scholarly journals Processing of Biltong (Dried Beef) to Achieve USDA-FSIS 5-log Reduction of Salmonella without a Heat Lethality Step

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 791
Author(s):  
Caitlin E. Karolenko ◽  
Arjun Bhusal ◽  
Jacob L. Nelson ◽  
Peter M. Muriana
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Log10 Reduction ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Salmonella Hadar ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Inspection Service

In the US, dried beef products (beef jerky) are a popular snack product in which the manufacture often requires the use of a heat lethality step to provide adequate reduction of pathogens of concern (i.e., 5-log reduction of Salmonella as recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS)). Biltong, a South African-style dried beef product, is manufactured with low heat and humidity. Our objectives were to examine processes for the manufacture of biltong that achieves a 5-log reduction of Salmonella without a heat lethality step and with, or without, the use of additional antimicrobials. Beef pieces (1.9 cm × 5.1 cm × 7.6 cm) were inoculated with a 5-serovar mixture of Salmonella (Salmonella Thompson 120, Salmonella Heidelberg F5038BG1, Salmonella Hadar MF60404, Salmonella Enteritidis H3527, and Salmonella Typhimurium H3380), dipped in antimicrobial solutions (lactic acid, acidified calcium sulfate, sodium acid sulfate) or water (no additional antimicrobial), and marinaded while vacuum tumbling and/or while held overnight at 5 °C. After marination, beef pieces were hung in an oven set at 22.2 °C (72 °F), 23.9 °C (75 °F), or 25 °C (77 °F) depending on the process, and maintained at 55% relative humidity. Beef samples were enumerated for Salmonella after inoculation, after dip treatment, after marination, and after 2, 4, 6, and 8 days of drying. Water activity was generally <0.85 by the end of 6–8 days of drying and weight loss was as high as 60%. Trials also examined salt concentration (1.7%, 2.2%, 2.7%) and marinade vinegar composition (2%, 3%, 4%) in the raw formulation. Nearly all approaches achieved 5-log10 reduction of Salmonella and was attributed to the manner of microbial enumeration eliminating the effects of microbial concentration on dried beef due to moisture loss. All trials were run as multiple replications and statistical analysis of treatments were determined by repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) to determine significant differences (p < 0.05). We believe this is the first published report of a biltong process achieving >5.0 log10 reduction of Salmonella which is a process validation requirement of USDA-FSIS for the sale of dried beef in the USA.

scholarly journals Quantification of Process Lethality (5-Log Reduction) of Salmonella and Salt Concentration during Sodium Replacement in Biltong Marinade

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1570
Author(s):  
Caitlin Karolenko ◽  
Peter Muriana
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Potassium Ion ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Beef Products ◽  
Salmonella Hadar

Salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) is commonly used in ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products such as biltong, a South African style dried beef product for flavor, enhanced moisture loss, and reduction of microbial growth. However, increased consumption of high sodium content foods is commonly associated with high blood pressure and heart disease. This study evaluated the use of alternative salts, potassium chloride (KCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) in the biltong marinade to achieve a ≥ 5-log reduction of Salmonella, a pathogen of concern in beef products. Beef pieces (1.9 cm × 5.1 cm × 7.6 cm) were inoculated with a five-serovar mixture of Salmonella (Salmonella Thompson 120, Salmonella Enteritidis H3527, Salmonella Typhimurium H3380, Salmonella Heidelberg F5038BG1, and Salmonella Hadar MF60404), vacuum-tumbled in a traditional biltong marinade of salt, spices, and vinegar containing either NaCl, KCl or CaCl2 (2.2% concentration) followed by an 8–10 day drying period at 23.9 °C (75 °F) and 55% relative humidity. Microbial enumeration of Salmonella was conducted following inoculation, after marination, and after 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days of drying in a humidity/temperature chamber. Biltong produced with CaCl2, NaCl, or KCl achieved a > 5-log reduction of Salmonella after 6, 7, and 8 days, respectively. The Salmonella reduction trends with biltong made with NaCl or CaCl2 were not significantly different (p < 0.05) while both were significantly different from that made with KCl (p > 0.05). Sodium, calcium, and potassium ion concentrations were measured using ion-specific electrode meters following biltong processing and drying. As expected, the biltong made with the corresponding salt had the most abundant ion in the sample. Regardless of the salt used in the marinade, the potassium ion levels were moderately elevated in all samples. This was determined to be from potassium levels naturally present in beef rather than from other ingredients. Sampling of several commercial brands of biltong for sodium content showed that some were significantly above the allowable level of claims made on package ingredient statements. The substitution of NaCl with KCl or CaCl2 during biltong processing can also provide a 5-log reduction of Salmonella to produce a safe product that can be marketed as a more healthy low-sodium food alternative that may appeal to consumers who need to reduce their blood pressure and are conscientious of sodium levels in their diet.

Adoption Barriers in a High-Risk Agricultural Environment

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-46
Author(s):  
Shari R. Veil
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Diffusion Of Innovation ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Identification System ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Rfid Technology ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Animal Identification ◽  
Inspection Service

To lessen the threat of an intentional or naturally occurring livestock disease, the Animal Plant Health Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture introduced the National Animal Identification System (NAIS), encouraging the use of innovative tools such as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags to track cattle across the country. In this study, the author examines the barriers to adoption of NAIS and RFID technology as risk-reduction tools. Diffusion of innovation literature is used to analyze a case study of a state livestock association advocating the rejection of NAIS and RFID technology. Implications for the diffusion of risk reduction tools are provided.

Estimated Economic Losses Associated with the Destruction of Plants Due to Phytophthora ramorum Quarantine Efforts in Washington State

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman L. Dart ◽  
Gary A. Chastagner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Phytophthora Ramorum ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
States Department ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Inspection Service

The number and retail value of plants destroyed in Washington State nurseries due to Phytophthora ramorum quarantine efforts was estimated using Emergency Action Notification forms (EANs) issued by the United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service between 2004 and 2005. Data collected from EANs indicate that during this period 17,266 containerized nursery plants were destroyed at 32 nurseries, worth an estimated $423,043. The mean loss per nursery was estimated at $11,188 in 2004, $11,798 in 2005, and at $13,220 per nursery over the 2-year period. Accepted for publication 26 January 2007. Published 8 May 2007.

scholarly journals Pulling on multiple threads of evidence to reveal tree species coexistence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon G McNickle ◽  
Morgan V Ritzi ◽  
Kliffi M.S. Blackstone ◽  
John J Couture ◽  
Taylor Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Niche Differences ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Multiple Threads ◽  
Occurrence Patterns

Understanding drivers of species coexistence is a central challenge in ecology. Coexistence cannot be observed directly, and while species co-occurrence in time and space is necessary for coexistence, it is not sufficient to prove coexistence. Species exclusion from a region is potentially observable, but can take decades to occur, and still might occur stochastically. Thus, ecologists generally use theory to identify indirect observations that are indicative of mechanisms driving coexistence or exclusion. Various methods have been developed to indirectly infer coexistence, each of which requires different data, and none of which are usually conclusive on their own. Here, we demonstrate agreement using three different approaches examining coexistence of multiple hardwood species. First, in an experimental planting of three mature tree species we found no relationship between productivity and species diversity, which could be due to a lack of niche differences among species. Second, we used modern coexistence theory to calculate niche and fitness differences for each pair of species, which confirmed the lack of niche differences among species, and showed high fitness differences that could create a neutral distribution of species in nature. Third, we used the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Inventory and Analysis data to examine co-occurrence patterns of our species across thousands of natural forest stands and found that indeed, these three species were distributed randomly throughout the USA. Given that these independent methods agree, we take this as strong evidence about a lack of coexistence.

Adoption Barriers in a High-Risk Agricultural Environment

2011 ◽  
pp. 31-47
Author(s):  
Shari R. Veil
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Diffusion Of Innovation ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Identification System ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Rfid Technology ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Animal Identification ◽  
Inspection Service

To lessen the threat of an intentional or naturally occurring livestock disease, the Animal Plant Health Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture introduced the National Animal Identification System (NAIS), encouraging the use of innovative tools such as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags to track cattle across the country. In this study, the author examines the barriers to adoption of NAIS and RFID technology as risk-reduction tools. Diffusion of innovation literature is used to analyze a case study of a state livestock association advocating the rejection of NAIS and RFID technology. Implications for the diffusion of risk reduction tools are provided.

scholarly journals Experimental use of a Dot-Blot Assay to Measure Serologic Responses of Cattle Vaccinated with Brucella Abortus Strain RB51

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Olsen ◽  
M. G. Stevens ◽  
N. F. Cheville ◽  
G. Schurig
Keyword(s):  
Brucella Abortus ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Dot Blot Assay ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
Experimental Use

Brucella abortus strain RB51 was recently approved as an official brucellosis calfhood vaccine for cattle by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service branch of the United States Department of Agriculture. Currently available serologic surveillance tests for B. abortus do not detect seroconversion following SRB51 vaccination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a dot-blot assay using γ-irradiated strain RB51 bacteria for its specificity and sensitivity to detect antibody responses of cattle vaccinated with strain RB51. Dot-blot titers of sera at a recommended dosage (1010 colony-forming units) were similar to those of sera from cattle vaccinated with similar numbers of B. abortus strain 19 and greater ( P < 0.05) than titers of nonvaccinated cattle. In the first 12 weeks after vaccination with 1010 colony-forming units of strain RB51, the RB51 dot-blot assay had 100% specificity for titers of 80 or less and a 53% sensitivity for titers of 160 or greater. Sensitivity of the RB51 dot-blot assay peaked at 4 weeks after vaccination with 1010 colony-forming units of strain RB51. Dot-blot responses of sera from cattle vaccinated with a reduced dosage of strain RB51 (109 colony-forming units) did not differ ( P > 0.05) from titers of sera from nonvaccinated cattle. Following intraconjunctival challenge with B. abortus strain 2308, titers on the RB51 dot-blot assay did not differ ( P > 0.05) between nonvaccinated cattle and cattle vaccinated at calfhood with strain 19 or strain RB51.

Cucurbit Downy Mildew ipmPIPE: A Next Generation Web-based Interactive Tool for Disease Management and Extension Outreach

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Ojiambo ◽  
G. J. Holmes ◽  
W. Britton ◽  
M. Babadoost ◽  
S. C. Bost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
North Carolina State University ◽  
Cucurbit Downy Mildew ◽  
National Monitoring ◽  
The Usa

Cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is one of the most important diseases affecting cucurbits worldwide. In the USA, host resistance in cucumber had adequately controlled the disease with very minimal application of fungicides from the late 1960s to 2004. In 2004, there was a resurgence of the disease that devastated the cucumber crop in several states in the eastern USA. Since then, host plant resistance alone has not been sufficient to adequately control the disease and now control relies heavily on application of fungicides. To effectively apply fungicides in a timely manner, cucurbit growers, extension personnel, and crop consultants and advisors can now utilize information on disease occurrence and predicted spread disseminated through the United States Department of Agriculture's CDM ipmPIPE decision support system developed by scientists at North Carolina State University. Based on a survey conducted in Georgia, North Carolina, and Michigan, the CDM ipmPIPE resulted in an average reduction of 2 to 3 fungicide applications in 2009 compared to calendar-based fungicide sprays. With approximately 122,000 acres of cucurbits in these three states, this translates to more than $6 million in savings to the producers in these three states. Economic savings and positive environmental implications of reduced fungicide applications demonstrate the value of a coordinated national monitoring network for management of a plant disease that is disseminated aerially over long distances. Accepted for publication 31 January 2011. Published 11 April 2011.

US Governmental Interagency Programs, Opportunities, and Collaboration

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 447-453
Author(s):  
H. Chen ◽  
M. Perchonok
Keyword(s):  
Food Processing ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Area ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Research Education ◽  
Basic And Applied Research ◽  
Inspection Service

Improving the quality, value, and safety of national food supplies is the common mission of several Federal agencies. Under different authorities, these agencies conduct basic and applied research, develop curriculum at higher educational institutions, and disseminate new scientific knowledge about food processing, formulation, and preservation to a broad range of stakeholders. Emerging food processing technologies, including various thermal and nonthermal processes, as well as chemical processes, have received increased attention and investment in recent years. Some agencies dealing with Emerging Technologies include the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), and Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS), and all of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The U.S. Army Natick Research Center of Department of Defense (DOD), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of Department of Human Health Service (DHHS) also are involved in this research area. These agencies have their vision, mission, strategic goals, and current programs and activities related to emerging food processing technologies. The synergy of effective collaboration and cooperation among all stakeholders is the key to generating an impact greater than the simple sum of all.

scholarly journals Outbreaks ofSalmonellainfections attributed to beef – United States, 1973–2011

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (9) ◽  
pp. 2003-2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. LAUFER ◽  
J. GRASS ◽  
K. HOLT ◽  
J. M. WHICHARD ◽  
P. M. GRIFFIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Foodborne Illnesses ◽  
Predominant Type ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Commercial Processing ◽  
Inspection Service

SUMMARYNon-typhoidalSalmonellais estimated to be the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the United States, causing an estimated one million domestically acquired foodborne illnesses annually. Recent, large outbreaks have highlighted the importance of ground beef as an important source of multidrug-resistantSalmonella. We analysed the epidemiology of salmonellosis outbreaks that were attributed to beef in the United States reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1973 to 2011. During 1973–2011, of the 1965 outbreaks ofSalmonellawhere a food vehicle was implicated, 96 were attributed to beef, accounting for 3684 illnesses. We observed a shift in the type of beef implicated in salmonellosis outbreaks, from roast to ground beef. Delicatessen-style roast beef cooked in commercial processing establishments was the predominant type during the 1970s and early 1980s; regulations on cooking and processing essentially eliminated this problem by 1987. Ground beef emerged as an important vehicle in the 2000s; it was implicated in 17 (45%) of the 38 beef-attributed outbreaks reported during 2002–2011. Although this emergence was likely due in part to increased participation in CDC's PulseNet, which was established in 1996, and proactive decisions by the United States Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service, stronger measures are needed to decrease contamination of ground beef withSalmonella.

Propylparaben Sensitizes Heat-Resistant Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Oranienburg to Thermal Inactivation in Liquid Egg Albumen†

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSHUA B. GURTLER ◽  
TONY Z. JIN
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Antibacterial Efficacy ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Egg Albumen ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
Thermal Pasteurization ◽  
The U.S

Propyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid (propylparaben [PRPA]) is a phenolic antioxidant, known to occur in nature and used as a microbiostat in foods, feeds, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and medications. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) requires that liquid egg white (LEW) be pasteurized at 56.7°C for 3.5 min. This study evaluated the effects of PRPA on the pasteurization sensitivity of Salmonella in LEW. When LEW (pH 7.8) was pasteurized under FSIS conditions, salmonellae declined by 0.5, 4.6, 4.5, &gt;7.0, and &gt;7.0 log CFU/ml, with 0, 125, 250, 500, or 1,000 ppm of PRPA, respectively, and D56.7°C-values were 2.99, 1.05, 0.68, 0.26 and ≤0.16 min. Albumen (pH 8.9) pasteurized under FSIS standards incurred salmonellae reductions of 3.3, 2.8, 5.2, &gt;7.0, and &gt;7.0 log CFU/ml, with 0, 125, 250, 500, or 1,000 ppm of PRPA, respectively, while D56.7°C-values were 0.87, 0.99, 0.66, 0.22, and 0.09 min. Adding 500 ppm of PRPA to albumen (pH 7.8) reduced D56.7°C-values more than 11-fold, and reduced the time to achieve a 5-log reduction from 15.0 to only 1.3 min. A 7-log reduction in plain LEW (pH 7.8) at 56.7°C required 20.9 min, versus only 1.8 and 1.1 min with 500 and 1,000 ppm of PRPA, respectively. Furthermore, a 7-log reduction in plain LEW (pH 8.9) required 6.1 min, versus only 1.5 and 0.6 min with 500 and 1,000 ppm of PRPA, respectively. This study is the first to report the efficacy of PRPA (pKa = 8.4) in sensitizing Salmonella in LEW to thermal pasteurization, while documenting that PRPA retains its antibacterial efficacy at pH levels as high as 8.9.

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