Common Trends and Differences in Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Phenolic Substances Using Single Electron Transfer Based Assays

Numerous assays were developed to measure the antioxidant activity, but each has limitations and the results obtained by different methods are not always comparable. Popular examples are the DPPH and ABTS assay. Our aim was to study similarities and differences of these two assay regarding the measured antioxidant potentials of 24 phenolic compounds using the same measurement and evaluation methods. This should allow conclusions to be drawn as to whether one of the assays is more suitable for measuring specific subgroups like phenolic acids, flavonols, flavanones, dihydrochalcones or flavanols. The assays showed common trends for the mean values of most of the subgroups. Some dihydrochalcones and flavanones did not react with the DPPH radical in contrast to the ABTS radical, leading to significant differences. Therefore, to determine the antioxidant potential of dihydrochalcone or flavanone-rich extracts, the ABTS assay should be preferred. We found that the results of the flavonoids in the DPPH assay were dependent on the Bors criteria, whereas the structure–activity relationship in the ABTS assay was not clear. For the phenolic acids, the results in the ABTS assay were only high for pyrogallol structures, while the DPPH assay was mainly determined by the number of OH groups.

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Survey of Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids and In Vitro Antioxidant Potency Between Fig Peels and Pulps: Chemical and Chemometric Approach

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26092574 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 2574

Author(s):

Lahcen Hssaini ◽

Francisca Hernandez ◽

Manuel Viuda-Martos ◽

Jamal Charafi ◽

Rachid Razouk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Acids ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Fruit Peel ◽

Mean Values ◽

Local Cultivar ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

The Mean ◽

Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition ◽

Almost All

In the present study, chromatic coordinates, phenolic acids, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) and lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity (LPIC) essays and their relative IC50 were investigated in 25 fig cultivars growing in Morocco. The aims of this study were to determine (i) the variation in these compounds among light and dark-colored cultivars, (ii) their partitioning between fruit peel and pulp and (iii) to display network connections among these variables. Twelve phenolic compounds (PCs) were isolated in peel extract versus eight in pulp samples. Anthocyanins, mainly cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, were the predominant compounds in peels, where the mean concentrations were 75.90 ± 18.76 and 77.97 ± 18.95 µg/g dw, respectively. On the other hand, (−)-epicatechin and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside were the major compounds in the pulp extracts, where the mean values were 5.23 ± 4.03 and 9.01 ± 5.67 µg/g dw, respectively. A two-dimensional hierarchically clustered heatmap was applied to the dataset to explore correlations in the dataset and similarities between cultivars, without dimensionality reduction. Results showed that anthocyanins, particularly pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, were the main contributors to the peels’ free radical scavenging capacity. This capacity was particularly higher in the peel of dark-colored figs compared to the fruit pulp. The local cultivar “INRA 1301” showed the most promising phenolic profile due to its very high levels of almost all detected PCs, especially (−)-epicatechin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidine-3,5-diglucoside, cyanidine-3-O-rutinoside and pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside (54.66, 141.08, 35.48, 494.08, 478.66, 12.56 µg/g dw, respectively). Having the darkest figs in the collection (L* = 25.72, c* = 22.09 and h° = 20.99), this cultivar has also combined promising IC50 values, which were of 19.85, 40.58 and 124.78 µg/mL for DPPH, ABTS and LPIC essays, respectively.

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SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF 2-ARYL BENZOTHIAZOLE DERIVATIVES

International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.22159/ijcpr.2018v10i5.29685 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 3

Author(s):

Shaista Amin ◽

Amrita Parle

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Aromatic Aldehydes ◽

Benzoic Acids ◽

Dpph Assay ◽

Abts Assay ◽

Antioxidant Assay ◽

Benzothiazole Derivatives ◽

Comparable Activity ◽

Layer Chromatography

Objective: To synthesize benzothiazole derivatives, characterize them by 1HNMR and ATIR techniques and evaluate for their antioxidant activity.Methods: In the present study 12 benzothiazole derivatives were synthesized by reacting 2-chloronitro benzene as the primary reactant with different aromatic aldehydes and benzoic acids. Reactions were monitored using thin layer chromatography technique, and the newly synthesized derivatives were characterized by ATIR and 1HNMR techniques. The antioxidant assay was performed using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) or ABTS method and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl or DPPH method.Results: The antioxidant activity was found to be better in ABTS assay than DPPH assay. The compounds showed comparable activity to ascorbic acid at 100µg/ml.Conclusion: It was found that the synthesized benzothiazole derivatives showed significant radical scavenging potential.

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Antioxidant Activity of Moringa oleifera Extracts

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.21145 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 297 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Wiwit Denny Fitriana ◽

Taslim Ersam ◽

Kuniyoshi Shimizu ◽

Sri Fatmawati

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Free Radical ◽

Moringa Oleifera ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Free Radical Scavenging ◽

Free Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Dpph Assay ◽

Abts Assay

Moringa oleifera have been evaluated for its antioxidant activity. M. oleifera leaves were extracted with methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and n-hexane. The antioxidant activity of extracts were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay and an improved 2,2’-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline sulphonate] (ABTS) radical cation decolorization assay in vitro. Trolox was used as standard with IC50 5.89 μg/mL in DPPH assay and 3.06 μg/mL in ABTS assay. The methanol extract showed the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 49.30 μg/mL in DPPH assay and 11.73 μg/mL in ABTS assay. This study provided that M. oleifera leaves possess antioxidant.

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ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FOREST MANGGOSTEEN (Garcinia hombroniana Pierre) FRACTION USING DPPH AND ABTS METHOD

Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.18006/2021.9(spl-2-icopmes_2020).s280.s285 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (Spl-2-ICOPMES_2020) ◽

pp. S280-S285

Author(s):

Ismail . ◽

◽

Mufidah . ◽

Sukamto S. Mamada ◽

Amrianto . ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Active Fraction ◽

Dpph Assay ◽

Abts Assay ◽

Ic50 Value ◽

Vacuum Column ◽

Qualitative Determination

This study was carried out to determine the active antioxidant fraction of Garcinia hombroniana bark extract by the DPPH and ABTS method. Along with this, the study also attempts to identify the class of compounds present in the various extract of G. hombroniana by the active fraction. The bark extract of G. hombroniana was prepared by the multilevel maceration method by using three solvents including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 96% ethanol. Results of study suggested that n-hexane (HSE), ethyl acetate (EASE) and ethanol 96% extract (ESE) have antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 423 ± 16.72 μg/mL, 284.89 ± 2.7μg/mL, and 10.49 ± 0.19 μg/mL in DPPH assay, while these extracts showed IC50 value of 560.92 ± 48.86 μg/mL, 430.18 ± 16.65 μg/mL, and 13.92 ± 0.57 μg/mL respectively in ABTS assay. Further, fractionated using vacuum column chromatography revealed the presence of five fractions viz., A, B, C, D, and E. Among these, fractions D showed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 4.83 ± 0.18 μg/mL and 6.82 ± 0.31 μg/mL in DPPH and ABTS assays. Results of the fractioned analysis and qualitative determination showed that the active fraction of G. hombroniana contained flavonoid, triterpenoid, alkaloid, and saponin compounds, and antioxidant activities of these extracts might be due to the presence of these active ingredients.

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Assessment of Volatiles and Polyphenol Content, Physicochemical Parameters and Antioxidant Activity in Beers with Dotted Hawthorn (Crataegus punctata)

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9060775 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 775 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alan Gasiński ◽

Joanna Kawa-Rygielska ◽

Antoni Szumny ◽

Justyna Gąsior ◽

Adam Głowacki

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Volatile Compounds ◽

Solid Phase Microextraction ◽

High Performance ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Total Content ◽

Dpph Assay ◽

Frap Assay ◽

Abts Assay ◽

Hawthorn Fruit

Beer with the addition of dotted hawthorn (Crataegus punctata) fruit and juice was prepared and analysed. The content of carbohydrates, glycerol and ethanol in beers was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Analysis of the total content of polyphenols was also performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, as well as determining antioxidant capacity by DPPH• and ABTS+• assay, and the ability to reduce iron ions by FRAP assay. Content of volatile compounds was analysed by means of solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. Beers with addition of hawthorn, both juice and fruit, had higher antioxidative potential and higher polyphenols concentration compared to control beer. The content of polyphenols in beers was in the range 200.5–410.0 mg GAE/L, and the antioxidant activity was in the range of 0.936–2.04 mmol TE/L (ABTS+• assay), 0.352–2.175 mmol TE/L (DPPH• assay) and 0.512–1.35 mmol TE/L (FRAP assay). A sensory evaluation of beers was also carried out. Beer with hawthorn fruit addition obtained the best scores in sensory analysis for criteria such as aroma, taste and overall quality. This beer had the highest content of volatile compounds (287.9 µg/100 mL of beer), while the control beer had lowest concentrations (35.9 µg/100 mL of beer).

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Measurement and Evaluation of Functional and Operational Coefficients of Hydraulic Solenoid Valve Prototypes Used for Variable Valve Timing Control in Combustion Engines

Acta Mechanica et Automatica ◽

10.2478/ama-2021-0011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 74-81

Author(s):

Marcin Kalinowski ◽

Zbigniew Kamiński

Keyword(s):

Statistical Tests ◽

Solenoid Valve ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

Mean Values ◽

Test Methodology ◽

The Mean ◽

Measurement And Evaluation ◽

Variable Valve ◽

Structure And Functions ◽

Main Operating

Abstract This paper describes the engineering structure and functions of a typical solenoid valve used in hydraulic mechanisms that are based on variable camshaft timing (VCT). The main operating parameters and functional utility coefficients of hydraulic solenoid valves have been defined. Tests of 10 reference and 10 prototype valves were run on a test stand for a comparative assessment of both engineering concepts based on Welch and Mann–Whitney statistical tests of the mean values of designated coefficients. The studies identified differences between both designs, and the obtained research material was used as an input to improve the performance of the engineered concept. To perform a final evaluation of the effects that arise as a result of changes introduced to some functional–operational coefficients, additional tests are required to be run on an engine testbed. The applied test methodology may then be used for control and verification tests of the valves, which can further be used in VCT technology.

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Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Ischaemum indicum leaves extracted using different solvents

Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences ◽

10.11113/mjfas.v15n3.1037 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 436-440

Author(s):

Fithrotul Auwaliyah ◽

Hamdan Dwi Rizqi ◽

Adi Setyo Purnomo ◽

Sri Fatmawati

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Dpph Assay ◽

Abts Assay ◽

Water Extracts ◽

Broth Dilution

The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Ischaemum indicum leaves extracts based on different polarity solvents: water, methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-hexane. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using ABTS and DPPH methods, while the antibacterial activity was determined by broth dilution method against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. The results showed that water and methanol extracts of I. indicum gave the highest antioxidant activity in ABTS assay with an IC50 73.80 and 46.32 µg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, The IC50 on DPPH assay for water extracts was 117.51 µg/mL, this value was higher than that of methanol extract with no inhibition. Methanol and water extracts showed the antibacterial activity against B. subtilis with inhibition of 48.62 and 45.11%, whereas inhibition of P. aeruginosa were 31.95 and 30.31%, respectively. This study denoted that I. indicum is a new potential candidate as antioxidant source.

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Evaluation of the Composition of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Fourteen Apricot Varieties of North India

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v9n5p66 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 66 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sajad Mohd Wani ◽

Peerzada Rashid Hussain ◽

Farooq Ahmad Masoodi ◽

Mukhtar Ahmad ◽

Touseef Ahmad Wani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Phenolic Acid ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Sinapic Acid ◽

North India ◽

Dpph Assay ◽

Total Carotenoids ◽

First Time

Variation in the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity was evaluated in fourteen apricot varieties grown in north India. In the present study, the bioactive composition of apricot varieties of north Indian Kashmir was assessed by HPLC-MS/MS and their contribution towards free radical scavenging was assessed using DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays. Studies revealed that content of bioactive compounds in apricot varieties was found to vary significantly (p ≤ 0.05) among cultivars. Content of total phenols was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in Rakausilk variety (72.5±3.12 mg/100 g GAE) followed by Viva-gold (71.2±2.11 mg/100 g GAE) and Rakhchekarpo (69.6±1.65 mg/100 g GAE). Halman apricots exhibited the highest content of total carotenoids (12.2±2.13 mg/100 g) followed by Nugget (10.5±1.11 mg/100 g). HPLC analysis of apricot samples revealed the presence of fifteen phenolic acids in Halman, Venatchaa, Rakausilk and New Castle varieties; nine phenolic acid in Rakchekarpo and Sterling apricots; twelve phenolic acids in Shakanda, Nugget, Shakarpara and CITH-1 varieties; fourteen phenolic acid in Viva gold and Turkey varieties; seven phenolic acid in Khante and nineteen phenolic acids in CITH-2 apricots. Strong correlation existed between total phenolics and antioxidant activity for DPPH assay (r = 0.91) and ABTS radical inhibition (r = 0.86) while as moderate correlation existed for FRAP (r = 0.76). For DPPH and FRAP assays; EC50 values among apricot varieties were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower in Rakausilk (69.2, 123.6 mg/ml) followed by Viva Gold (74.3, 129.5 mg/ml) and Rakhchekarpo (77.4, 132.4 mg/ml). For ABTS.+ inhibition the EC50 values among apricot varieties were in the order of EC50(Rakausilk) < EC50(Khante) < EC50(Viva Gold). The present study reported the first time presence of p-coumaric acid-O-hexoside, isorhamnetin-O-glucouronide, Kaempferol-3-O-acetylhexoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, sinapic acid-O- hexoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, vitexin and luteolin-7-O-rutinoside compounds in apricot varieties of north India.

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Antioxidant Activity of Syzygium polyanthum Extracts

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.23545 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 49 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mutia Devi Hidayati ◽

Taslim Ersam ◽

Kuniyoshi Shimizu ◽

Sri Fatmawati

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Sulfonic Acid ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Dpph Assay ◽

Abts Assay ◽

Ic50 Value

Antioxidant activities of Syzygium polyanthum leaves extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and n-hexane) were evaluated by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid) methods. The methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity of DPPH assay among extract with IC50 value of 44.35 mg/mL. In addition, methanol extract also showed the highest antioxidant activity of ABTS assay among extracts with IC50 value of 17.69 mg/mL. This study indicated that the methanol extract of S. polyanthum leaves is potential as antioxidant.

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Comparative Antioxidant Properties of Juniperus communis L. and Juniperus virginiana L. Extracts Obtained by Refluxing and Sonication Methods

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.17.5.5576 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (5) ◽

pp. 899-902

Author(s):

Carmen Manuela Plesa ◽

Aurel Ardelean ◽

Mihai Cosmin Pascariu ◽

Alfa Xenia Lupea

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Botanical Garden ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Juniperus Virginiana ◽

Dpph Assay ◽

Juniperus Communis ◽

Germacrene D ◽

The Mean

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate and tetrahydrofuran extracts of Juniperus berries, branches and needles, by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Two Juniperus species, Juniperus communis and Juniperus virginiana, from different regions were used. The extracts obtained by sonication and refluxing extraction were studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, which revealed that the Romanian juniper extracts are largely comprised of monoterpene hydrocarbons, such as a-pinene, b-pinene, b-hellandrene, sabinene, b-cadinene, t-cadinene, b-caryophyllene, b-cubebene, b-elemene and germacrene D. The antioxidant activity was highest in ethyl acetate Juniperus communis needles extract from Lipova (Romania) and in ethyl acetate Juniperus virginiana branches extract from Macea Botanical Garden (Romania). The mean rates (vm) of DPPH consumption were higher for the tetrahydrofuran Juniperus communis branches extract from Lipova and ethyl acetate Juniperus virginiana branches extract than in tetrahydrofuran Juniperus communis berries extract from Lipova.

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