scholarly journals Two–Dimensional Disposable Graphene Sensor to Detect Na+ Ions

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 787
Author(s):  
Hong Gi Oh ◽  
Dong Cheol Jeon ◽  
Mahmudah Salwa Gianti ◽  
Hae Shin Cho ◽  
Da Ae Jo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
The Body ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Human Patient ◽  
Ion Sensor ◽  
Na Ions ◽  
Sd Card

The monitoring of Na+ ions distributed in the body has been indirectly calculated by the detection of Na+ ions in urine. We fabricated a two–dimensional (2D) Na+ ion sensor using a graphene ion–sensitive field–effect transistor (G–ISFET) and used fluorinated graphene as a reference electrode (FG–RE). We integrated G–ISFET and FG on a printed circuit board (PCB) designed in the form of a secure digital (SD) card to fabricate a disposable Na+ ion sensor. The sensitivity of the PCB tip to Na+ ions was determined to be −55.4 mV/dec. The sensor exhibited good linearity despite the presence of interfering ions in the buffer solution. We expanded the evaluation of the PCB tip to real human patient urine samples. The PCB tip exhibited a sensitivity of −0.36 mV/mM and linearly detected Na+ ions in human patient urine without any dilution process. We expect that G–ISFET with FG–RE can be used to realize a disposable Na+ ion sensor by serving as an alternative to Ag/AgCl reference electrodes.

scholarly journals A Novel Microfluidic Point-of-Care Biosensor System on Printed Circuit Board for Cytokine Detection

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 4011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Evans ◽  
Konstantinos Papadimitriou ◽  
Nikolaos Vasilakis ◽  
Panagiotis Pantelidis ◽  
Peter Kelleher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Interferon Gamma Release Assay ◽  
Counter Electrodes ◽  
Printed Circuit ◽  
Cytokine Detection ◽  
Biosensor System

Point of Care (PoC) diagnostics have been the subject of considerable research over the last few decades driven by the pressure to detect diseases quickly and effectively and reduce healthcare costs. Herein, we demonstrate a novel, fully integrated, microfluidic amperometric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) prototype using a commercial interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) as a model antibody binding system. Microfluidic assay chemistry was engineered to take place on Au-plated electrodes within an assay cell on a printed circuit board (PCB)-based biosensor system. The assay cell is linked to an electrochemical reporter cell comprising microfluidic architecture, Au working and counter electrodes and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode, all manufactured exclusively via standard commercial PCB fabrication processes. Assay chemistry has been optimised for microfluidic diffusion kinetics to function under continual flow. We characterised the electrode integrity of the developed platforms with reference to biological sampling and buffer composition and subsequently we demonstrated concentration-dependent measurements of H2O2 depletion as resolved by existing FDA-validated ELISA kits. Finally, we validated the assay technology in both buffer and serum and demonstrate limits of detection comparable to high-end commercial systems with the addition of full microfluidic assay architecture capable of returning diagnostic analyses in approximately eight minutes.

The Application of an SD Card in Debugging an Embedded System

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 1622-1625
Author(s):  
Chong Yu Wei ◽  
Zu Ping Gu ◽  
Shuai Huang
Keyword(s):  
Embedded System ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
New Method ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
File Transfer Protocol ◽  
File Transfer ◽  
Printed Circuit ◽  
Interface Module ◽  
Sd Card ◽  
Data Transferring

In this paper, a new method using a Secure Digital Card in debugging an embedded system based on Android and its implementation are introduced. In debugging an embedded system, downloading image files to a RAM on a printed circuit board generally uses a net interface module and a server based on Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). Here a new method using an SD card is introduced. Compared with downloading by a TFTP server, the method is simple and inexpensive. In the paper, an SD card and its controller are introduced first. Then the designed circuit is presented. Third, two operation modes of the SD card, card identification and data transferring are analyzed in detail. Fourth, the structure of the FAT32 file system and the process for downloading image files into a RAM on board are shown.

Two-Dimensional Optical Interconnection Based on Two-Layered Optical Printed Circuit Board

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 411-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Hwan Hwang ◽  
Mu Hee Cho ◽  
Sae-Kyoung Kang ◽  
Tae-Woo Lee ◽  
Hyo-Hoon Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Optical Interconnection ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Printed Circuit

The restoration of temperature distribution in a two-dimensional domain by a tomographic method by using the results of measurements for electric resistance of oriented conductors

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.А. Деревянко ◽  
А.Ф. Латыпов
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Electronic Unit ◽  
Resistance Thermometer ◽  
Printed Circuit ◽  
Radio Electronic

Рассмотрена возможность использования “термометра сопротивления” для измерения распределения температуры в двумерной области. Создана математическая модель датчика, сводящаяся к решению томографической задачи. Важной особенностью модели является то, что число уравнений в системе линейных алгебраических уравнений (СЛАУ) больше числа переменных. Это позволяет уменьшить ошибки в исходных данных. Создана программа для определения решения СЛАУ с плохо обусловленной матрицей, позволяющая обрабатывать результаты измерений в реальном масштабе времени. Выполнен тестовый расчет. При малом числе ракурсов измерений получена удовлетворительная точность восстановления температуры. Purpose. To ensure a long period of active lifetime of space vehicles, it is necessary to use effective methods and means to control physical processes leading to premature failure of on-board radio electronic equipment both at the stage of ground testing and during active operation of the spacecraft in space. Long-term testing experience for electronic equipment shows that monitoring compliance with necessary temperature conditions of onboard equipment plays the main role in ensuring reliability. Ideally, the thermal control should be performed for all elements of radio electronic units in real time. Method. The possibility of using a “two-dimensional resistance thermometer” for recording the thermal field of a printed circuit board of an electronic unit is considered. The principle of operation of the thermometer is based on the measurement of integral resistances of extended mutually intersecting conductors in a medium with inhomogeneous temperature distribution. The registration of the integral resistances of individual conductors is possible with the help of an automated measuring system by solving the tomographic problem aimed to obtain the temperature distribution on the surface of the printed circuit board. Result. The design of the “two-dimensional temperature sensor” is considered. The sensor is technologically compatible with the design of the printed circuit board of the radio electronic unit. A mathematical model of the sensor is developed. It is reduced to the solution of a tomographic problem. A program for solving a system of linear equations with an ill-conditioned matrix is developed that provides the real-time processing for measurement results. The test calculation is performed. A satisfactory accuracy of the temperature restoration is achieved. Conclusion. A “two-dimensional resistance thermometer” can be used to measure a two-dimensional temperature field for a printed circuit board of a radio electronic unit in real time. The mathematical model allows adapting the thermometer design to a specific radio electronic unit and selecting the required accuracy of the temperature field restoration.

Microfluidic Amperometric Detection Sensor with Integrated Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode

2015 ◽  
Vol 645-646 ◽  
pp. 736-740
Author(s):  
He Zhang ◽  
Xiao Wei Liu ◽  
Li Tian ◽  
Xiao Wei Han ◽  
Tong Dai
Keyword(s):  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Amperometric Detection ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Pvc Membrane ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Electrode Sensor ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Exchange Medium ◽  
Micro Structures

In this paper, we presented a novel method for fabricating the integrated electrochemical sensor based on a microfluidic device. The device included: printed circuit board (PCB) substrate with vertical embedded electrodes; polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) with micro structures; PMMA cover with amperometric detection sensor (ADS). The ADS employed three-electrode sensor system which was composed by two Au electrodes and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane was used as ion-exchange medium of reference electrode and installed between Au electrodes. Then, the potential changes and the standardization oxidation-reduction experiments were executed to characterize the integrated reference electrode performance. Finally, the ADS system was tested by cyclic voltammetry (CV).

scholarly journals Novel Portable Sensing System with Integrated Multifunctionality for Accurate Detection of Salivary Uric Acid

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 242
Author(s):  
Ziqi Liu ◽  
Yiyin Chen ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Tiancheng Sun ◽  
Keer Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
The Cost

Uric acid, as the terminal product of purine metabolism in the body, is an important marker of many diseases. Uric acid is abundant in saliva, offering the possibility of its non-invasive detection. However, it is sensitive to interference in saliva by a variety of factors. A reliable method of processing saliva is centrifugation (CF), but the cost and size of equipment limit its use in everyday life. In this study, a novel portable salivary-sensing system (PSSS) with integrated suction filtration (SF) and temperature insulation was proposed to obtain more accurate salivary uric acid levels through a simple procedure. The PSSS includes a saliva container, a high-sensitive uric acid sensor (UAS), an accompanying printed circuit board (PCB), and a mobile application. The responses produced by the UAS presents excellent linearity (4.6 μA/mM with R2 = 0.9964), selectivity, reproducibility, and stability for the detection of low levels of uric acid. The difference in detection values between the UAS and the commercial sensor is only ~4%. The primary feature of the saliva container is the processing of saliva by SF instead of CF. Samples from CF and SF showed no significant differences regarding uric acid levels, and both exhibited approximately 50% deviation from the untreated samples, while the difference in uric acid levels between the samples after SF and after applying both treatments was ~10%. Besides, insulation of the saliva container can partially eliminate sources of error induced by the environment during uric acid level testing. The PSSS provides a novel strategy for the immediate detection of specific markers in saliva. We believe that the PSSS has promising potential for future application in the rapid saliva testing.

scholarly journals Design of Reliable Body Channel Communication Transceiver with Spread Spectrum Clock Generator and PNR Generator

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijayalakshmi S ◽  
Nagarajan V
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Spread Spectrum ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
The Body ◽  
Data Recovery ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Clock Generator ◽  
Printed Circuit ◽  
Clock Data Recovery ◽  
Quartus Ii

In this work, the communication of a channel in the human body has a characteristic (time-domain) which can be measured at various distances in transmission and various frequencies of a signal by the printed circuit board-an analog frontend board (PCB-AFE) support. Besides, for the wideband signal of Body Channel Communication (BCC), a human body skin acts within a range of 1 Mb/s to 40 Mb/s as the transmission medium. This communication is more stable and attenuating low power while comparing with all another transmission medium in wireless. Moreover, due to the motion of a human body, this communication doesn't get affected. Though, the body antenna gives effects in the communication of a channel of the human body by occurs some interference. The Manchester data acts as encoder and decoder in transmitter and receiver parts respectively, in an AFE-PCB the Manchester encoder data is amplified after receiving the data from end to end channel of a human body. The data quality is improved by 7X sampler in clock data recovery (CDR) circuit. Therefore, the proposed design of reliable BCC Transceiver with SSCG and PNR Generator is processed in XilinxISE14.5, ModelSim Simulator 6.5a (Quartus II 8.1), and Micro wind software tools. It is also implemented in a XilinxXC9572XL kit. The power consumption and delay is reduced up to 90%, speed is increased up to 50% and leakage current is reduced up to 80% in the transmitter part.

scholarly journals Design and Development of Temperature and Humidity Monitoring System

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
R N Sonawane ◽  
A S Ghule ◽  
A P Bowlekar ◽  
A H Zakane
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Sd Card ◽  
Humidity Monitoring

The temperature and humidity monitoring system was developed using various components viz., Arduino Uno, DHT11 sensor, universal serial bus (USB) type B cable, adaptor, DC power jack, 9-V battery connector, 9-V DC battery, resistor, liquid-crystal display (LCD) screen, trimmer potentiometer, light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs, jumper wires, micro secure digital (SD) card module, printed circuit board (PCB), etc. The field testing of the developed temperature and humidity monitoring system was carried out at various locations of the college campus. It was observed that the system worked between the percent variation of 0–8.00% for temperature and 0–5.97% for humidity. The developed system showed the accuracy of ±2°C for temperature and ±4% for humidity. The total cost incurred for the development of temperature and humidity monitoring system along with all accessories was ₹1625.

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