scholarly journals Textural Changes by Mastication and Proper Food Texture for Patients with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1613
Author(s):  
Koichiro Matsuo ◽  
Ichiro Fujishima
Keyword(s):  
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Food Texture ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Standardized Index ◽  
Textural Changes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Dysphagic Patients ◽  
Liquid Bolus ◽  
Key Aspects

Bolus texture is a key factor for safe swallowing in patients with dysphagia since an improper texture may result in aspiration and/or pharyngeal residue. This article discusses swallowing bolus texture from two key aspects: the textural change of solid food by mastication and the current standardized definition of food texture in Japan. When swallowing a liquid bolus, the texture is mostly maintained from ingestion to swallow onset. For solid food, however, the food is crushed by chewing and mixed with saliva before swallowing; the texture of the ingested food is modified to an easily swallowable form at swallow onset by mastication. Understanding the mechanism of mastication and its assessment are therefore important in deciding the proper diet for dysphagic patients. As standardized criteria for classifying the texture of food and liquid are essential as well, this report also describes the Japanese Dysphagia Diet 2013 that is commonly used as the standardized index for dysphagic diets in Japan.

A Comparative Exploration of the Spiritual Authority of the Awliyā’ in the Shi‘i and Sufi Traditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-74
Author(s):  
Rebecca Masterton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Critical Comparison ◽  
Spiritual Authority ◽  
Central Tenet ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Islamic Belief

This paper aims to engage in a critical comparison of the spiritual authority of the awliyā’ in the Shi‘i and Sufi traditions in order to examine an area of Islamic belief that remains unclearly defined. Similarities between Shi‘i and Sufi doctrine have long been noted, but little research has been conducted on how and why they developed. Taking a central tenet of both, walāyah, the paper discusses several of its key aspects as they appear recorded in Shi‘i ḥadīth collections and as they appear later in one of the earliest Sunni Sufi treatises. By extention, it seeks to explore the identity of the awliyā’ and their role in relation to the Twelve Imams. It also traces the reabsorption into Shi‘i culture of the Sufi definition of walāyah via two examples: the works of one branch of the Dhahabi order and those of Allamah Tabataba’i, a popular twentieth-century Iranian mystic and scholar.

Il modello sociale europeo. Valutazioni e contributi delle chiese e confessioni religiose d'Europa

2013 ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Marco Ricceri
Keyword(s):  
Social Model ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Religious Congregations ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
European Social Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
National Welfare ◽  
Definition Of

The evolution of the European integration process and the foundation of the Union, invite us to consider the National welfare systems in a wider outlook: the European Social Model (ESM). Integration process and EU foundation are both essential components to the ESM and they receive constant impulse towards the adoption of modern practices and rules. Without reference to the European framework we run the risk to simplify the understanding of both specific features of the national welfare models and of the contribution given by the religious traditions to their development. It is at the European level that the Churches and the religious Congregations have been able to introduce several central elements in the new social policy guidelines valid for the all national systems. An analysis and assessment of the influence brought by the Churches to the E.U. becomes a key factor in a scientific analytical study. Chapter aims to discuss: a) approaches to the "Social Question" assumed by the European authorities; b) the social system as defined by the Lisbon Treaty (2007); c) a shared definition of the "European Social Model"; d) the influence of Religious Congregations to defining the E.U. principles; e) the support of the Churches towards a sustainable social and economic development.

scholarly journals Integration of shared-pathogen networks and machine learning reveals the key aspects of zoonoses and predicts mammalian reservoirs

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1920) ◽  
pp. 20192882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Wardeh ◽  
Kieran J. Sharkey ◽  
Matthew Baylis
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Ensemble Models ◽  
Network Characteristics ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Key Aspects

Diseases that spread to humans from animals, zoonoses, pose major threats to human health. Identifying animal reservoirs of zoonoses and predicting future outbreaks are increasingly important to human health and well-being and economic stability, particularly where research and resources are limited. Here, we integrate complex networks and machine learning approaches to develop a new approach to identifying reservoirs. An exhaustive dataset of mammal–pathogen interactions was transformed into networks where hosts are linked via their shared pathogens. We present a methodology for identifying important and influential hosts in these networks. Ensemble models linking network characteristics with phylogeny and life-history traits are then employed to predict those key hosts and quantify the roles they undertake in pathogen transmission. Our models reveal drivers explaining host importance and demonstrate how these drivers vary by pathogen taxa. Host importance is further integrated into ensemble models to predict reservoirs of zoonoses of various pathogen taxa and quantify the extent of pathogen sharing between humans and mammals. We establish predictors of reservoirs of zoonoses, showcasing host influence to be a key factor in determining these reservoirs. Finally, we provide new insight into the determinants of zoonosis-sharing, and contrast these determinants across major pathogen taxa.

scholarly journals SMART POWER AS THE FACTOR IN THE SINO-U.S. RELATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2(71)) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Cheng Guo ◽  
Yin Qun
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Power Construction ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Definition Of

This research work analyzes the characteristics of American public diplomacy from the perspectives of smart power theory, comparing China and the United States’ smart power strategy. The article revealed that globalization and the process of technological evolution have led profound changes in the contempopary world politics and international relations, the smart power factors such as culture, science, technology, and information have become increasingly prominent in political science. These factors have not only created the fundamental theory of smart power, but also affected the form and definition of diplomacy. The research methodology is based on a complex combination of scientific methods, mainly comparative, analytical, systematic. The obtained conclusions can be referred that smart power as a key factor, has become a new theoretical perspective for understanding changes in contempopary international relations and foreign policy. It has naturally become the theoretical support for public diplomacy, meanwhile public diplomacy itself is also an important content and strategic path for smart power construction.

scholarly journals Clinical evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia in Machado-Joseph disease

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Mello Alves Corrêa ◽  
Valter Nilton Felix ◽  
Jonas Lírio Gurgel ◽  
Rubens A. A Sallum ◽  
Ivan Cecconello
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Severity Scale ◽  
Pharyngeal Phase ◽  
History Of ◽  
Machado Joseph Disease ◽  
Dysphagic Patients

CONTEXT: In Machado-Joseph disease, poor posture, dystonia and peripheral neuropathy are extremely predisposing to oropharyngeal dysphagia, which is more commonly associated with muscular dystrophy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of oropharyngeal dysphagia in Machado-Joseph disease patients. METHOD: Forty individuals participated in this study, including 20 with no clinical complaints and 20 dysphagic patients with Machado-Joseph disease of clinical type 1, who were all similar in terms of gender distribution, average age, and cognitive function. The medical history of each patient was reviewed and each subject underwent a clinical evaluation of deglutition. At the end, the profile of dysphagia in patients with Machado-Joseph disease was classified according to the Severity Scale of Dysphagia, as described by O'Neil and collaborators. RESULTS: Comparison between dysphagic patients and controls did not reveal many significant differences with respect to the clinical evaluation of the oral phase of deglutition, since afflicted patients only demonstrated deficits related to the protrusion, retraction and tonus of the tongue. However, several significant differences were observed with respect to the pharyngeal phase. Dysphagic patients presented pharyngeal stasis during deglutition of liquids and solids, accompanied by coughing and/or choking as well as penetration and/or aspiration; these signs were absent in the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Oropharyngeal dysphagia is part of the Machado-Joseph disease since the first neurological manifestations. There is greater involvement of the pharyngeal phase, in relation to oral phase of the deglutition. The dysphagia of these patients is classified between mild and moderate.

Indigenato Before Race? Some Proposals on Portuguese Forced Labour Law in Mozambique and the African Empire (1926–62)

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHEL CAHEN
Keyword(s):  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Native People ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Skin Colour ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
Capitalist Economy ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Forced Labour ◽  
Definition Of

Was blackness the key factor for labelling native people as ‘non-civilised’ and thus to be pushed into forced labour in Portuguese Africa? Without denying the importance of blackness as a stigmatising tool, this chapter argues, through a careful analysis of colonial law and practice, that the production of ‘nativeness’ was related to clear consciousness of Africans living outside the capitalist economy and social sphere. This helps us to understand that emerging forced labour represented not a smooth transition from slavery, but a rupture between two colonial ages and modes of production. Therefore, if colonial racism obviously used skin colour to construct a social bar, above all it used the definition of otherness as external to the capitalist sphere. Petty whites and natives could live side by side in suburban neighbourhoods, but in two impermeable spheres. Racism was pervasively present, but it was more social than racial.

Knowledge Economy

2021 ◽  
pp. 442-457
Author(s):  
Ogochukwu Thaddaeus Emiri
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Management Skills ◽  
Intellectual Capital Management ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Relationship

Intellectual capital is now widely recognized as key factor in organization success and as such is of relevance to libraries. Intellectual capital management, therefore, is of great relevance to library and information professions. However, the wider ramification of the relationship between intellectual capital management (ICM), knowledge management (KM), and library and information science (LIS) is yet to be properly exploited by LIS professionals. Without doubt, there is a dynamic and multi-faceted relationship. This chapter introduces key aspects of this relationship, and in particular potential synergies, conflicts in literature, pre-requisites for ICM implementation in libraries and challenges faced by the library and information professions. In the light of this, the author concluded that LIS professionals must see KM and ICM as an integral part of librarianship. More so, in order for LIS professionals to properly implement ICM practices, there is the need to acquire new management skills, strategic and policy-making skills, and have in-depth experience in the management of information. Finally, from the author's perspective, the success of ICM and KM in library organizations would require strong leadership and vision from top administration, which will influence the organization's sharing efforts as a culture.

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF THE SPEECH THERAPIST DURING UNIVERSITY EDUCATIONORETICAL ASPECTS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF THE SPEECH THERAPIST DURING UNIVERSITY EDUCATION

2018 ◽  
pp. 98-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya Fedorova
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
University Education ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Speech Therapist ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Speech Therapists

The publication is dedicated to one of the relevant pedagogical problems of modern higher education – the training of future speech therapists. As the humanistic model of education is relevant today, modern scientific research is focused on such key aspects as: definition of content, directions, principles, stages, components of the training of future speech therapists, consideration of humanistic priorities in the professional training of future speech therapists, the formation of humanistic personal competences of future specialists and others. The article analyzes the legal framework and scientific works in the field of the theory and methodology of vocational education of teachers in general and speech therapists, in particular, the essence of these scientific categories is determined, the specificity of the training of the speech therapist in the conditions of university education is revealed. The article also outlines the main directions and tasks of further scientific research.

scholarly journals Re-Framing Exploitation Creep to Fight Human Trafficking: A Response to Janie Chuang

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 264-267
Author(s):  
Clifford Bob
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Obama Administration ◽  
American Policy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Way

Janie Chuang discusses important shifts in the way that American policy makers and activists have defined and fought human trafficking. As she shows, key aspects of the 2000 UN Protocol’s definition of trafficking have been whiplashed by changing political winds emanating from the Bush and Obama administrations. In the Bush years, a strange bedfellows network of feminists, evangelicals, and neo-conservatives directed American trafficking policy primarily toward sexual exploitation, pushing for prohibitions not only on forced but also on voluntary prostitution. Other types of trafficking were neglected. The Obama administration and its own set of civil society associates gusted other ways. Among other moves, it reduced the focus on sex, dropped the view that voluntary prostitution constituted trafficking, enlarged the trafficking concept to include all forced labor (whether or not involving movement), and rebranded the expansive new notion as slavery.

Photomorphogenesis of wheat sprouts with LED irradiation of different intensities

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-594
Author(s):  
T Han ◽  
T Astafurova ◽  
S Turanov ◽  
A Burenina ◽  
A Butenkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flux Density ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Plant Cultivation ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Led Irradiation

Definition of the growth and development characteristics of plants in varied light conditions is a key factor for the creation of highly efficient light facilities for plant cultivation. Experimental research was conducted using an LED irradiation facility with photosynthetic photon flux densities ranging from 0 to 261 μmol m−2 s−1 and a continuous spectrum with maxima at 445 and 600 nm. Under the maximum photosynthetic photon flux density (261 μmol m− 2 s−1) wheat germs demonstrated diminishing leaf surface with high values of specific leaf area, enhanced pubescence of ground tissues, increases in the number of stomata on the upper epidermis and palisade, and an increase in the thickness of the leaves as well as an increase in carotenoids but a decrease in the chlorophyll a+b/carotenoids relation. It was revealed that the optimum level of photosynthetic photon flux density for the referred spectrum was in the range from 82 to 100 µmol m−2 s−1, which may enable a reduction of irradiance under specific conditions during early development with no harm to the plants while minimizing energy consumption during cultivation.

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