Non-Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Methanolic Extracts of Wild-Simulated and Field-Grown American Ginseng

Aiming at revealing the structural diversity of secondary metabolites and the different patterns in wild-simulated American ginseng (WsAG) and field-grown American ginseng (FgAG), a comprehensive and unique phytochemical profile study was carried out. In the screening analysis, a total of 121 shared compounds were characterized in FgAG and WsAG, respectively. The results showed that both of these two kinds of American ginseng were rich in natural components, and were similar in terms of the kinds of compound they contained. Furthermore, in non-targeted metabolomic analysis, when taking the contents of the constituents into account, it was found that there indeed existed quite a difference between FgAG and WsAG, and 22 robust known biomarkers enabling the differentiation were discovered. For WsAG, there were 12 potential biomarkers including two ocotillol-type saponins, two steroids, six damarane-type saponins, one oleanane-type saponins and one other compound. On the other hand, for FgAG, there were 10 potential biomarkers including two organic acids, six damarane-type saponins, one oleanane-type saponin, and one ursane. In a word, this study illustrated the similarities and differences between FgAG and WsAG, and provides a basis for explaining the effect of different growth environments on secondary metabolites.

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Meroterpenoids: A Comprehensive Update Insight on Structural Diversity and Biology

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11070957 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 957

Author(s):

Mamona Nazir ◽

Muhammad Saleem ◽

Muhammad Imran Tousif ◽

Muhammad Aijaz Anwar ◽

Frank Surup ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Structural Diversity ◽

Chemical Diversity ◽

Biosynthetic Pathways ◽

Natural Sources ◽

Hybrid Compounds ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Meroterpenoids are secondary metabolites formed due to mixed biosynthetic pathways which are produced in part from a terpenoid co-substrate. These mixed biosynthetically hybrid compounds are widely produced by bacteria, algae, plants, and animals. Notably amazing chemical diversity is generated among meroterpenoids via a combination of terpenoid scaffolds with polyketides, alkaloids, phenols, and amino acids. This review deals with the isolation, chemical diversity, and biological effects of 452 new meroterpenoids reported from natural sources from January 2016 to December 2020. Most of the meroterpenoids possess antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, enzyme inhibitory, and immunosupressive effects.

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Species Diversity and Secondary Metabolites of Sarcophyton-Associated Marine Fungi

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26113227 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (11) ◽

pp. 3227

Author(s):

Yuanwei Liu ◽

Kishneth Palaniveloo ◽

Siti Aisyah Alias ◽

Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelan

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Soft Coral ◽

Marine Fungi ◽

Indole Alkaloids ◽

Structural Diversity ◽

Future Research ◽

Soft Corals ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Symbiotic Relationships ◽

Bioactive Secondary Metabolites

Soft corals are widely distributed across the globe, especially in the Indo-Pacific region, with Sarcophyton being one of the most abundant genera. To date, there have been 50 species of identified Sarcophyton. These soft corals host a diverse range of marine fungi, which produce chemically diverse, bioactive secondary metabolites as part of their symbiotic nature with the soft coral hosts. The most prolific groups of compounds are terpenoids and indole alkaloids. Annually, there are more bio-active compounds being isolated and characterised. Thus, the importance of the metabolite compilation is very much important for future reference. This paper compiles the diversity of Sarcophyton species and metabolites produced by their associated marine fungi, as well as the bioactivity of these identified compounds. A total of 88 metabolites of structural diversity are highlighted, indicating the huge potential these symbiotic relationships hold for future research.

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Chlorophylls Contents in Echinocactus grusonii Extract

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.1507 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 931-932 ◽

pp. 1507-1511

Author(s):

Nipha Chaicharoenaudomrung ◽

Anant Oonsivilai ◽

Ratchadaporn Oonsivilai

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Reversed Phase ◽

Lower Content ◽

Chlorophyll Contents ◽

Crude Extracts ◽

Phytochemical Profile ◽

Main Components ◽

Near Future ◽

Profile Study ◽

Barrel Cactus

Currently, Golden Barrel cactus extract is formulated in dietary supplements, on account of its powerful weight loss profit and antioxidant activity. Golden Barrel cactus grusonii (Echinocactus grusonii), a Thai cultivar Golden Barrel cactus which is known as the golden barrel Golden Barrel cactus was therefore investigated for total chlorophylls with the aim of developing as a dietary supplement in future. The chlorophyll contents of 3 and 6 years Echinocactus grusonii extracts were evaluated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Grace-Vydac 201TP54 reversed-phase polymeric C18 column. The results showed that chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main components of Echinocactus grusonii crude extracts also at higher level at age 3 years. It was found that the main chlorophylls contents are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b at 2.94±0.55μg/ml and 1.63±0.14 μg/ml for 3 years Echinocactus grusonii. In addition, the amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b show lower content at 1.11±0.25μg/ml and 0.67±0.01μg/ml for 6 years Echinocactus grusonii. In conclusion, Echinocactus grusonii age 3 years crude extracts showed total chlorophylls contents higher than at age 6 years. The phytochemical profile study of Echinocactus grusonii age 3 years and 6 years crude extracts are planned in the near future.

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Cytotoxic Stilbenes and Canthinone Alkaloids from Brucea antidysenterica (Simaroubaceae)

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24234412 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (23) ◽

pp. 4412 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yves Salomon Makong ◽

Gervais Mouthé Happi ◽

Judith Liliane Djouaka Bavoua ◽

Jean Duplex Wansi ◽

Lutfun Nahar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Propionic Acid ◽

2D Nmr ◽

Spectroscopic Methods ◽

Phytochemical Study ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

New Compounds ◽

Soluble Fractions ◽

Mcf 7

A phytochemical study of the root and bark of Brucea antidysenterica J. F. Mill. (Simaroubaceae) afforded three new compounds, including a stilbene glycoside bruceanoside A (1), and two canthinone alkaloids bruceacanthinones A (3) and B (4), along with ten known secondary metabolites, rhaponticin (2), 1,11-dimethoxycanthin-6-one (5), canthin-6-one (6), 1-methoxycanthin-6-one (7), 2-methoxycanthin-6-one (8), 2-hydroxy-1,11-dimethoxycanthin-6-one (9), β-carboline-1-propionic acid (10), cleomiscosin C (11), cleomiscosin A (12), and hydnocarpin (13). The structures of all the compounds were determined using spectrometric and spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR, and HRSEIMS. The identities of the known compounds were further confirmed by comparison of their data with those reported in the literature. The root and bark methanolic extracts, the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions, and the isolated compounds (3–13), were assessed for their cytotoxicity against the cancer cell lines A-549, MCF-7, and PC-3. The results suggested that compounds in the extracts might possess a synergic action in their cytotoxicity.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Gentiana lutea L. Extracts

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2009-5-606 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 64 (5-6) ◽

pp. 339-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Katarina Šavikin ◽

Nebojša Menković ◽

Gordana Zdunić ◽

Tatjana Stević ◽

Dragoja Radanović ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Synergistic Activity ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gentiana Lutea ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

Pure Compounds

Methanolic extracts of flowers and leaves of Gentiana lutea L., together with the isolated compounds mangiferin, isogentisin and gentiopicrin, were used to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the plant. A variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as the yeast Candida albicans has been included in this study. Both extracts and isolated compounds showed antimicrobial activity with MIC values ranging from 0.12 - 0.31 mg/ml. Our study indicated that the synergistic activity of the pure compounds may be responsible for the good antimicrobial effect of the extracts. Quantification of the secondary metabolites was performed using HPLC

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Terpenoids from Marine Soft Coral of the Genus Xenia in 1977 to 2019

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25225386 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (22) ◽

pp. 5386

Author(s):

Shean-Yeaw Ng ◽

Chin-Soon Phan ◽

Takahiro Ishii ◽

Takashi Kamada ◽

Toshiyuki Hamada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

South China Sea ◽

South China ◽

Coastal Waters ◽

Soft Coral ◽

Structural Diversity ◽

Chemical Diversity ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Coral Genus

Members of the marine soft coral genus Xenia are rich in a diversity of diterpenes. A total of 199 terpenes consisting of 14 sesquiterpenes, 180 diterpenes, and 5 steroids have been reported to date. Xenicane diterpenes were reported to be the most common chemical skeleton biosynthesized by members of this genus. Most of the literature reported the chemical diversity of Xenia collected from the coral reefs in the South China Sea and the coastal waters of Taiwan. Although there was a brief review on the terpenoids of Xenia in 2015, the present review is a comprehensive overview of the structural diversity of secondary metabolites isolated from soft coral genus Xenia and their potent biological activity as reported between 1977 to 2019.

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Exploring Structural Diversity of Microbe Secondary Metabolites Using OSMAC Strategy: A Literature Review

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2019.00294 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Rui Pan ◽

Xuelian Bai ◽

Jianwei Chen ◽

Huawei Zhang ◽

Hong Wang

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Literature Review ◽

Structural Diversity

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Callus of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) as a source of ginsenosides – medicinal secondary metabolites

Biological Letters ◽

10.2478/biolet-2013-0002 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 27-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ewa Kochan ◽

Aleksander Chmiel

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

Panax Ginseng ◽

American Ginseng ◽

Panax Quinquefolius ◽

In Vitro Methods ◽

Derivatives Of ◽

Active Substances

Abstract:Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius) are valuable medicinal herbs whose roots have been used for ages in traditional medicine in China and North America as vitalizing and stimulating agents. The roots are obtained mainly from field cultivation, which is a slow (5-7 years long), laborious, and troublesome process; so in vitro methods started to be used to produce ginseng biomass. In our study, non-organogenic callus of P. quinquefolius synthesized the same active substances like field roots, for more than 6 years. The ginsenosides are derivatives of protopanaxadiol (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd) or protopanaxatriol (Rg1, Re). The synthesis of Rg1and Re metabolites is preferred in calli cultured in the dark and with ageing of culture.

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Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenols, Flavonoids and LCMS Profile of Chamaecrista hildebrandtii (Vatke) Lock and Clerodendrum rotundifolium (Oliv.)

European Journal of Medicinal Plants ◽

10.9734/ejmp/2018/v26i330093 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Rechab S. Odhiambo ◽

Patrick G. Kareru ◽

Erastus K. Mwangi ◽

Daniel W. Onyango

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Tannic Acid ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Total Phenols ◽

Flavonoid Content ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Different Types

Aims: The purpose of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity, quantify total phenols and total flavonoids and characterize the secondary metabolites present in methanolic extracts of Chamaecrista hildebrandtii and Clerodendrum rotundifolium using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Methodology: The total phenol and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically while the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The secondary metabolites present in the methanolic leaves extracts were evaluated using LC-MS. Results: The extracts of C. hildebrandtii showed a significantly higher antioxidant activity (IC50 = 8.7 mg/mL) compared to C. rotundifolium (IC50= 28.5 mg/mL). Both methanolic extracts of C. hildebrandtii and C. rotundifolium had common and different types of flavonoids such as quercetin, rutin, (+)-catechin 3-O-gallate and luteolin 6-C-glucoside among others that could be responsible for the observed antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content of C. hildebrandtii (1.33±0.07 mg/g tannic acid equivalents) was significantly higher than that of C. rotundifolium (0.25±0.00 mg/g tannic acid equivalents). However, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in total flavonoid content of C. hildebrandtii (2.69±0.33 mg/g catechin equivalents) and C. rotundifolium (2.36±0.16 mg/g catechin equivalents). Conclusion: The results of the present study suggested that the good antioxidant activity exhibited by C. hildebrandtii may probably have been brought about by various secondary metabolites functioning in synergy.

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