scholarly journals Neuroimaging of Sex/Gender Differences in Obesity: A Review of Structure, Function, and Neurotransmission

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1942
Author(s):  
Danielle S. Kroll ◽  
Dana E. Feldman ◽  
Catherine L. Biesecker ◽  
Katherine L. McPherson ◽  
Peter Manza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tailored Interventions ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
The Brain

While the global prevalence of obesity has risen among both men and women over the past 40 years, obesity has consistently been more prevalent among women relative to men. Neuroimaging studies have highlighted several potential mechanisms underlying an individual’s propensity to become obese, including sex/gender differences. Obesity has been associated with structural, functional, and chemical alterations throughout the brain. Whereas changes in somatosensory regions appear to be associated with obesity in men, reward regions appear to have greater involvement in obesity among women than men. Sex/gender differences have also been observed in the neural response to taste among people with obesity. A more thorough understanding of these neural and behavioral differences will allow for more tailored interventions, including diet suggestions, for the prevention and treatment of obesity.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN REMITTANCE BEHAVIOR: EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (02) ◽  
pp. 215-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
YOKO NIIMI ◽  
BARRY REILLY
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Tobit Models ◽  
Remittance Behavior

This paper investigates the role of gender in remittance behavior among migrants using the 2004 Vietnam Migration Survey data. The gender dimension to remittance behavior has not featured strongly in the existing literature and our findings thus contain novel appeal. In addition, we use estimates from both homoscedastic and heteroscedastic tobit models to decompose the raw gender difference in remittances into treatment and endowment components. We find little evidence that gender differences in remittances are attributable to behavioral differences between men and women, and this finding is invariant to whether the homoscedastic or heteroscedastic tobit is used in estimation.

scholarly journals Tendencias en homogamia educacional en México: 1970-2000 / Trends in Educational Homogamy in Mexico: 1970-2000

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Esteve Palós
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Educational Performance ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Educational Homogamy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Way

A partir de los microdatos de los censos mexicanos de 1970, 1990 y 2000, en este artículo se examina la homogeneidad de los matrimonios y uniones atendiendo al nivel de instrucción de los cónyuges en las últimas tres décadas, caracterizadas por una fuerte expansión de la escolaridad, por el incremento de los rendimientos de la educación y por la reducción progresiva de las diferencias de género en materia educativa. Tres conclusiones brotan del examen de los datos: el aumento significativo de la homogamia entre los más escolarizados, la consolidación de dos zonas extendidas de homogamia, y la reducción de las diferencias en torno a la manera en que los hombres y las mujeres incorporan la educación en la selección conyugal. AbstractOn the basis of microdata from Mexican censuses taken in 1970, 1990 and 2000, this article examines the homogeny of marriages and consensual marriages by level of spousal educational attainment over the past three decades, characterized by the enormous expansion of schooling, the increase in educational performance and the progressive reduction in gender differences in educational matters. Three conclusions emerge from the examina­tion of the data: the significant increase in homogamy among those with the highest levels of educational attainment, the consolidation of two extended zones of homogamy and the reduction of differences between the way men and women incorporate education in the selection of marriage partners.

scholarly journals Exploring the Odds: Gender Differences in Departing the Engineering Profession

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-461
Author(s):  
Nadya A. Fouad ◽  
Michael B. Kozlowski ◽  
Romila Singh ◽  
Nina G. Linneman ◽  
Samantha S. Schams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Engineering Profession ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
The Past ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Theory Of Work Adjustment ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Categorical Response ◽  
Scholarly Inquiry

Women’s departure or nonentrance into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics professions, particularly engineering, has been a lively source of scholarly inquiry for the past three decades. Much of the literature in this area has been with solely female samples of participants, begging the question as to whether or not men and women either choose to leave the profession or not enter for the same or similar reasons. This present study collected a large sample of men ( n = 1,273) who had either left or never entered the engineering profession and compared their responses to a large sample of women ( n = 1,235) on a set of categorical response variables. Using the perspective of the Theory of Work Adjustment, our results suggest that there are gender differences in reasons for departure, raising the possibility that engineering climates differentially reinforce needs for men and women. Implications of this research are discussed.

Biological Influences on Physical Activity During Childhood

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
General Population ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Biologic Control

A growing body of evidence implicates the existence of a functional subconscious governor in the brain, which controls level of habitual physical activity. Such a biologic control, acting in a classic feedback loop mechanism, might serve to contribute to the defense of energy balance. Many questions remain unanswered regarding the pliability of biologic control of activity and the extent that it might dictate daily energy expenditure. A consideration of this concept bears importance for those seeking an understanding of the mechanisms, prevention, and treatment of obesity as well as the link between exercise and health in the general population.

Гендерные различия в речи

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-38
Author(s):  
Е.Б. Машкова
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
English Language ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Past ◽  
American Society

Аннотация: Статья посвящена вопросу гендерных различий в речи, а именно различиям в речи мужчин и женщин в английском языке и в американском обществе за последние двадцать лет. Так же объясняется, чем вызваны данные особенности, собраны взгляды ученых по данной проблеме. Приводятся примеры на английском языке и их эквивалентный перевод на русский язык. Цель данной статьи - дать читателю сравнить английский язык женщин и мужчин живущих в Америке за последние двадцать лет и сравнить их социальные проблемы и социальный строй общества с сегодняшним, проследить развитие языка в аспекте гендерной лингвистики. Таким образом, здесь приводится обзор научных работ американских исследователей, посвященных гендерным различиям в речи мужчин и женщин, отмечаемым в последние двадцать лет в американском обществе. Ключевые слова: гендерная лингвистика, гендерные различия в речи, социолингвистический анализ, рефлексия, природа женщины и мужчины. Аннотация: Бул макалада эркектер менен аялдардын ортосундагы сөзүндө гендердик айырмачылыктар боюнча АКШ изилдөөчүлөрдүн илимий иштин баяндамасы болуп саналат, ал америкалык коомдогу акыркы жыйырма жылда байкалган. Атап айтканда, акыркы жыйырма жылдын ичинде англис жана америкалык коомдо эркектер менен аялдардын сөз айырмачылыктары, сөз гендердик айырмачылыктарга багытталган. Жөн гана, бул өзгөчөлүктөрдү улам бул маселе боюнча окумуштуулардын пикирлерин чогултуп, аны түшүндүрүп берет. Мисалы, англис тилинде берилет жана орус тилине барабар котормо жатат. Бул макалада акыркы жыйырма жыл аралыгында Америкада жашап англис аял менен эркек салыштырып, алардын коомдук көйгөйлөрдү жана бүгүнкү күндө коомдун коомдук түзүлүшүн, гендердик илими тармагында тилдин өнүгүшүнө байкоо салыштырып, окурманга мисал катары айтып берүү болуп саналат. Түйүндүү сөздөр: гендердик тил илими, сөз гендердик айырмачылыктар, социолингвистикалык талдоо, ой жүгүртүү, табияты аялдар менен эркектер. Annotation: The article is devoted to the issue of gender differences in speech, namely the differences in the speech of men and women in the English language and in American society over the past twenty years. It also explains what caused these features, collected the views of scientists on this issue. Examples in English and their equivalent translation into Russian are given. The purpose of this article is to allow the reader to compare the English language of women and men living in America over the past twenty years and compare their social problems and social structure of society with today's, to follow the development of the language in the aspect of gender linguistics. Thus, here is an overview of the scientific work of American researchers on gender differences in the speech of men and women, celebrated in American society over the past twenty years. Keywords: gender linguistics, gender differences in speech, sociolinguistic analysis, reflection, nature of women and men.

Do Gender Differences in Running Performance Disappear With Distance?

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Richard Coast ◽  
Jennifer S. Blevins ◽  
Brian A. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Human Locomotion ◽  
Average Difference ◽  
Fuel Utilization ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Running Records ◽  
The Past ◽  
Metabolic Advantage ◽  
Key Words Running

It has been suggested that gender differences in running should disappear as distances increase, particularly past the marathon. This suggestion is primarily based on differences in fuel utilization, muscle damage following exercise, relative improvements in performance over the past decades, and on the analysis of marathon vs. ultramarathon performances of men and women. We reasoned that the best comparison of the potential of a human is by the use of world best times, which should be reasonable indicators of the effect of distance on relative performance of women and men. We compared current world best running performances at distances from 100 m to 200 km. Records as of December 2002 were obtained. T-tests analyzed speed differences between genders, and regression analysis tested the percent differences between men and women across distance. Speeds were different, with the average difference being 12.4% faster for men. There was a significant slope to the speed difference across distances in that longer distances were associated with greater differences. These results may be confounded by the reduced number of women in longer distance events. Furthermore, the proposed metabolic advantage for women because of increased fat metabolism may be masked by regular feeding during endurance races. Key words: running records, male vs. female, human locomotion

scholarly journals Citrus phytochemicals and their potential effects on the prevention and treatment of obesity: review and progress of the past 10 years

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Feng ◽  
Yu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Safety Assurance ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Obesity Drugs

Obesity is a chronic life-threatening disease throughout the world. Available anti-obesity drugs may have hazardous side effects and no long-term safety assurance is in place for patients. In recent decades, alternative natural therapeutics have been intensively investigated. Among them, phytochemicals from citrus fruits have shown tremendous potential to combat obesity through different mechanisms. To date, the most active biological constitutes identified in citrus fruits are flavonoids and p-synephrine. These exert anti-obesity effects through multiple mechanisms, including regulating energy intake and expenditure, regulating lipid metabolism and regulating adipogenesis. In this mini review, a survey focusing on citrus phytochemicals and their anti-obesity activities is presented, together with an update of findings over the last 10 years, including active components and mechanisms of anti-obesity activities.

scholarly journals ORLISTAT IN COMBINATION THERAPY OF OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES

2017 ◽  
pp. 68-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Mkrtumyan ◽  
E. V. Biryukova
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Systemic Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity

Over the past years, the focus has been growing on the prevention and treatment of obesity. Obesity has long been considered not just as excess body fat but as a chronic relapsing disease, the result of energy disbalance, which develops with an increase in food intake and reduced energy expenditure and is closely associated with a number of serious complications. Orlistat (Xenical), a peripherally acting drug without systemic effects [11, 24, 27], has been widely used in pharmacological treatment of obesity. Xenical is the most well-studied medication for weight loss. More than 30,000 patients with obesity were involved in clinical trials, of which over 2,500 patients had type 2 diabetes. Till today, the drug remains a breakthrough in the treatment of overweight/obesity.

Gender, Race, and Travel Behavior: Analysis of Household-Serving Travel and Commuting in San Francisco Bay Area

1997 ◽  
Vol 1607 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Mauch ◽  
Brian D. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
Grocery Shopping ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Detailed trip diary data from a 1990 survey of San Francisco Bay Area residents were used to examine the effects of race/ethnicity on the differences in commuting and household-serving travel among men and women. With respect to travel behavioral differences between men and women, the findings suggest that women do more child chauffeuring and make more household-serving trips than men. This analysis further reveals that these gender differences in commuting behavior extend to household-serving travel and can vary significantly by race/ethnicity in addition to income and household structure. It was found, for example, that commute time differences are highest among whites (4.5 min) and lowest among Hispanics (1.8 min), whereas observed gender differences in average travel time for all trips do not vary much by race or ethnicity. Furthermore, the gender variation in child-serving trips was lowest among Asians and Pacific Islanders (women are 60 percent more likely to make such trips) and highest among whites (women are 223 percent more likely to make such trips). Finally, and in contrast to child-serving travel, women make about 75 percent more grocery trips than men, regardless of race/ethnicity. The analysis suggests, however, that much, although not all, of the racial/ethnic variation in the travel behavior of men and women is probably explained by factors—such as income, employment status, metropolitan location, and automobile availability—that tend to vary systematically by race ethnicity. In general, it was found that gender is a far more robust predictor of child-serving and grocery shopping trips than either race or ethnicity.

Gender, Party Leaders, and Election Outcomes in Australia, Britain, and the United States

1997 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
BERNADETTE C. HAYES ◽  
IAN McALLISTER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bill Clinton ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personal Qualities

Election outcomes are now, more than at any time in the past, determined by voters' assessments of party leaders. However, despite its potential importance, little is known about the differences in how men and women view political leaders. This article uses recent Australian, British, and U.S. survey data to examine gender differences in the evaluations that voters make of party leaders. The results show that there are comparatively few gender differences in the personal qualities that voters rate as important, with the exception of British Labour's Neil Kinnock, who was rated more highly by men, and Bill Clinton, who was rated more highly by women. However, what gender differences in leader evaluations that do exist are mediated by partisanship and views on economic performance. In both Australia and the United States, gender significantly affects the vote, but in opposite directions. The results suggest that gender may have a more important future role in elections in these three countries.

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