Zoonotic Diseases: Etiology, Impact, and Control

Most humans are in contact with animals in a way or another. A zoonotic disease is a disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans or from humans to vertebrate animals. More than 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic in origin. This includes a wide variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, and other pathogens. Factors such as climate change, urbanization, animal migration and trade, travel and tourism, vector biology, anthropogenic factors, and natural factors have greatly influenced the emergence, re-emergence, distribution, and patterns of zoonoses. As time goes on, there are more emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. In this review, we reviewed the etiology of major zoonotic diseases, their impact on human health, and control measures for better management. We also highlighted COVID-19, a newly emerging zoonotic disease of likely bat origin that has affected millions of humans along with devastating global consequences. The implementation of One Health measures is highly recommended for the effective prevention and control of possible zoonosis.

Download Full-text

Assessing healthcare workers’ knowledge, emotions and perceived institutional preparedness about COVID-19 pandemic at Saudi hospitals in the early phase of the pandemic

Journal of Public Health Research ◽

10.4081/jphr.2020.1936 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Nashi Masnad Alreshidi ◽

Hassan Haridi ◽

Rana Alaseeri ◽

Michelle Garcia ◽

Fe Gaspar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthcare Workers ◽

Knowledge Score ◽

Control Measures ◽

Emotional Impact ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Web Based ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Impact Scale ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

And Control

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic extended to reach most countries in the globe during few months. Preparedness of healthcare institutions and healthcare workers (HCWs) are crucial for applying effective prevention and control measures. This study aimed to assess HCWs knowledge, emotions and perception of preparedness of their institutions towards COVID-19 pandemic.Design: A cross-sectional, web-based survey was conducted among hospital HCWs in Saudi Arabia during April 27, 2020 to May 03, 2020.Results: Overall, 1004 completed responses were received. The majority were females (78.8), nurses (84.9%) at middle age 25-39 years (71.8%). Among participants, 95.5% reported receiving training on safely use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and 94.9% did fit the test for N95 respirator. The participants possessed a fair knowledge about COVID-19 disease with a mean knowledge score 6. 61±1.35 points on a scale of 10 points. Most participants (88.7%) were committed to continue work as a professional and ethical duty, however, 27.1% of them scored high on a negative emotional impact scale. Participants appreciated most aspects of institutional preparedness for COVID-19 pandemic; however, they were concerned with the continuous PPE supply. Factors that independently associated with good knowledge and negative emotional response were determined using multivariate logistic regression analysis.Conclusions: Findings revealed fair knowledge about COVID-19 pandemic among HCWs in Saudi hospitals. Concerns and worries were expressed regard working with the highly infectious COVID-19 patients. Participants, appreciated most aspects of institutional preparedness, however they were concerned about the continuous availability and supply of PPE.

Download Full-text

Landslide Formation Mechanism and its Control Measures in Dabaolang

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.722.419 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 722 ◽

pp. 419-422

Author(s):

Peng Lv ◽

Bao Yu Li ◽

Yu Zhang ◽

Yun Xun Zhang

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Evolutionary Process ◽

Heavy Rain ◽

Control Measures ◽

Skid Resistance ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Main Factors ◽

Mechanism Of Landslide ◽

The Stability ◽

And Control

Through analyzing Dabaoliang geological characteristics, this paper discussed the factors of the mechanism of landslide in Dabaoliang area and simulated its evolutionary process. The paper could get some conclusions, and the factors of landslide are as follow: the stability of the slope which mainly composed by clastic rock not only depended on the performance of the mudstone layer but also the skid resistance of the sliding surface and the shape of slope. Under the influence of regional structure, the joint fissures which developed along the boundary of the landslide will connect the crack and benefit the permeation of the surface water. The heavy rain is one of the main factors caused the slope unstable and sliding. Provide effective prevention and control for prevention and control of projects.

Download Full-text

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Europe: current situation calls for preparedness

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/ese.15.10.19504-en ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

Author(s):

H C Maltezou ◽

L Andonova ◽

R Andraghetti ◽

M Bouloy ◽

O Ergonul ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Control Measures ◽

Anthropogenic Factors ◽

Virus Dynamics ◽

Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

And Control

During the last decade Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) emerged and/or re-emerged in several Balkan countries, Turkey, southwestern regions of the Russian Federation, and the Ukraine, with considerable high fatality rates. Reasons for re-emergence of CCHF include climate and anthropogenic factors such as changes in land use, agricultural practices or hunting activities, movement of livestock that may influence host-tick-virus dynamics. In order to be able to design prevention and control measures targeted at the disease, mapping of endemic areas and risk assessment for CCHF in Europe should be completed. Furthermore, areas at risk for further CCHF expansion should be identified and human, vector and animal surveillance be strengthened.

Download Full-text

Changes in Prevalence of Nosocomial Infection Pre- and Post-COVID-19 pandemic from a Tertiary Hospital in China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-228202/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chunmei Su ◽

Zhiqin Zhang ◽

Xu Zhao ◽

Hanlin Peng ◽

Yi Hong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nosocomial Infection ◽

Nosocomial Infections ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

Gastrointestinal Infections ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Oral Infections ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background: Nosocomial infections (NIs) are an important cause of mortality, and increasing evidence reveals that the prevalence of NIs can be reduced through effective prevention and control measures. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the prevention and control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic on NIs.Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the prevalence of NIs before and after COVID-19 pandemic for six months in the Children’s Hospital of Soochow University.Results: A total of 39,914 patients in 2019 and 34,645 patients in 2020 were admitted to the hospital during the study. There were 1.39% (481/34645) of patients with NIs in 2020, which was significantly lower than the 2.56% (1021/39914) of patients in 2019. The rate of critical and fatal cases was also decreased. Except for the ICU, the prevalence of nosocomial infection in most departments decreased from 2019 to 2020. Regarding the source of infections, a significant reduction was mainly observed in respiratory (0.99% vs 0.42%, p=0.000) and digestive tract (0.63% vs 0.14%, p=0.000). The microorganism analysis of respiratory infections indicated an obvious decline in acinetobacters and fungi. The most significant decline of pathogens in gastrointestinal infections was observed for rotavirus. The comparison of catheter-related nosocomial infections between 2019 and 2020 did not show significant differences. Conclusions: The prevention and control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic have reduced the nosocomial infection in almost all departments, except the ICU, mainly regarding respiratory, gastrointestinal, and oral infections, while catheter-related infections did not show any differences.

Download Full-text

GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME AFTER CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS INFECTION

Revista Augustus ◽

10.15202/1981896.2018v23n45p173 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (45) ◽

pp. 173-178

Author(s):

Marco Orsini ◽

Denise Flávio De Carvalho ◽

José Teixeira De Seixas Filho ◽

Rossano Fiorelli ◽

Eduardo Lima Trajano

Keyword(s):

Specific Treatment ◽

Control Measures ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Cranial Nerve Palsies ◽

Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

Guillain Barré ◽

And Control

Background: In Brazilian territory, the most common arboviruses are DENV (Dengue), CHIKV (Chikungunya), and ZIKV (Zica), although others may spread in the country. These arboviruses has also resulted in a number of neurologic diseases such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, meningoencephalitis, myositis and cranial nerve palsies. This article reports the case of a woman, 33 years that suddenly developed shooting fever, muscle pain and ascedent weakness, receiving subsequently the diagnosis of guillain-barré syndrome for probable unspecified viral infection. After a few days of hospitalization, the diagnosis of Guillain-Barre by possible CHIKV fever were confirmed across clinical evaluation, cerebrospinal fluid, electrophysiological findings and the specific titles of IgM for CHIKV. Months after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin remains with muscle weakness in lower limbs and difficulties in performing daily activities. The article becomes important because chikungunya infection causes a high number of affected individuals, with severe cases (as presented), and implications for health services, mainly due to the absence of specific treatment, vaccines, and effective prevention and control measures.

Download Full-text

PERBEDAAN SIKAP REMAJA PUTRI SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH DIBERIKAN PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN TENTANG SADARI ( PEMERIKSAAN PAYUDARA SENDIRI ) DI SMA NEGERI 1 PALEMBANG

Jurnal Kebidanan : Jurnal Medical Science Ilmu Kesehatan Akademi Kebidanan Budi Mulia Palembang ◽

10.35325/kebidanan.v7i2.105 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih

Keyword(s):

Health Education ◽

Young Women ◽

Small Sample ◽

Control Measures ◽

P Value ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Before And After ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

Self Examination ◽

And Control

ABSTRAK Penyakit kanker merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian utama di seluruh dunia. Diperkirakan pada tahun 2025, jumlah orang meninggal dunia akibat kanker meningkat menjadi 11,5 juta bila tidak dilakukan upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian yang efektif.(Infodatin, 2015). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan tentang SADARI terhadap sikap SADARI pada Remaja Putri di SMA Negeri 1 Palembang. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian pre-eksperimen yang bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan kemungkinan adanya pengaruh manipulasi adaptif terhadap responden. Jumlah sampel sebesar 20 responden. Uji statistik menggunakan metode analitik dengan sampel kecil (≤ 50) maka uji normalitas data menggunakan uji Shapiro-Wilk. Ada perbedaan sikap remaja Putri Sebelum dan Sesudah diberikan Pendidikan Kesehatan Tentang SADARI di SMA Negeri 1 Palembang dengan p-value 0,0001. Dengan demikian diharapkan agar sekolah dapat memberikan informasi mengenai SADARI, responden diarapkan selalu belajar, tetap mencari informasi untuk menambah pengetahui khususnya tentang SADARI dan dapat mempraktikkan tehnik pemeriksaan payudara sendiri (SADARI), dan bagi peneliti selanjutnya dapat melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut tentang faktor-faktor lain yang berpengaruh terhadap sikap SADARI dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dalam pendidikan kesehatan. ABSTRACK Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is estimated that by 2025, the number of people who die from cancer rises to 11.5 million without effective prevention and control measures (Infodatin, 2015). The purpose of this research is to know the effect of health education about BSE on the attitude of BSE in Young Women in SMA Negeri 1 Palembang. This study uses pre-experimental research design that aims to reveal the possibility of influence of adaptive manipulation of respondents. The sample size is 20 respondents. Statistical test using analytical method with small sample (≤ 50) then the data normality test using Shapiro-Wilk test. There is difference of attitude of Young Women Before and After given Health Education About SADARI in SMA Negeri 1 Palembang with p-value 0.0001. Therefore, it is expected that the school can provide information about BSE, respondents are expected to always learn, keep looking for information to increase the knowledge, especially about BSE and can practice breast self-examination techniques (BSE), and for further research can do more research about other factors which affect the attitude of BSE and the factors that influence in health education.

Download Full-text

Arboviruses emerging in Brazil: challenges for clinic and implications for public health

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s1518-8787.2017051006889 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 51 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Maria Rita Donalisio ◽

André Ricardo Ribas Freitas ◽

Andrea Paula Bruno Von Zuben

Keyword(s):

Control Measures ◽

Genetic Changes ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Vector Population ◽

The World ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact ◽

Different Parts ◽

Immunological Alterations

ABSTRACT Arboviruses have been emerging in different parts of the world due to genetic changes in the virus, alteration of the host and vector population dynamics, or because of anthropogenic environmental factors. These viruses’ capacity for adaptation is notable, as well as the likelihood of their emergence and establishment in new geographic areas. In Brazilian epidemiologic scenario, the most common arboviruses are DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV, although others may spread in the country. Little is yet known of the impact of viral co-circulation, which would theoretically result in more intense viremia or other immunological alterations that could trigger autoimmune diseases, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome. The impact on morbidity and mortality intensifies as extensive epidemics lead to a high number of affected individuals, severe cases, and implications for health services, mainly due to the absence of treatment, vaccines, and effective prevention and control measures.

Download Full-text

Decline in influenza cases in Mexico after the implementation of public health measures for COVID-19

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-90329-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Arellanos-Soto ◽

Gerardo Padilla-Rivas ◽

Javier Ramos-Jimenez ◽

Kame Galan-Huerta ◽

Sonia Lozano-Sepulveda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Control Measures ◽

Mitigation Measures ◽

Health Measures ◽

Before And After ◽

Influenza Activity ◽

Nationwide Surveillance ◽

And Control ◽

Viral Respiratory

AbstractMexico took swift action and has strictly followed mitigation measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease, COVID-19. In this study we compared influenza activity indicators in our country after the implementation of public health measures for COVID-19. We compared indicators of influenza activity in 2020 before and after public health measures were taken to reduce COVID-19 with the corresponding indicators from three preceding years and the immediate one, and the potential decrease in seasonal influenza cases/deaths. Nationwide surveillance data revealed a drastic decline in influenza diagnosis in outpatient clinics and public hospitals, influenza positivity rates of clinical specimens, and confirmed severe cases during the following 10 weeks of 2020 as lockdown activities and control measures were established compared with the same period of 2019. Our results suggest that the measures taken for COVID-19 were effective in reducing the spread of other viral respiratory diseases as influenza in our country.

Download Full-text

A knowledge, attitudes, and practices study on ticks and tick-borne diseases in cattle among farmers in a selected area of eastern Bhutan

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0247302 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. e0247302

Author(s):

Jamyang Namgyal ◽

Tenzin Tenzin ◽

Sylvia Checkley ◽

Tim J. Lysyk ◽

Sangay Rinchen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Animal Health ◽

Control Measures ◽

Favorable Attitude ◽

Feeding System ◽

Livestock Farming ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Adequate Knowledge ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

And Control

Livestock farming plays an important role in supporting the livelihood of resource-poor subsistence farmers in Bhutan. However, ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are one of the major constraints to livestock farming due to their negative effect on health and production. To date, no study has been conducted in Bhutan to assess farmers’ knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) about ticks and TBDs in cattle, although such information is essential in ensuring the development and adoption of effective prevention and control measures. Therefore, a KAP survey was conducted among 246 cattle owners in the Samkhar sub-district of eastern Bhutan in June 2019, using a structured questionnaire. Based on our scoring criteria, 52% [95%CI: 45.5–58.4] had adequate knowledge about ticks as potential vectors of diseases. Logistic regression analysis showed that the individuals who practiced a stall-feeding system of cattle rearing were 2.8 times [OR = 2.8 (95%CI: 1.66–4.78)] more likely to have adequate knowledge than others. Sixty-eight percent [95%CI: 62.5–74.4] had a favorable attitude toward tick prevention and control programs. Men were 1.95 times [OR = 1.95 (95%CI: 1.09–3.55)] more likely to have a favorable attitude than women, and the individuals who practiced a stall-feeding system were 2.59 times [OR = 2.59 95%CI: 1.45–4.78)] more likely to have a favorable attitude than others, after adjusting for the effect of other variables in the model. Overall, only 38% [95%CI 32.5–45] of the respondents reported tick infestation as one of the most important animal health problems, but 100% reported using acaricides to control ticks in cattle. Despite a high level of acaricide usage, the level of knowledge was low among the farmers interviewed. Findings from this study underline the importance of considering identified knowledge gaps and initiating education efforts to improve the adoption of effective tick prevention and control measures among farmers.

Download Full-text

The Asymptomatic Infection of COVID-19 Risen in Imported Population in Shenzhen, China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-48824/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mu-Xin Chen ◽

Lin Ai ◽

Da-Na Huang ◽

Tie-Jian Feng ◽

Jia-Xu Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Southern China ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Hubei Province ◽

Control Measures ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Shenzhen City ◽

Imported Cases ◽

Asymptomatic Infections ◽

And Control

Abstract Background As of July 24 2020, the global reported number of COVID-19 cases was > 15.4 millions, with over 640,000 deaths. The present study aimed to carry out an epidemiological analysis of confirmed cases and asymptomatic infections in Shenzhen City to provide scientific reference for the prevention and control of COVID-19. Methods The epidemiological information of the 462 confirmed cases and 45 asymptomatic infections from January 19th to June 30th was collected in Shenzhen City, Southern China, and a descriptive analysis was performed. Results A total of 462 confirmed COVID-19 cases from January 19 to April 30, 2020 were reported in Shenzhen City, including 423 domestic cases (91.56%) and 39 imported cases (8.44%) who came back from other countries. Among domestic cases, the majority were cases imported from Hubei Province (n = 312, 67.53%), followed by local ones (n = 69, 14.94%). During the same period, a total of 45 asymptomatic infections were reported in Shenzhen City, including 31 local ones (68.89%) and 14 imported from abroad (31.11%). The proportion of asymptomatic infections in Shenzhen City was increasing over time (Z = 13.1888, P < 0.0001). The total number of local asymptomatic infections in Shenzhen City exceeded as the same pattern as that in other provinces (χ2 = 118.830, P < 0.0001). The proportion of asymptomatic infections among cases imported from abroad was higher than that of the same in domestic cases (χ2 = 22.5121, P < 0.0001, OR = 4.8983, 95%: 2.4052, 9.9756). No statistical significance was noted in the proportions of asymptomatic infections among imported cases from different countries (χ2 = 7.7202, P = 0.6561). Conclusions The majority of COVID-19 cases in Shenzhen City were imported cases who came back from Hubei Province in the early stage (before 1st March, 2020) and from abroad in the later stage (after 1st April, 2020). Scientific and effective prevention and control measures have resulted in only a few local infections in Shenzhen City. Asymptomatic infections accounted for an increasing proportion among cases imported from abroad, indicating that the prevention measures carried out in Shenzhen City did avoid the import of infected cases. Improving the detection capability to identify asymptomatic infections as early as possible will be of significance for the control outbreak of COVID-19.

Download Full-text