scholarly journals Trichuris muris Model: Role in Understanding Intestinal Immune Response, Inflammation and Host Defense

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 925
Author(s):  
Yeganeh Yousefi ◽  
Sabah Haq ◽  
Suhrid Banskota ◽  
Yun Han Kwon ◽  
Waliul I. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Trichuris Muris ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Human Intestinal Tract

Several parasites have evolved to survive in the human intestinal tract and over 1 billion people around the world, specifically in developing countries, are infected with enteric helminths. Trichuris trichiura is one of the world’s most common intestinal parasites that causes human parasitic infections. Trichuris muris, as an immunologically well-defined mouse model of T. trichiura, is extensively used to study different aspects of the innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Studies on T. muris model offer insights into understanding host immunity, since this parasite generates two distinct immune responses in resistant and susceptible strains of mouse. Apart from the immune cells, T. muris infection also influences various components of the intestinal tract, especially the gut microbiota, mucus layer, epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Here, we reviewed the different immune responses generated by innate and adaptive immune components during acute and chronic T. muris infections. Furthermore, we discussed the importance of studying T. muris model in understanding host–parasite interaction in the context of alteration in the host’s microbiota, intestinal barrier, inflammation, and host defense, and in parasite infection-mediated modulation of other immune and inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Leaky Gut: Effect of Dietary Fiber and Fats on Microbiome and Intestinal Barrier

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7613
Author(s):  
Haruki Usuda ◽  
Takayuki Okamoto ◽  
Koichiro Wada
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Mucosal Tissue ◽  
Leaky Gut ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Integrity

Intestinal tract is the boundary that prevents harmful molecules from invading into the mucosal tissue, followed by systemic circulation. Intestinal permeability is an index for intestinal barrier integrity. Intestinal permeability has been shown to increase in various diseases—not only intestinal inflammatory diseases, but also systemic diseases, including diabetes, chronic kidney dysfunction, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Chronic increase of intestinal permeability is termed ‘leaky gut’ which is observed in the patients and animal models of these diseases. This state often correlates with the disease state. In addition, recent studies have revealed that gut microbiota affects intestinal and systemic heath conditions via their metabolite, especially short-chain fatty acids and lipopolysaccharides, which can trigger leaky gut. The etiology of leaky gut is still unknown; however, recent studies have uncovered exogenous factors that can modulate intestinal permeability. Nutrients are closely related to intestinal health and permeability that are actively investigated as a hot topic of scientific research. Here, we will review the effect of nutrients on intestinal permeability and microbiome for a better understanding of leaky gut and a possible mechanism of increase in intestinal permeability.

scholarly journals 2262

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. 4-5
Author(s):  
Derrick Richard Samuelson ◽  
Vincent Maffei ◽  
Eugene Blanchard ◽  
Meng Luo ◽  
Christopher Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Liver Inflammation ◽  
Host Defenses ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Alcohol consumption perturbs the normal intestinal microbial communities (alcohol dysbiosis). To begin to investigate the relationship between alcohol-mediated dysbiosis and host defense we developed an alcohol dysbiosis fecal adoptive transfer model, which allows us to isolate the host immune response to a pathogenic challenge at a distal organ (ie, the lung). This model system allowed us to determine whether the host immune responses to Klebsiella pneumoniae are altered by ethanol-associated dysbiosis, independent of alcohol use. We hypothesized that alcohol-induced changes in intestinal microbial communities would impair pulmonary host defenses against K. pneumoniae. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Mice were treated with a cocktail of antibiotics daily for 2 weeks. Microbiota-depleted mice were then recolonized by gavage for 3-days with intestinal microbiota from ethanol-fed or pair-fed animals. Following recolonization groups of mice were sacrificed prior to and 48 hours post respiratory infection with K. pneumoniae. We then assessed susceptibility to Klebsiella infection by determining colony counts for pathogen burden in the lungs. We also determined lung and intestinal immunology, intestinal permeability, as well as, liver damage and inflammation. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We found that increased susceptibility to K. pneumoniae is, in part, mediated by the intestinal microbiota, as animals recolonized with an alcohol-induced dysbiotic intestinal microbial community have significantly higher lung burdens of K. pneumoniae (5×104 CFU vs. 1×103 CFU) independent of EtOH. We also found that increased susceptibility in alcohol-dysbiosis recolonized animals was associated with a decrease in the recruitment and/or proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells (1.5×109 cells vs. 2.5×109 cells) in the lung following Klebsiella infection. However, there were increased numbers of T-cells in the intestinal tract following Klebsiella infection, which may suggest that T cells are being sequestered in the intestinal tract to the detriment of host defense in the lung. Interestingly, mice recolonized with an alcohol-dysbiotic microbiota had increased intestinal permeability as measured by increased levels of serum intestinal fatty acid binding protein (55 vs. 30 ng/mL). Alcohol-dysbiotic microbiota also increased liver steatosis (Oil Red-O staining) and liver inflammation (>2-fold expression of IL-17 and IL-23). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our findings suggest that the commensal intestinal microbiota support mucosal host defenses against infectious agents by facilitating normal immune responses to pulmonary pathogens. Our data also suggest that increased intestinal permeability coupled with increased liver inflammation may impair the recruitment/proliferation of immune cells in the respiratory tract following infection. The role of the microbiota during host defense will be important areas of future research directed at understanding the effects of microbial dysbiosis in patients with AUDs.

scholarly journals Apoptosis, Necrosis, and Necroptosis in the Gut and Intestinal Homeostasis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Negroni ◽  
Salvatore Cucchiara ◽  
Laura Stronati
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Epithelial Cell Death

Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) form a physiochemical barrier that separates the intestinal lumen from the host’s internal milieu and is critical for electrolyte passage, nutrient absorption, and interaction with commensal microbiota. Moreover, IECs are strongly involved in the intestinal mucosal inflammatory response as well as in mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses. Cell death in the intestinal barrier is finely controlled, since alterations may lead to severe disorders, including inflammatory diseases. The emerging picture indicates that intestinal epithelial cell death is strictly related to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. This review is focused on previous reports on different forms of cell death in intestinal epithelium.

cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-I response in host defense and neuro-inflammatory diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Chen ◽  
Chuan Lai ◽  
Yin Su ◽  
Wen Dai Bao ◽  
Liu Nan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Danger Signal ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Pathway Activation ◽  
Sting Pathway ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

: The presence of foreign or misplaced nucleic acids is a danger signal that triggers innate immune responses through activating cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and binding to its downstream signaling effector stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Then the cGAS–STING pathway activation links nucleic acid sensing to immune responses and pathogenic entities clearance. However, overactivation of this signaling pathway leads to fatal immune disorders and contributes to the progression of many human inflammatory diseases. Therefore, optimal activation of this pathway is crucial for the elimination of invading pathogens and the maintenance of immune homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize its fundamental roles in initiating host defense against invading pathogens and discuss its pathogenic roles in multiple neuro-inflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Coccidia-Microbiota Interactions and Their Effects on the Host

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenyang Lu ◽  
Yaqun Yan ◽  
Fuchun Jian ◽  
Changshen Ning
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
And Control

As a common parasitic disease in animals, coccidiosis substantially affects the health of the host, even in the absence of clinical symptoms and intestinal tract colonization. Gut microbiota is an important part of organisms and is closely related to the parasite and host. Parasitic infections often have adverse effects on the host, and their pathogenic effects are related to the parasite species, parasitic site and host-parasite interactions. Coccidia-microbiota-host interactions represent a complex network in which changes in one link may affect the other two factors. Furthermore, coccidia-microbiota interactions are not well understood and require further research. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which coccidia interact directly or indirectly with the gut microbiota and the effects on the host. Understanding the mechanisms underlying coccidia-microbiota-host interactions is important to identify new probiotic strategies for the prevention and control of coccidiosis.

scholarly journals Comprehensive analysis of human hookworm secreted proteins using a proteogenomic approach

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Logan ◽  
SS Manda ◽  
YJ Choi ◽  
M Field ◽  
RM Eichenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Proteome Level ◽  
Host Parasite

SummaryThe human hookworm Necator americanus infects more than 400 million people worldwide, contributing substantially to the poverty in these regions. Adult stage N. americanus live in the small intestine of the human host where they inject excretory/secretory (ES) products into the mucosa. ES products have been characterized at the proteome level for a number of animal hookworm species, but until now, the difficulty in obtaining sufficient live N. americanus has been an obstacle in characterizing the secretome of this important human pathogen. Herein we describe the ES proteome of N. americanus and utilize this information to conduct the first proteogenomic analysis of a parasitic helminth, significantly improving the available genome and thereby generating a robust description of the parasite secretome. The genome annotation resulted in a a revised prediction of 3,425 fewer genes than initially reported, accompanied by a significant increase in the number of exons and introns, total gene length and the percentage of the genome covered by genes. Almost 200 ES proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS with SCP/TAPS proteins, ‘hypothetical’ proteins and proteases among the most abundant families. These proteins were compared to commonly used model species of human parasitic infections, including Ancylostoma caninum, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Our findings provide valuable information on important families of proteins with both known and unknown functions that could be instrumental in host-parasite interactions, including protein families that might be key for parasite survival in the onslaught of robust immune responses, as well as vaccine and drug targets.

scholarly journals Suppression of inflammation by helminths: a role for the gut microbiota?

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1675) ◽  
pp. 20140296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Giacomin ◽  
John Croese ◽  
Lutz Krause ◽  
Alex Loukas ◽  
Cinzia Cantacessi
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Commensal Flora ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Host Parasite

Multiple recent investigations have highlighted the promise of helminth-based therapies for the treatment of inflammatory disorders of the intestinal tract of humans, including inflammatory bowel disease and coeliac disease. However, the mechanisms by which helminths regulate immune responses, leading to the amelioration of symptoms of chronic inflammation are unknown. Given the pivotal roles of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of these disorders, it has been hypothesized that helminth-induced modifications of the gut commensal flora may be responsible for the therapeutic properties of gastrointestinal parasites. In this article, we review recent progress in the elucidation of host–parasite–microbiota interactions in both animal models of chronic inflammation and humans, and provide a working hypothesis of the role of the gut microbiota in helminth-induced suppression of inflammation.

scholarly journals Trichuris murisresearch revisited: a journey through time

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 140 (11) ◽  
pp. 1325-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
REBECCA J. M. HURST ◽  
KATHRYN J. ELSE
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Trichuris Muris ◽  
Cellular Immunology ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Parasite Biology ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYThe mouse whipwormTrichuris murishas long been used as a tractable model of human Trichuriasis. Here we look back at the history ofT. murisresearch; from the definition of the species and determination of its life cycle, through to the complex immune responses that we study today. We highlight the key research papers that have developed our understanding of immune responses to this parasite, and reflect on how original concepts have been transformed, as our knowledge of immunology has grown. Although we have a good understanding of host–parasite interactions in the context of the underlying cellular immunology, there are still many aspects of the biology of theTrichurisparasite that remain undefined. We predict that advances in parasite biology will be key in the future development of new and improved treatments for Trichuriasis.

What are Hidden Facts behind Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Ilam City?

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-287
Author(s):  
S. Viesy ◽  
J. Abdi ◽  
Z. Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Blastocystis Hominis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽  
Number Of Patients

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections are the one of the most common health problems in developing countries. Objective: A number of patients die annually due to complications caused by these parasites.Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the rate and type of parasitic infections, determine the factors affecting them in Ilam city and also provide strategies to prevent them.In this descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in one of the Ilam labs in 2016, 417 stool specimens were randomly collected. All specimens were examined using direct and ethanol formaldehyde.Suspect specimens were examined using Trichrom staining. Demographic information was also recorded in a questionnaire, and finally the results were analyzed using statistical software SPSS 20.The data were then compared with Chi-square test. Results: Out of the 417 patients examined, 59 (14.1%) were infected with intestinal parasites. The type of parasitic infection in 9.4% was Blastocystis hominis, 3.6% Entamoeba coli, 0.5% Entamoeba histolytica, 0.5% Giardia and 0.2% Trichomonas hominis. Conclusion: Despite the improvement of public health, parasitic infections are still considered as one of the health problems in the city of Ilam. Therefore, proper planning, public health education, raising the level of health in the area and the provision of safe drinking water are some of the ways to reduce parasitic infections in the region.

scholarly journals Parasitic infections in Swiss children: Are we overtesting?

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Légeret ◽  
Céline Rüttimann ◽  
Hans Fankhauser ◽  
Henrik Köhler
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Positive Result ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Stool Specimens

Abstract Background A wide variation of causes can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms in children- an infection with parasites is one of them. The expansion of international travel might lead to an increase in testing children for a correspondent infection. Currently there are no guidelines available, which patients should be tested for a possible parasitical infection. The aim of the study was to characterize Swiss children suffering from intestinal parasites, in order to provide more knowledge for the clinician who should be tested. Methods This is a retrospective study of Swiss pediatric patients, whose stools have been tested for parasites and helminths. Results A total of 1855 stool samples, belonging to 572 different children with an average age of 7.9 years, were tested within a 10-year period. The prevalence of a positive result was 4.2%, of which all were positive for Blastocystis, and 12.5% had a co-infection with Endolimax nana. Conclusion Immigrants, immune compromised children with diarrhea and pediatric patients with bloody or protracted diarrhea should have 2 different stool specimens examined for a possible parasitical infection.

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