Valorization of Mushroom By-Products as a Source of Value-Added Compounds and Potential Applications

Nowadays, the food sector is highly concerned with environmental issues and foreseen to develop strategies to reduce waste and losses resulting from activities developed in the food system. An approach is to increment added value to the agro-industrial wastes, which might provide economic growth and environmental protection, contributing to a circular economy. Mushroom by-products represent a disposal problem, but they are also promising sources of important compounds, which may be used due to their functional and nutritional properties. Research has been developed in different fields to obtain value added solutions for the by-products generated during mushroom production and processing. Bioactive compounds have been obtained and applied in the development of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical formulations. Additionally, other applications have been explored and include animal feed, fertilizer, bioremediation, energy production, bio-based materials, cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. The main purpose of this review is to highlight the relevant composition of mushroom by-products and discuss their potential as a source of functional compounds and other applications. Future research needs to explore pilot and industrial scale extraction methods to understand the technological feasibility and the economic sustainability of the bioactive compounds extraction and valorization towards different applications.

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Green and Sustainable Valorization of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Pinus By-Products

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25122931 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (12) ◽

pp. 2931 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pedro Ferreira-Santos ◽

Elisa Zanuso ◽

Zlatina Genisheva ◽

Cristina M. R. Rocha ◽

José A. Teixeira

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Electric Fields ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Food Additives ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Added Value ◽

Green Technologies ◽

By Products ◽

Pine Species

In Europe, pine forests are one of the most extended forests formations, making pine residues and by-products an important source of compounds with high industrial interest as well as for bioenergy production. Moreover, the valorization of lumber industry residues is desirable from a circular economy perspective. Different extraction methods and solvents have been used, resulting in extracts with different constituents and consequently with different bioactivities. Recently, emerging and green technologies as ultrasounds, microwaves, supercritical fluids, pressurized liquids, and electric fields have appeared as promising tools for bioactive compounds extraction in alignment with the Green Chemistry principles. Pine extracts have attracted the researchers’ attention because of the positive bioproperties, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-neurodegenerative, antitumoral, cardioprotective, etc., and potential industrial applications as functional foods, food additives as preservatives, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Phenolic compounds are responsible for many of these bioactivities. However, there is not much information in the literature about the individual phenolic compounds of extracts from the pine species. The present review is about the reutilization of residues and by-products from the pine species, using ecofriendly technologies to obtain added-value bioactive compounds for industrial applications.

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Obtaining Antioxidants and Natural Preservatives from Food By-Products through Fermentation: A Review

Fermentation ◽

10.3390/fermentation7030106 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 106

Author(s):

Francisco J. Martí-Quijal ◽

Sucheta Khubber ◽

Fabienne Remize ◽

Igor Tomasevic ◽

Elena Roselló-Soto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Scale Up ◽

Added Value ◽

High Yield ◽

Future Research ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Antioxidant Peptides ◽

Natural Preservatives ◽

By Products

Industrial food waste has potential for generating income from high-added-value compounds through fermentation. Solid-state fermentation is promising to obtain a high yield of bioactive compounds while requiring less water for the microorganism’s growth. A number of scientific studies evinced an increase in flavonoids or phenolics from fruit or vegetable waste and bioactive peptides from cereal processing residues and whey, a major waste of the dairy industry. Livestock, fish, or shellfish processing by-products (skin, viscera, fish scales, seabass colon, shrimp waste) also has the possibility of generating antioxidant peptides, hydrolysates, or compounds through fermentation. These bioactive compounds (phenolics, flavonoids, or antioxidant peptides) resulting from bacterial or fungal fermentation are also capable of inhibiting the growth of commonly occurring food spoilage fungi and can be used as natural preservatives. Despite the significant release or enhancement of antioxidant compounds through by-products fermentation, the surface areas of large-scale bioreactors and flow patterns act as constraints in designing a scale-up process for improved efficiency. An in-process purification method can also be the most significant contributing factor for raising the overall cost. Therefore, future research in modelling scale-up design can contribute towards mitigating the discard of high-added-value generating residues. Therefore, in this review, the current knowledge on the use of fermentation to obtain bioactive compounds from food by-products, emphasizing their use as natural preservatives, was evaluated.

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Innovative Green Technologies of Intensification for Valorization of Seafood and Their By-Products

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md17120689 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (12) ◽

pp. 689 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Fadila Al Khawli ◽

Mirian Pateiro ◽

Rubén Domínguez ◽

José M. Lorenzo ◽

Patricia Gullón ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Properties ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Added Value ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Green Technologies ◽

Alternative Technologies ◽

Fish And Shellfish ◽

By Products

The activities linked to the fishing sector generate substantial quantities of by-products, which are often discarded or used as low-value ingredients in animal feed. However, these marine by-products are a prominent potential good source of bioactive compounds, with important functional properties that can be isolated or up-concentrated, giving them an added value in higher end markets, as for instance nutraceuticals and cosmetics. This valorization of fish by-products has been boosted by the increasing awareness of consumers regarding the relationship between diet and health, demanding new fish products with enhanced nutritional and functional properties. To obtain fish by-product-derived biocompounds with good, functional and acceptable organoleptic properties, the selection of appropriate extraction methods for each bioactive ingredient is of the outmost importance. In this regard, over the last years, innovative alternative technologies of intensification, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), have become an alternative to the conventional methods in the isolation of valuable compounds from fish and shellfish by-products. Innovative green technologies present great advantages to traditional methods, preserving and even enhancing the quality and the extraction efficiency, as well as minimizing functional properties’ losses of the bioactive compounds extracted from marine by-products. Besides their biological activities, bioactive compounds obtained by innovative alternative technologies can enhance several technological properties of food matrices, enabling their use as ingredients in novel foods. This review is focusing on analyzing the principles and the use of UAE and SFE as emerging technologies to valorize seafoods and their by-products.

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By-Products of Camu-Camu [Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh] as Promising Sources of Bioactive High Added-Value Food Ingredients: Functionalization of Yogurts

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25010070 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 70 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Natália Conceição ◽

Bianca R. Albuquerque ◽

Carla Pereira ◽

Rúbia C. G. Corrêa ◽

Camila B. Lopes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Food System ◽

Food Additives ◽

Added Value ◽

Phenolic Profile ◽

Food Ingredients ◽

Myrciaria Dubia ◽

By Products ◽

Fruit Part

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh) is a fruit economically relevant to the Amazon region, mostly consumed in the form of processed pulp. Our aim was to perform an unprecedented comparative study on the chemical composition and bioactivities of the camu-camu pulp and industrial bio-residues (peel and seed), and then the most promising fruit part was further explored as a functionalized ingredient in yogurt. A total of twenty-three phenolic compounds were identified, with myricetin-O-pentoside and cyanindin-3-O-glucoside being the main compounds in peels, followed by p-coumaroyl hexoside in the pulp, and ellagic acid in the seeds. The peel displayed the richest phenolic profile among samples, as well as the most significant antibacterial (MICs = 0.625–10 mg/mL) and anti-proliferative (GI50 = 180 µg/mL against HeLa cells) activities. For this reason, it was selected to be introduced in a food system (yogurt). Taken together, our results suggest the possibility of using the camu-camu peel as a source of food additives.

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Bioactive Compounds Obtained from Polish “Marynka” Hop Variety Using Efficient Two-Step Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Comparison of Their Antibacterial, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Proliferative Activities In Vitro

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26082366 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 2366

Author(s):

Katarzyna Klimek ◽

Katarzyna Tyśkiewicz ◽

Malgorzata Miazga-Karska ◽

Agnieszka Dębczak ◽

Edward Rój ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Supercritical Fluid Extraction ◽

Supercritical Fluid ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Normal Skin ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Added Value ◽

Fluid Extraction

Given the health-beneficial properties of compounds from hop, there is still a growing trend towards developing successful extraction methods with the highest yield and also receiving the products with high added value. The aim of this study was to develop efficient extraction method for isolation of bioactive compounds from the Polish “Marynka” hop variety. The modified two-step supercritical fluid extraction allowed to obtain two hop samples, namely crude extract (E1), composed of α-acids, β-acids, and terpene derivatives, as well as pure xanthohumol with higher yield than that of other available methods. The post-extraction residues (R1) were re-extracted in order to obtain extract E2 enriched in xanthohumol. Then, both samples were subjected to investigation of their antibacterial (anti-acne, anti-caries), cytotoxic, and anti-proliferative activities in vitro. It was demonstrated that extract (E1) possessed more beneficial biological properties than xanthohumol. It exhibited not only better antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria strains (MIC, MBC) but also possessed a higher synergistic effect with commercial antibiotics when compared to xanthohumol. Moreover, cell culture experiments revealed that crude extract neither inhibited viability nor divisions of normal skin fibroblasts as strongly as xanthohumol. In turn, calculated selectivity indexes showed that the crude extract had from slightly to significantly better selective anti-proliferative activity towards cancer cells in comparison with xanthohumol.

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Valorization of Kiwi by-Products for the Recovery of Bioactive Compounds: Circular Economy Model

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/foods_2020-07647 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Franklin Chamorro ◽

María Carpena ◽

Bernabé Nuñez-Estevez ◽

Miguel A. Prieto ◽

Jesus Simal-Gandara

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Added Value ◽

Economic Returns ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

By Products

Currently, agricultural production generates large amounts of organic waste, both from the maintenance of farms and crops, and from the industrialization of the product. Generally, these wastes are accumulated in landfills or burned, sometimes causing environmental problems. However, many scientific studies suggest that these residues are rich in bioactive compounds, so these matrices could be revalued for their use in food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries. In this way, the circular and sustainable economy is favored, while obtaining products with high added value. In this case, this approach is applied to the residues generated from kiwi production, since numerous studies have shown the high content of kiwi in bioactive compounds of interest, such as phenolic compounds, vitamins, and carotenoids. These compounds have been reported for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, among other beneficial properties for health such as its use as prebiotic. Therefore, this article reviews the potential of residues derived from industrial processing and agricultural maintenance of kiwi as promising matrices for the development of new nutraceutical, cosmetic, or pharmacological products, obtaining, at the same time, economic returns and a reduction of the environmental impact of this industry, attaching it to the perspective of the circular economy.

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Technologies and Extraction Methods of Polyphenolic Compounds Derived from Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peels. A Mini Review

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9020236 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 236

Author(s):

Dimitrios Lampakis ◽

Prodromos Skenderidis ◽

Stefanos Leontopoulos

Keyword(s):

Electric Fields ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

New Technologies ◽

Ohmic Heating ◽

Punica Granatum ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Added Value ◽

Green Solvents ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Functional Product

The interest in using plant by-product extracts as functional ingredients is continuously rising due to environmental and financial prospects. The development of new technologies has led to the achievement of aqueous extracts with high bioactivity that is preferable due to organic solvents nonuse. Recently, widely applied and emerging technologies, such as Simple Stirring, Pressure-Applied Extraction, Enzymatic Extraction, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, Pulsed Electric Fields, High Hydrostatic Pressure, Ohmic Heating, Microwave Assistant Extraction and the use of “green” solvents such as the deep eutectic solvents, have been investigated in order to contribute to the minimization of disadvantages on the extraction of bioactive compounds. This review is focused on bioactive compounds derived from pomegranate (Punica granatum) peels and highlighted the most attractive extraction methods. It is believed that these findings could be a useful tool for the pomegranate juices industry to apply an effective and economically viable extraction process, transforming a by-product to a high added value functional product.

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The Bioactive Potential of Trawl Discard: Case Study from a Crinoid Bed Off Blanes (North-Western Mediterranean)

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19020083 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

Alfredo García-de-Vinuesa ◽

Montserrat Demestre ◽

Arnau Carreño ◽

Josep Lloret

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Fish Habitat ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Marine Species ◽

Western Mediterranean ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Added Value ◽

Future Research ◽

Trawl Survey ◽

Bioactive Potential

Although knowledge of the bioactive compounds produced by species inhabiting coastal waters is increasing, little is known about the bioactive potential produced by marine species occupying deeper habitats with high biodiversity and productivity. Here, we investigate about the bioactive potential of molecules produced by species that inhabit the crinoid beds, a poorly known essential fish habitat affected by trawling, wherein large amounts of commercial and noncommercial species are discarded. Based on a trawl survey conducted in 2019, 14% of the 64 species discarded on crinoid beds produce molecules with some type of bioactive potential, including; soft corals (Alcyonium palmatum); tunicates (Ascidia mentula); bony fish, such as horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus); European hake (Merluccius merluccius); and chondrichthyans, such as small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula). In addition, 16% of the discarded species had congeneric species that produce compounds with bioactive potential, indicating that such species might also possess similar types of bioactive molecules. Molecules with antioxidant, antitumour, antihypertensive, and antibacterial properties were the most frequent, which could provide the basis for future research aiming to discover new marine-based drugs and compounds for other human uses. Among all species or genera that produce compounds with bioactive potential, 68% presented medium or high vulnerability to trawling. Results show that the discarded catch contains many species, which produce different bioactive compounds that represent an added-value resource. These results highlight the importance of manage properly crinoid beds, to ensure that species that produce molecules with bioactive potential inhabiting these habitats are protected.

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Green and Durable Lightweight Aggregate Concrete: The Role of Waste and Recycled Materials

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13133041 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 3041 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jiyu Wang ◽

Kai Zheng ◽

Na Cui ◽

Xin Cheng ◽

Kai Ren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Lightweight Aggregate ◽

Cementitious Materials ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Lightweight Aggregate Concrete ◽

Future Research ◽

Aggregate Concrete ◽

By Products

Lightweight aggregate concrete manufactured by solid waste or recycled by-products is a burgeoning topic in construction and building materials. It has significant merits in mitigating the negative impact on the environment during the manufacturing of Portland cement and reduces the consumption of natural resources. In this review article, the agricultural and industrial wastes and by-products, which were used as cementitious materials and artificial lightweight aggregate concrete, are summarized. Besides, the mechanical properties, durability, and a few advanced microstructure characterization methods were reviewed as well. This review also provides a look to the future research trends that may help address the challenges or further enhance the environmental benefits of lightweight aggregate concrete manufactured with solid waste and recycled by-products.

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Exploitation of Agro-Industrial Waste as Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds for Aquaculture

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9070843 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 843

Author(s):

Nayely Leyva-López ◽

Cynthia E. Lizárraga-Velázquez ◽

Crisantema Hernández ◽

Erika Y. Sánchez-Gutiérrez

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Food Additives ◽

Well Being ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Added Value ◽

Bodies Of Water

The agroindustry generates a large amount of waste. In postharvest, food losses can reach up to 50%. This waste represents a source of contamination of soil, air, and bodies of water. This represents a problem for the environment as well as for public health. However, this waste is an important source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, terpenes, and β-glucans, among others. Several biological activities have been attributed to these compounds; for example, antioxidant, antimicrobial, gut microbiota, and immune system modulators. These properties have been associated with improvements in health. Recently, the approach of using these bioactive compounds as food additives for aquaculture have been addressed, where it is sought that organisms, in addition to growing, preserve their health and become disease resistant. The exploitation of agro-industrial waste as a source of bioactive compounds for aquaculture has a triple objective—to provide added value to production chains, reduce pollution, and improve the well-being of organisms through nutrition. However, to make use of the waste, it is necessary to revalue them, mainly by determining their biological effects in aquaculture organisms. The composition of bioactive compounds of agro-industrial wastes, their biological properties, and their application in aquaculture will be addressed here.

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