scholarly journals Improving Regulation of Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and Stress-Related Gene Stimulation in Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus-Infected Cucumber Plants Treated with Glycine Betaine, Chitosan and Combination

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 2341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed R. Sofy ◽  
Rehab A. Dawoud ◽  
Mahmoud R. Sofy ◽  
Heba I. Mohamed ◽  
Ahmed A. Hmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Indole Acetic Acid ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Challenge Control ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) is a deadly plant virus that results in crop-yield losses with serious economic consequences. In recent years, environmentally friendly components have been developed to manage crop diseases as alternatives to chemical pesticides, including the use of natural compounds such as glycine betaine (GB) and chitosan (CHT), either alone or in combination. In the present study, the leaves of the cucumber plants were foliar-sprayed with GB and CHT—either alone or in combination—to evaluate their ability to induce resistance against CMV. The results showed a significant reduction in disease severity and CMV accumulation in plants treated with GB and CHT, either alone or in combination, compared to untreated plants (challenge control). In every treatment, growth indices, leaf chlorophylls content, phytohormones (i.e., indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid), endogenous osmoprotectants (i.e., proline, soluble sugars and glycine betaine), non-enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., ascorbic acid, glutathione and phenols) and enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, lipoxygenase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, chitinase and β-1,3 glucanase) of virus-infected plants were significantly increased. On the other hand, malondialdehyde and abscisic acid contents have been significantly reduced. Based on a gene expression study, all treated plants exhibited increased expression levels of some regulatory defense genes such as PR1 and PAL1. In conclusion, the combination of GB and CHT is the most effective treatment in alleviated virus infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the induction of systemic resistance against CMV by using GB.

scholarly journals Ameliorating the Adverse Effects of Tomato mosaic tobamovirus Infecting Tomato Plants in Egypt by Boosting Immunity in Tomato Plants Using Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1337
Author(s):  
Ahmed R. Sofy ◽  
Mahmoud R. Sofy ◽  
Ahmed A. Hmed ◽  
Rehab A. Dawoud ◽  
Abd El-Aleem M. Alnaggar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Tomato Mosaic Virus ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Zno Nps ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Challenge Control

Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is one of the economically damageable Tobamovirus infecting the tomato in Egypt that has caused significant losses. It is therefore of great interest to trigger systemic resistance to ToMV. In this endeavor, we aimed to explore the capacity of ZnO-NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles) to trigger tomato plant resistance against ToMV. Effects of ZnO-NPs on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth indices and antioxidant defense system activity under ToMV stress were investigated. Noticeably that treatment with ZnO-NPs showed remarkably increased growth indices, photosynthetic attributes, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants compared to the challenge control. Interestingly, oxidative damage caused by ToMV was reduced by reducing malondialdehyde, H2O2, and O2 levels. Overall, ZnO-NPs offer a safe and economic antiviral agent against ToMV.

Adaptive responses to drought of two Retama raetam subspecies from Tunisia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo GIL ◽  
Dhikra ZAYOUD ◽  
Zeineb OUERGHI ◽  
Monica BOSCAIU ◽  
Oscar VICENTE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Retama Raetam ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Desert Climate

Abstract Aims The survival and ecological distribution of plants in arid habitats are mainly conditioned by water availability and physiological adaptations to withstand drought. In the present study, we have compared the physiological responses to drought of two Retama raetam (retama) subspecies from Tunisia, one of them living under the desert climate (subsp. raetam) and the other one growing on the coast (subsp. bovei). Methods To physiologically characterize the two R. raetam subspecies, and to elucidate their main mechanisms underlying their tolerance to drought stress, parameters related to seed germination, growth, photosynthesis (net photosynthetic rate, intracellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency), and accumulation of osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine and soluble sugars) were determined in four-month-old plants subjected to stress for up to one month. Important findings Drought significantly inhibited germination, growth, and all the evaluated photosynthetic parameters. Plants of R. raetam subsp. bovei were severely affected by drought after three weeks of treatment when photosynthesis rates were up to 7-fold lower than in the controls. At the same time, proline and glycine betaine significantly accumulated compared to the irrigated controls, but much less than in R. raetam subsp. raetam; in the latter subspecies, proline and glycine betaine increased to levels 24-fold and 6-fold higher, respectively, than in the corresponding controls. In summary, the population living in the desert region exhibited stronger tolerance to drought stress than that adapted to the semiarid littoral climate, suggesting that tolerance in R. raetam is dependent on accumulation of osmolytes.

scholarly journals Induction of Osmoregulation and Modulation of Salt Stress inAcacia gerrardiiBenth. by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi andBacillus subtilis(BERA 71)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer Hashem ◽  
E. F. Abd_Allah ◽  
A. A. Alqarawi ◽  
A. A. Al-Huqail ◽  
M. A. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Acacia Gerrardii

The role of soil microbiota in plant stress management, though speculated a lot, is still far from being completely understood. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to examine synergistic impact of plant growth promoting rhizobacterium,Bacillus subtilis(BERA 71), and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Claroideoglomus etunicatum;Rhizophagus intraradices; andFunneliformis mosseae) to induce acquired systemic resistance in Talh tree (Acacia gerrardiiBenth.) against adverse impact of salt stress. Compared to the control, the BERA 71 treatment significantly enhanced root colonization intensity by AMF, in both presence and absence of salt. We also found positive synergistic interaction betweenB.subtilisand AMFvis-a-visimprovement in the nutritional value in terms of increase in total lipids, phenols, and fiber content. The AMF and BERA 71 inoculated plants showed increased content of osmoprotectants such as glycine, betaine, and proline, though lipid peroxidation was reduced probably as a mechanism of salt tolerance. Furthermore, the application of bioinoculants to Talh tree turned out to be potentially beneficial in ameliorating the deleterious impact of salinity on plant metabolism, probably by modulating the osmoregulatory system (glycine betaine, proline, and phenols) and antioxidant enzymes system (SOD, CAT, POD, GR, APX, DHAR, MDAHR, and GSNOR).

scholarly journals Consequences of Seed Priming with Salicylic Acid and Hydro Priming on Smooth Vetch Seedling Growth under Water Deficiency

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Amin Namdari ◽  
Abolfazl Baghbani
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
Available Water

Due to low rainfall at early autumn, smooth vetch seedling growth in rain-fed lands often is limited by water deficit stress yet the data regarding the reactions of smooth vetch to water deficit at early growth stages are pretty rare. The objective of current study was to examine possibility of using priming treatments (hydro priming and priming salicylic acid) to alleviate the inhibitory effect of water deficiency during early growth of Smooth Vetch. In this respect, seeds were soaked in distilled water (hydro priming) or 0.5 mM solution of SA for 36 h at 10 °C then dried back to original moisture content. Pots were irrigated for 25 days at four levels of available water containing field capacity (FC), 75% FC, 50% FC and 25% FC. In general, seedling emergence and early growth were markedly limited by increasing water deficiency. However, priming treatments particularly with SA caused considerable improvement in either emergence or growth of seedlings (dry weight, length). The obtained results showed that primed samples exhibited higher accumulation of proline, glycine betaine (GB) under all levels of available water except 100% FC and also higher total soluble sugars (TSS) and trehalose under severe water deficit (25% FC). SA primed samples had higher relative water content especially under higher levels of water deficiency. The more balanced water status within SA primed samples also was accompanied with higher accumulation of proline and glycine betaine. There were significant differences between two priming treatments in terms of proline and GB content within seedlings and SA priming considerably increased proline and GB accumulation. In contrast to proline and GB, TSS and trehalose content wasn’t influenced by SA treatment and both hydro and SA primed samples showed statistically similar quantities.

Does Early-Season Defoliation of Crabapple (Malus sp.) by Eastern Tent Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) Induce Resistance to Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)?

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty Kreuger ◽  
Daniel A. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Induced Systemic Resistance ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Popillia Japonica ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Eastern Tent Caterpillar ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Tent Caterpillars ◽  
And Control ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

We tested the hypothesis that early-season defoliation of flowering crabapple, Malus sp., by eastern tent caterpillars, Malacosoma americanum F., induces localized or systemic resistance to Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman, feeding on the same trees in late June. ‘Candymint Sargent’ crabapple trees were inoculated with M. americanum egg masses, resulting in extensive defoliation during March and April. Second flush leaves of defoliated trees were smaller and thinner than those of control trees. In laboratory feeding assays with non-damaged foliage, beetles generally preferred fully expanded leaves over partially expanded ones, regardless of whether or not the source tree had been defoliated. Detached first flush leaves with caterpillar damage were fed upon less than comparable non-damaged leaves, suggesting that early-season wounding causes some within-leaf reduction in palatability to P. japonica. Other assays with detached first- and second-flush leaves, however, indicated absence of induced, systemic resistance. Previously-defoliated and control trees sustained comparable damage from natural beetle populations in the field. Our results suggest that defoliation of Malus sp. by tent caterpillars in early spring is unlikely to reduce feeding damage by Japanese beetles later in the same growing season.

scholarly journals Effect of Salt Stress on Growth, Physiological Parameters, and Ionic Concentration of Water Dropwort (Oenanthe javanica) Cultivars

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunjeet Kumar ◽  
Gaojie Li ◽  
Jingjing Yang ◽  
Xinfang Huang ◽  
Qun Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
High Accumulation ◽  
Oenanthe Javanica ◽  
Leaves And Roots ◽  
Water Dropwort ◽  
Number Of Branches

Salt stress is an important environmental limiting factor. Water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica) is an important vegetable in East Asia; however, its phenotypic and physiological response is poorly explored. For this purpose, 48 cultivars of water dropwort were grown hydroponically and treated with 0, 50, 100, and 200 mm NaCl for 14 days. Than their phenotypic responses were evaluated, afterward, physiological studies were carried out in selected sensitive and tolerant cultivars. In the present study, the potential tolerant (V11E0022) and sensitive (V11E0135) cultivars were selected by screening 48 cultivars based on their phenotype under four different levels of salt concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 200 mm). The results depicted that plant height, number of branches and leaves were less effected in V11E0022, and most severe reduction was observed in V11E0135 in comparison with others. Than the changes in biomass, ion contents, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and activities of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants were determined in the leaves and roots of the selected cultivars. The potential tolerant cultivar (V11E0022) showed less reduction of water content and demonstrated low levels of Na+ uptake, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in both leaves and roots. Moreover, the tolerant cultivar (V11E0022) showed high antioxidant activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and high accumulation of proline and soluble sugars compared to the sensitive cultivar (V11E0135). These results suggest the potential tolerance of V11E0022 cultivar against salt stress with low detrimental effects and a good antioxidant defense system. The observations also suggest good antioxidant capacity of water dropwort against salt stress. The findings of the present study also suggest that the number of branches and leaves, GSH, proline, soluble sugars, APX, and CAT could serve as the efficient markers for understanding the defense mechanisms of water dropwort under the conditions of salt stress.

scholarly journals A Review on the Biological Resistance of Terricolous Microorganisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-446
Author(s):  
Mitra Abootorabi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Harmful Effects

The excessive use of chemical pesticides to confront pests causes environmental pollution. Furthermore, plant pathogens resist chemical pesticides. When such pathogens accumulate in plants or soil, they will cause harmful effects on humans. Biological control is an alternative method that reduces or terminates the use of chemical compounds in agriculture. Biological control is also carried out by microorganisms. Bacteria are the main group of these microorganisms. Due to the extensive presence in the soil, tolerating changes of temperature, pH, and salinity as well as producing endospore resistant species, Bacillus bacteria are used in biological control of soil. Bacillus species are often found in soil and rhizosphere. These bacteria help with the control of plant pathogens by producing siderophore, secretion of enzymes, production of antibiotics and inducing systemic resistance. In this study, various biological control mechanisms which are carried out by microorganisms have been reviewed.

scholarly journals Effects of Exogenous Application of Osmotic Adjustment Substances on Growth, Pigment Concentration, and Physiological Parameters of Dracaena sanderiana Sander under Different Levels of Salinity

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro García-Caparrós ◽  
Alfonso Llanderal ◽  
Elodie Hegarat ◽  
María Jiménez-Lao ◽  
María Teresa Lao
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Exogenous Application ◽  
Mode Of Application ◽  
Dracaena Sanderiana

We evaluated two osmotic adjustment substances (glycine betaine (GB) and glycine (G) and a combination of both glycine + glycine betaine (G + GB) using two modes of application; irrigation and foliar sprays with Dracaena sanderiana plants. The plants were grown in containers and subjected to two levels of NaCl concentrations (2.0 and 7.5 dS m−1) over 8 weeks. Growth, pigment concentrations, and physiological parameters were assessed at the end of the trial. The foliar application of GB resulted in most optimal plant growth and biomass production in the presence of NaCl. The chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations showed different trends depending on the osmotic adjustment substance applied and the mode of application. Stomatal density and dimensions varied considerably with respect to the osmotic adjustment substance supplied. The concentration of soluble sugars in leaves did not show a clear trend under the different treatments assessed. The exogenous application of G resulted in the highest concentration of free proline and proteins in leaves. The antioxidant capacity in leaves increased with both osmotic adjustment substances, and both means of application, under low and high saline conditions. We concluded that the foliar application of GB can be recommended in order to achieve cost-effective growth of D. sanderiana under saline conditions.

scholarly journals Control of Postharvest Decay of Apple Fruit with Candida saitoana and Induction of Defense Responses

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed El Ghaouth ◽  
Charles L. Wilson ◽  
Michael Wisniewski
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Induce Systemic Resistance ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Glucanase Activity ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Lag Period

The ability of Candida saitoana to induce systemic resistance in apple fruit against Botrytis cinerea was investigated. To separate the antagonistic activity of C. saitoana from its ability to induce resistance, the antagonist and the pathogen were applied in spatially separated wounds. In fresh apples, C. saitoana applied 0 or 24 h before inoculation with B. cinerea showed no effect on lesion development caused by B. cinerea. When applied 48 to 72 h preinoculation with B. cinerea, however, C. saitoana reduced lesion diameter by more than 50 and 70%, respectively, compared with wounding. C. saitoana had no effect on lesion development on stored apples, regardless of the lag period between yeast treatment and inoculation with B. cinerea. In addition to inducing systemic resistance, C. saitoana increased chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities with a higher accumulation in fresh than in stored apples. In fresh apples, the onset of systemic resistance to B. cinerea coincided with the increase in chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activity in systemically protected tissue. These studies show that C. saitoana is capable of inducing systemic resistance in apple fruit and indirectly suggest that antifungal hydrolases are involved in the observed systemic protection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document