infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.R. Kannaki ◽  
E. Priyanka ◽  
M. Abhilash ◽  
Santosh Haunshi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Intranasal Route ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Death Time ◽  
Native Chicken ◽  
Chicken Breeds

Background: Native chicken breeds are considered more disease tolerant than exotic chicken breeds especially for the bacterial diseases. Aseel, Ghagus and Vanaraja chicken breeds/ variety were evaluated for the disease tolerance/susceptibility pattern after experimental infection with P. multocida A:1 isolate. Methods: A total of 72 birds of three breeds viz., Aseel, Ghagus and Vanaraja (n=24 each) were divided into three groups. The birds were inoculated with 2.5x106 CFU/ml of virulent Pasteurella multocida A:1 isolate through intraperitoneal (I/P) and intranasal (I/N) routes at 12 weeks of age. Clinical signs, morbidity, mortality rates and lesions were observed in the infected birds. Result: The mortality rates were 83.3% in Assel breed against 100% in both Ghagus and Vanaraja breed in intraperitoneally infected groups. Upon intranasal infection, the mortality was 83.3% in Assel and Vanaraja breed against 100% in Ghagus breed. Aseel birds showed significantly better survivability and longer death time than Ghagus breed upon experimental infection with Pasteureall multocida A:1 isolate. Vanaraja breed showed tolerance comparable to Aseel in experimental infection via intranasal route.

scholarly journals Experimental infection by microparasites affects the oxidative balance in their avian reservoir host the blackbird Turdus merula

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 720-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cláudia Norte ◽  
David Costantini ◽  
Pedro Miguel Araújo ◽  
Marcel Eens ◽  
Jaime Albino Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Turdus Merula ◽  
Oxidative Balance

scholarly journals First report of Trypanosoma cruziinfection in naturally infected dogs from southern Bahia, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilo Fernandes Leça Júnior ◽  
Valter dos Anjos Almeida ◽  
Fábio Santos Carvalho ◽  
George Rego Albuquerque ◽  
Fabiana Lessa Silva
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Area ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
First Report ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Southern Bahia ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Cruzi Infection

In order to verify the Trypanosoma cruzi infection in domestic domiciled dogs in a rural endemic area from the south region of the State of Bahia, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were performed using S35 and S36 primers in 272 dogs living in the district of Vila Operaria, in the municipality of Buerarema. All animals were clinically evaluated; 2.5 mL of blood were collected through venipuncture for the performance of molecular tests. None of these animals showed clinical signs of the illness and only two were identified with the DNA parasite. This result is the first report of natural infection by T. cruzi in domestic dogs in southern Bahia.

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