Evaluation of Solvent Extraction Process for Asparagus racemosus Root Extract through the Determination of its Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity Assay

This study is aimed to evaluate extraction capacity of different solvents through determining total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total saponin content, and an antioxidant assay of different solvent extracts (toluene, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, water, 60% aqueous methanol, 60% aqueous ethanol and 60% aqueous acetone) of Asparagus racemosus (A. racemosus) root. The 60% aqueous methanol shows the highest extracting yield, in contrast, toluene shows the lowest yield. Highest total phenolic content (220.8±0.74mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content (219.3±0.64mg QCE/g), total tannin content (108.4±0.88mg GAE/g) were found from acetone extract. The methanol extract showed the highest saponin content (579.4±2.85mg ESE/g). Antioxidant potential determines by using various in vitro methodologies such as DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assay. The lowest IC50 value was found in acetone extract and thus it exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. The highest correlation was found between phenolic content and the antioxidant assay. It seems that phenolic contents are responsible for free radicle scavenging activity. From the observation, it concluded that acetone extract rich with polyphenolic content and methanol extract shows the highest amount of saponin content.

Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Activities of the Fermentation Extract of the Endophytic Fungi from the Marine Biota of Colt Coral

Indonesia has the largest and most biodiverse coral reef in the world. Colt coral has not been studied and explored especially endophytic fungi associated with the coral. Endophytic fungi are highly potential for the production of antioxidant and anticancer compounds. This research aimed to study the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of fermentation extract from endophytic fungi from colt coral. Filtrate and mycelium extracts were obtained from static and shake fermentations of isolate SKF 15. Antioxidant and cytotoxic assays were conducted by free radical scavenger 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and AlamarBlue methods, respectively. The result showed that FD extract provided the highest antioxidant activity with inhibition of 49.36% at 200 ppm of DPPH. Variation of fermentation time (3-21 days) demonstrated the highest activity with inhibition of 66.97% for antioxidant assay (7 days) and 81.13% for cytotoxic assay (3 days). FTIR analysis presented the existence of hydroxyl groups O-H (3452.58 cm-1), C=C groups (1668.43 cm-1); C-O hydroxyl group (1230.58 cm -1), and C-H sp3 groups (2941.44 cm-1). Based on LC-MS analysis, FD extract has a mass of m/z 305.63, [M+H]+, predicted as dihydroquercetin (C15H24O7). Keywords: Antioxidant assay, cytotoxic assay, endophytic fungi, colt coral, DPPH method, AlamarBlue method

Synthesis, characterization and antioxidant activity of 2-(4-Phenyl-6-p-Tolylpyrimidin-2-ylthio)-N-(4-substituted Phenyl)acetamides

A series of 2-(4-phenyl-6-p-tolylpyrimidin-2-ylthio)-N- (4-substituted phenyl)acetamide(4a-o) has been synthesized. Compounds have been characterized and tested for their antioxidant activity. The titled compounds (4a-o) have been synthesized by the reaction between 4-phenyl-6-p-tolylpyrimidine-2-thiol (2) with 2-chloro-N-substituted phenylacetamide (3ao) refluxed in acetone using catalytic amount of K2CO3. Compound (2) has been synthesized from (E)-1-phenyl- 3-p-tolylprop-2-en-1-one (1) with equimolar amount thiourea refluxed in alcoholic KOH to get compound (2). Starting compound chalcone was synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation. All synthesized compounds have been characterized using spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass Spectrometry and elemental analysis. Antioxidant assay has been performed by using DPPH radical scavenging method. Compounds 4-h and 4-o have shown good antioxidant activity.

UHPLC, ATR-FTIR analysis of Nymphoides indica rhizome extract and determination of antioxidant & antibiofilm potential

The aim of the study was to perform comprehensive phytochemical analysis, UHPLC, ATR-FTIR profiling and evaluation of various biological activities of N. Indica rhizome. The phytochemical analysis indicated presence of alkaloids, saponins, and triterpenes. In the antioxidant assay, the methanolic (IC50 40.3±0.04) and chloroform fractions (IC50 40.05±0.21) showed highest DPPH inhition. Like wise, methanolic fraction showed highest FRAP value (756.2±0.06) followed by chloroform (225.0±0.04) and ethyl acetate fractions (193.0±0.21). In the antimicrobial assays, chloroform (MIC < 0.156 mg/ml) and methanol fractions (MIC 0.625 mg/ml) fractions showed significant inhibition of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Also a significant antibiofilm of biofilm formation was recorded by chloroform (IC50 1.73 mg/ml) and ethyl acetate fractions (IC50 1.76 mg/ml). It was concluded that the N. Indica rhizome posess antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential, that may be attributed to high flavonoid contents.

Antimicrobial activity of Amazonian plant species against the causative agents of secondary infection in snakebites

Riverine communities in the Brazilian Amazon region use a variety of plants to treat snakebites. These plants can be effective against secondary infections, one of the main complications of snakebites. The aim of this study was to determine whether plants traditionally used to treat snakebites in the Brazilian Amazon may also have antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, and if so, which classes of chemicals may be responsible for these activities. Aqueous extracts of nine plants were tested in microdilution assays and the more active were prepared using solvents (hexane, methanol and water) and decoction, and nine assays were performed. Assays to determine the antioxidant activity of the most active species were carried out, as well as phytochemistry studies to determine the active components of this species. Bellucia dichotoma exhibited the greatest antimicrobial potential, particularly the hexane, methanol and decoction extracts. In comparative TLC, extracts of this species showed characteristics of terpenoids, compounds with double bonds and flavonoids. In 1H NMR, characteristic signals of sterols such as β-sitosterol, stigmasterols or triterpenes were observed, as well as signals indicating the presence of aromatic hydrogens, characteristic of aromatic substances, and sugars. The methanol extracts and decoction were considered active in the antioxidant assay.

Phenolics Profiling and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Annona muricata, Gynura procumbens, and Typhonium flagelliforme Leaves Extract

The leaves of Annona muricata (sirsak), Gynura procumbens (sambung nyawa), and Typhonium flagelliforme (keladi tikus) have been used as traditional medicines in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the antioxidant capacity and putatively identified phenolics from the leaves of three medicinal plants forementioned above. We used the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method for measuring radical scavenging (antioxidant assay) while the phenolics profiling was determined using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. The results showed that the percentage of radical scavenging activity of G. procumbens leaves extract in ethanol was higher than the other two plants. Phenolics profiling of the three medicinal plants was identified with 38 compounds belonging to flavones and flavanols hydroxycinnamic acid, and several other groups. The number of metabolites identified putatively was 12, 31, and 19 metabolites in the extracts of A. muricata, G. procumbens, and T. flagelliforme, respectively. The results confirmed the correlation between the phenolics presence and the antioxidant capacity of three plants used in this study.

Anti-Aging Activities of Asparagus Gel Ethanol Extract in Cosmetic Gel Agent for Facial Skin

Asparagus is a vegetable that contains phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties that scavenges aging-triggering free radicals. This study aimed to investigate the components and anti-aging potentials of Ethanol Extract form Asparagus (EEA). The study was performed in February 2020 at the Pharmacy Laboratory, University of North Sumatera. The EEA was obtained through maceration using 96% ethanol. An antioxidant assay was performed and the total phenol and flavodoid content were determined using the spectroscopic method. Three gel formulas with different concentrations of EEA was prepared (F1: 1.5%, F2: 2.5%, and F3: 3.5%), and F0 was used as control. The parameters evaluated were moisture, oil content, texture, collagen, wrinkle, pigment, sensitivity, and pore. The result showed that asparagus had a moderate antioxidant activity (IC50: 118,992) with the total phenol and flavonoid contents of 15,9407 mg GAE/g and 3,2286 mg QE/g extract, respectively. The highest aging activities was seen in F3 (3.5%), followed by F2 (2.5%) and F1 (1.5%). The percentage of moisture, oil, texture, collagen, wrinkle, spot, sensitivity, and pore recovery were found to be 40.15%, 49.73%, 71.76%, 17.70%, 70.93%, 49.34%, 42.56% and 25.31%, respectively. Hence, it can be concluded that the EEA Gel at the highest concentration (3.5%) has a high content of phenol and flavonoid which can improve the skin moisture, oil content, texture, collagen, wrinkles, spots, sensitivity, and pores, which promotes anti-aging activities.

Effect of Abutilon indicum in thyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism in rat

The study was designed to investigate the antithyroid activity of the crude methanolic (70%) extract of aerial parts of Abutilon indicum in male albino rats. The extract was prepared and analyzed for the presence of phytochemical constituents through preliminary chemical analysis, antioxidant assay and GC-MS. The in vivo antithyroid activities in thyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism were studied. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and phenols, also verified by the data obtained from GC-MS. Thyroxine increased the levels of triiodothyronine (4.9 ± 0.1 ng/mL) and total thyroxine (9.4 ± 0.2 μg/dL); while, A. indicum at the doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg, showed significant decrease in the elevated levels of triiodothyronine (3.0 ± 0.1 and 2.6 ± 0.2 ng/mL) and thyroxine (7.7 ± 0.2 and 7.1 ± 0.2 μg/dL), respectively. Histopathological studies showed the restoration of filled follicular colloids in extract-treated animals. The results show that A. indicum exhibits dose-dependent antithyroid effects.

Phytochemical analysis, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant assay of Bhut Jolokia pepper

The presented work represents phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant assay and Antimicrobial activity of Bhut jolokia pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq) extracted by ethanol as solvent. The ethanolic extract of Bhut jolokia pepper showed the presence of terpenoids, steroids, saponins and flavonoids. Antimicrobial assay was done with varying concentration (250-1000µg/ml) of pepper extract using tetracycline as control by well diffusion method, the extract at 750µg/ml shown best inhibition zone and Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest zone of inhibition at all concentration compared to other bacteria species with maximum zone of inhibition of 27mm. The DPPH scavenging assay for antioxidant activity at 517nm showed positive activity for scavenging, scavenging increased with the concentration of extract. Thus, Bhut jolokia could be effective in treating diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus from antimicrobial assay result.