Pathogen Reduction Potential in Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste and Food Waste

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a commonly used method of processing waste. Regardless of the type of the used digestate (fertilizer, feedstock in case of solid-state fermentation, raw-material in case of thermal treatment) effective pathogen risk elimination, even in the case of high pathogen concentration is essential. An investigation of the survival time and inactivation rate of the Salmonella Senftenberg W775, Enterococcus spp., and Ascaris suum eggs during thermophilic anaerobic digestion performed on laboratory scale and confirmation of hygienization in full-scale operation were performed in this study. Except for sanitization efficiency, the AD process performance and stability were also verified based on determination of pH value, dry matter content, acidity, alkalinity, and content of fatty acids. The elimination of pathogen was met within 6.06 h, 5.5 h, and about 10 h for the Salmonella Senftenberg W775, Enterococcus spp., and Ascaris suum, respectively in the laboratory trials. The obtained results were confirmed in full-scale tests, using 1500 m3 Kompogas® reactors, operating in MBT Plant located in Poland. Sanitization of the digestate was achieved. Furthermore, the process was stable. The pH value, suspended solids, and ammonium content remained stable at 8.5, 35%, and 3.8 g/kg, respectively. The acetic acid content was noted between almost 0.8 and over 1.1 g/kg, while the concentration of propionic acid was noted at maximum level of about 100 mg/kg. The AD conditions could positively affect the pathogen elimination. Based on these results it can be found that anaerobic digestion under thermophilic conditions results in high sanitation efficiency.

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Analysis of Drying of Brewers’ Spent Grain

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2231467 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (23) ◽

pp. 1467 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

José Ignacio Arranz ◽

María Teresa Miranda ◽

Francisco José Sepúlveda ◽

Irene Montero ◽

Carmen Victoria Rojas

Keyword(s):

Energy Use ◽

Low Cost ◽

Matter Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Brewing Industry ◽

Livestock Feed ◽

Spent Grain ◽

Very High ◽

Animal Consumption

Brewing industry generates a main residue, brewers’ spent grain (BSG), which has good properties both for use in animal consumption and for thermal use, but contains a very high content of moisture (20–25% dry matter content), so that its elimination or treatment should be immediate, since it can cause degeneration problems of the product. Currently, brewers often supply this material at low cost for use as livestock feed. This solution is not efficiently carried out without reporting too much benefit to the brewers more than to eliminate waste from their facilities. However, BSG is a raw material of interest for application in different areas due to its low price, availability throughout the year and a valuable chemical composition, so it seems necessary to look for an alternative use to give value to these characteristics. In this paper a drying study is carried out in order to establish the foundations for its energy use by thermal of BSG. BSG has been used from a craft brewery located at Badajoz, Spain. Drying analysis was carried out for various temperatures and inlet air flow by means a convective dryer. The properties studied show that BSG can be used for thermal utilization in large installations, being necessary heat drying processes as a pretreatment in order to obtain a biofuel with acceptable efficiency.

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BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM AMARANTH BIOMASS

Acta Regionalia et Environmentalica ◽

10.2478/aree-2013-0013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 59-62

Author(s):

Vladimír Sitkey ◽

Ján Gaduš ◽

Ľubomír Kliský ◽

Alexander Dudák

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Large Scale ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Matter Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Average Yield ◽

Amaranthus Spp

Abstract Energy variety of amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) was grown in large-scale trials in order to verify the capability of its cultivation and use as a renewable energy source in a biogas plant. The possibility of biogas production using anaerobic co-fermentation of manure and amaranth silage was verified in the experimental horizontal fermentor of 5 m3 volume, working at mesophilic conditions of 38-40 °C. The goal of the work was also to identify the optimum conditions for growth, harvesting and preservation of amaranth biomass, to optimize biogas production process, and to test the residual slurry from digestion process as a high quality organic fertilizer. The average yield of green amaranth biomass was 51.66 t.ha-1 with dry matter content of 37%. Based on the reached results it can be concluded that amaranth silage, solely or together with another organic materials of agricultural origin, is a suitable raw material for biogas production.

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Effect of Pre-hydrolysis on Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Native Rye Starch

Food and Bioprocess Technology ◽

10.1007/s11947-020-02434-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 923-936 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ewelina Strąk-Graczyk ◽

Maria Balcerek

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Simultaneous Saccharification And Fermentation ◽

Ethanol Yield ◽

Matter Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Process Efficiency ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Sem Images ◽

Simultaneous Saccharification

Abstract The rising population and increasing demand for food place added pressure on the agricultural sector to maintain high process efficiency while implementing environmentally friendly methods. In this study, we investigate the effect of pre-hydrolysis of native rye starch and its influence on the yield of ethanol obtained by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) from high gravity rye mashes with 25% and 28% w w−1 dry matter content. Fermentation was carried out in a 3-day system at a temperature of 35 ± 1 °C using the dry distillery yeast Ethanol Red (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The characteristics of the tested raw material and changes in the native rye starch during enzymatic hydrolysis were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM images revealed characteristic changes on the surface of the starch, which was found to have a layered structure, as well as interesting behavior by the yeast during SSF when the glucose concentration in the environment was lowered. Both in the mashes with 25% and 28% w w−1 dry matter, starch pre-hydrolysis did not significantly increase either the initial amounts of sugars available to the yeast or the fermentation efficiency and ethanol yield in comparison to the mashes without this pre-treatment.

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Bioactive compounds in the aboveground part of hemiephemeroid onions (Allium L.)

PROCEEDINGS ON APPLIED BOTANY GENETICS AND BREEDING ◽

10.30901/2227-8834-2020-4-37-43 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 181 (4) ◽

pp. 37-43

Author(s):

T. I. Fomina ◽

T. A. Kukushkina

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

High Biological Activity ◽

Constant Weight ◽

Total Sugars

Background. Representatives of the genus Allium L. are valuable food and medicinal plants that have long been used for nutrition and human health. Modern research has proved their high biological activity. Earlier, we investigated the aboveground organs of a number of wild onion species in the consumer ripeness phase. Higher content of secondary metabolites has been observed in the hemiephemeroid species A. aflatunense B. Fedtsch., A. microdictyon Prokh., and A. rosenbachianum Regel. The aim of this work was to determine the content of bioactive compounds in the green biomass of Allium species during flowering.Materials and methods. We studied the freshly harvested raw materials – leaves and flower scapes. Dry matter content was measured by drying 1 g of raw material at 100–105°C to constant weight. The amounts of phenolic compounds, pectic substances, total sugars and carotenoids were assessed spectrophotometrically using the SF-56 (Russia) and SF Agilent 8453 (USA) instruments, and ascorbic acid was measured by the titrimetric method. The result was taken as an average of three measurements for each indicator calculated on absolute dry weight of raw material (except ascorbic acid).Results and conclusions. The green biomass of Allium species was found to contain 8,2–16,2% of dry matter; 4,5–12,0% of phenolics (catechins, flavonols and tannins); 6,9–32,4% of total sugars; 9,5–12,6% of pectic compounds (pectins and protopectins); 20,8–102,5 mg% of carotenoids, and 38,0–197,7 mg% of ascorbic acid (wet weight). A significant range of variation in the content of secondary metabolites was due to the species’ characteristics and weather conditions of the growing season. A. microdictyon had a higher content of dry matter, flavonols and tannins, whereas A. aflatunense and A. rosenbachianum were rich in ascorbic acid and sugars. The findings testify to the prospects of using Allium spp. as a source of bioactive compounds.

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The quality of silage of corn grain and spent P. ostreatus mushroom substrate

Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke ◽

10.2298/zmspn0713211a ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 211-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Milan Adamovic ◽

Aleksandra Bocarov-Stancic ◽

Ivanka Milenkovic ◽

Snezana Strbac ◽

Ivana Adamovic

Keyword(s):

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Ph Value ◽

Matter Content ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Wood Shaving ◽

Fermentation Quality ◽

Substrate Ratio ◽

Ground Corn ◽

Corn Grain

The chemical composition, fermentation quality, mycological and mycotoxicological analyses of silage mixture, made of ground corn grain and spent P. ostreatus mushroom substrate, were investigated in this paper. Dry matter content in high moisture ground corn, at the time of ensiling was 70%, and in the spent substrate (on the Salt Cedar wood shaving basis) was 52.7%. Corn grain to spent substrate ratio in trials was: 100:0% (I), 90:10% (II), 80:20% (III) and 70:30% (IV) respectively. Content of the lignocellulose fractions in silage was slightly increased, and protein content was slightly decreased with the increase of spent substrate content. Contents of the VFA (volatile fatty acids) in silage, pH value, and NH3-N content were for the silage of very good quality. In the spent substrate 9 mold species were found, from which the most frequent were genus Penicillium, Paecilomyces variotii, and Trichoderma harzianum. In ground corn grain silage (I) presence of the yeasts was dominant (90.000/g). In combined trials (II-IV) only Penicillium (P. brevicompactum and P. echinulatum) mold species were found. Presence of molds and yeasts in investigated trials was within tolerated values for ensiled feedstuffs. Mycotoxin presence in silage was not determined.

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Optimization of centrifugal separation of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.72782 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 193-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tuomo Tupasela ◽

Petri Koskela ◽

Eero Pahkala ◽

Veikko Kankare

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Concentration Factor ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Separation Efficiency ◽

Concentration Level ◽

Bovine Milk ◽

Matter Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Β Lactoglobulin

Whey proteins, which are mainly composed of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) and α-lactalbumin (α-la), account for about 20% of the proteins of bovine milk. In this study we investigated the effect of pH, dry matter content, concentration factor, heat treatment and centrifugation on the separation of α-la from β-lg using clarified whey as raw material, α-La precipitation was highest, 23.3%, when the dry matter content ranged from 5.8% to 25.7%. The optimum pH of α-la precipitation depended on the dry matter content. The separation efficiency increased when the concentration factor and heat treatment time at 55°C increased. A longer centrifugation time and higher separation speed did not have a marked effect on the separation efficiency. Separation was more efficient with a higher centrifugation speed at concentration levels 30 X and 60 X. The separation efficiency did not improve when the temperature was raised from 55°C to 65°C but it was better at a concentration level 120 X than at 60 X and 30 X, and also at concentration level 60 X than with 30 X.

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Kinetic patterns and optimization of the process of concentration by freezing the blood of cattle

Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies ◽

10.20914/2310-1202-2018-4-12-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 80 (4) ◽

pp. 12-18

Author(s):

S. T. Antipov ◽

V. Yu. Ovsyannikov ◽

A. A. Korchinskij

Keyword(s):

Heat Exchange ◽

Boiling Point ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Wide Range ◽

Experimental Apparatus ◽

Heat Exchange Surface ◽

Exchange Surface

The urgency of the use of blood components as a raw material for the production of products from it that contribute to the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency states is beyond doubt. In addition, protein compounds in the blood of cattle have a high digestibility of the human body, and the complex of essential amino acids determines its attractiveness as an additive in the development of a wide range of meat products. The only possible way at present to thicken thermo labile blood compounds is cryoconcentration, carried out in a temperature range close to the cryoscopy temperature. The kinetic features of cryoconcentration of cattle blood were investigated on an experimental apparatus of cyclic action. It is shown that the conditions of cryoconcentration are determined by the boiling point of the refrigerant in the evaporator of the installation, the flow rate of the original blood washing the heat exchange surface and the content of soluble compounds in the initial liquid. Experimental data are presented in the form of growth curves of frozen ice on the heat exchange surface with an area of 0.2 m2. Using mathematical planning methods, equations are obtained that describe the amount of ice frozen for 1 hour per unit of surface area of the freezing plant, the specific energy input for freezing one kilogram of ice, and the dry matter content of the blood in the solution obtained by melting the frozen ice. The solved problem of optimizing the process of blood cryoconcentration made it possible to find rational intervals for changing the operating parameters of the freezing plant, ensuring the maximum amount of frozen ice, minimal energy costs and minimal content of soluble substances in the solution obtained by melting frozen ice. The suboptimal intervals of the indicated parameters were the following: refrigerant boiling point 256– 260 K, blood consumption (0.20–0.205)·10-3 m3/s, dry matter content 22.5–23.0 %.

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RESEARCH OF MICROBIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF FATS IN BEET MOLASSES SOLUTIONS

Известия вузов. Пищевая технология ◽

10.26297/0579-3009.2020.1.18 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

С.О. СЕМЕНИХИН ◽

О.В. ФЕДОСЕЕВА ◽

М.В. БАБАКИНА ◽

Н.М. ДАИШЕВА

Keyword(s):

Ph Value ◽

Matter Content ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Microbiological Synthesis ◽

Vital Activity ◽

Beet Molasses ◽

Initial Ph ◽

First Time ◽

Active Substances

Проведены исследования обработки растворов свекловичной мелассы 4 штаммами микроорганизмов с целью обогащения растворов жирами. Выявлено влияние начального значения рН, а также оптимального содержания сухих веществ в растворах мелассы, обеспечивающие эффективную жизнедеятельность микроорганизмов с синтезом биологически активных веществ. Установлено, что штаммы R. glutinis Y-332, C. curvatus Y-2236 и U. isabellina F-526 в растворах мелассы с начальным значением рН 8,5 синтезировали жиры в количестве 0,015 0,017 и 0,007 г/г сахаров соответственно штамм R. toruloides Y-334 в растворе мелассы с начальным значением рН 7,0 синтезировал жиры в количестве 0,004 г/г сахаров. Впервые получены экспериментальные данные, позволившие оценить эффективность микробиологического синтеза жиров в растворах мелассы без дополнительного внесения биогенных веществ, а также без поддержания оптимальной рН среды 4 видов микроорганизмов. Обосновано, что штаммы R. glutinis Y-332 и C. curvatus Y-2236 являются наиболее перспективными для обогащения растворов свекловичной мелассы жирами. Research aimed at treatment of beet molasses solutions with 4 strains of microorganisms in order to enrich the solutions with fats has beed established. The influence of the initial pH value, as well as the optimal dry matter content in molasses solutions, which ensure the effective vital activity of microorganisms with the synthesis of biologically active substances, is revealed. It was established that the strains of R. glutinis Y-332, C. curvatus Y-2236 and U. isabellina F-526 in molasses solutions with an initial pH of 8,5 synthesize fats in an amount of 0,015 0,017 and 0,007 g/g of sugars, respectively and the strain of R. toruloides Y-334 in molasses solution with an initial pH value of 7,0 synthesizes fats in an amount of 0,004 g/g of sugars. For the first time, it was obtained the experimental data that made possible to evaluate effectiveness of microbiological synthesis of fats in molasses solutions without nutrient addition, as well as without maintaining the optimal pH of the environment for 4 types of microorganisms. It is proved that R. glutinis strain Y-332 and C. curvatus strain Y-2236 are the most promising strains for enriching beet molasses solutions with fats.

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Sludge drying reed beds: full- and pilot-scale study for activated sludge treatment

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2009.388 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 60 (5) ◽

pp. 1145-1154 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

S. Troesch ◽

A. Liénard ◽

P. Molle ◽

G. Merlin ◽

D. Esser

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Rest Period ◽

Matter Content ◽

Full Scale ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Loading Frequency ◽

Reed Beds ◽

Hydraulic Behaviour ◽

Sludge Drying

Sludge drying reed beds have been used for dewatering and mineralization of sludge since the beginning of the 90s, but their insufficient performances in terms of Dry Matter [DM] content and mineralization of the sludge have made necessary new studies. Therefore, 8 pilots of 2 m2 each and a full-scale plant (13,000 p.e, 8 beds of 470 m2 in operation for 4 years) have been monitored to examine the influence of the sludge loading rate, the sludge quality and the loading frequency on the dewatering and mineralization efficiencies. Two filtration layers and two loading rhythms were tested on pilots which were fed at a loading rate of 25–30 kg DM m−2 yr−1 during the first year of operation (commissioning period). Hydraulic behaviour (infiltration rate, outflow), O2 and CO2 relative concentrations in the filtration media, redox potential, pollutants removal and dry matter content were assessed during all the study. The rheological quality of the extracted sludge from full scale beds was assessed and showed that its mechanical behaviour exceed those of sludge of comparable dry matter content, making its spreading easier. Therefore, this sludge could easily claim the status of solid and stabilized sludge according to the French regulation. Design and management recommendations (number of beds, loading rates, feeding/rest period) gained from the experiments results are suggested.

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Improving nutrient fixation and dry matter content of an ammonium-rich anaerobic digestion effluent by struvite formation and clay adsorption

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2014.236 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 337-344 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Maria M. Estevez ◽

Roar Linjordet ◽

Svein J. Horn ◽

John Morken

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Liquid Fraction ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Matter Content ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽

Struvite Precipitation ◽

Clay Materials

The anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic wastes that contain nitrogen leads to its mineralization, yielding a digestate rich in ammonium (NH4+), an important fertilizing nutrient. The applicability of AD digestate as fertilizer can be improved by fixating the nutrients and increasing its dry matter content. Methods for the fixation and recovery of the digestate's NH4+ and possible also PO43− include struvite precipitation and adsorption in clay materials such as bentonite. These techniques were tested in batch experiments employing the liquid fraction of a digestate originating from the AD of a substrate mix containing lignocellulose, cattle manure and fish industrial waste. The concentration of NH4+-N in this digestate was 2,300 mg L−1. Struvite precipitation conditions at a molar ratio of 1.2:1:1 (Mg2+:NH4+:PO43−) and pH 9.5 were best in terms of simultaneous removal of NH4+-N (88%), PO43− (60%) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (44%). Bentonite adsorption gave comparably high removal levels for NH4+-N (82%) and PO43− (52%). Analysis of the precipitates' morphology and elemental composition confirmed their struvite and bentonite nature. Dry matter content was increased from 5.8% in the AD digestate to 27% and 22% in the struvite and bentonite sludges, respectively.

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