scholarly journals Enteric Tuft Cells in Host-Parasite Interactions

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1163
Author(s):  
Sruthi Rajeev ◽  
Olivia Sosnowski ◽  
Shuhua Li ◽  
Thibault Allain ◽  
André G. Buret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Current State ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Tuft Cell ◽  
Tuft Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Host Parasite

Enteric tuft cells are chemosensory epithelial cells gaining attention in the field of host-parasite interactions. Expressing a repertoire of chemosensing receptors and mediators, these cells have the potential to detect lumen-dwelling helminth and protozoan parasites and coordinate epithelial, immune, and neuronal cell defenses against them. This review highlights the versatility of enteric tuft cells and sub-types thereof, showcasing nuances of tuft cell responses to different parasites, with a focus on helminths reflecting the current state of the field. The role of enteric tuft cells in irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal viral infection is assessed in the context of concomitant infection with parasites. Finally, the review presents pertinent questions germane to understanding the enteric tuft cell and its role in enteric parasitic infections. There is much to be done to fully elucidate the response of this intriguing cell type to parasitic-infection and there is negligible data on the biology of the human enteric tuft cell—a glaring gap in knowledge that must be filled.

IBS‑like syndromes in clinic of internal diseases: current state of problem

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
A. M. Osadchuk ◽  
I. D. Loranskaya ◽  
M. A. Osadchuk
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Lactase Deficiency ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Current State ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Long Term Preservation

IBS-like syndromes are one of the most important problems in gastroenterology. The clinical picture is identical to that of irritable bowel syndrome can be associated with inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, celiac disease, food allergy, lactase deficiency enteropathy, non-celiac sensitivity, gluten and other diseases. In this regard, irritable bowel syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion and always requires a rather complex differential diagnosis to establish the true cause of the disease, conduct adequate therapy and achieve a stable remission. The purpose of the review was to obtain scientific knowledge about IBS-like syndromes and to develop optimal management tactics for these patients. The review demonstrates that the clinical manifestations of IBS are largely nonspecific due to the frequent transition of one form of the disease to another, which creates certain difficulties in making a diagnosis. Timely diagnosis of IBS-like syndromes, often superimposed on the already existing IBS pathology, significantly improves the results of treatment of patients with intestinal symptoms and ensures long-term preservation of remission of the disease.

scholarly journals Functional Intricacy and Symmetry of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Parasitic Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Seun Olajide ◽  
Bolatito Olopade ◽  
Jianping Cai
Keyword(s):  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Dynamic Landscapes ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Molecular Crosstalk

RNAs are a class of molecules and the majority in eukaryotes are arbitrarily termed non- coding transcripts which are broadly classified as short and long non-coding RNAs. Recently, knowledge of the identification and functions of long non-coding RNAs have continued to accumulate and they are being recognized as important molecules that regulate parasite-host interface, parasite differentiation, host responses, and disease progression. Herein, we present and integrate the functions of host and parasite long non-coding RNAs during infections within the context of epigenetic re-programming and molecular crosstalk in the course of host-parasite interactions. Also, the modular range of parasite and host long non-coding RNAs in coordinated parasite developmental changes and host immune dynamic landscapes are discussed. We equally canvass the prospects of long non-coding RNAs in disease diagnosis and prognosis. Hindsight and suggestions are offered with the aim that it will bolster our understanding for future works on host and parasite long non-coding RNAs.

scholarly journals Proteomic identification of galectin-11 and 14 ligands fromHaemonchus contortus

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4510
Author(s):  
Dhanasekaran Sakthivel ◽  
Jaclyn Swan ◽  
Sarah Preston ◽  
MD Shakif-Azam ◽  
Pierre Faou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Affinity Column ◽  
Protein Targets ◽  
Zinc Metalloprotease ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Affinity Column Chromatography ◽  
Host Parasite

Haemonchus contortusis the most pathogenic nematode of small ruminants. Infection in sheep and goats results in anaemia that decreases animal productivity and can ultimately cause death. The involvement of ruminant-specific galectin-11 (LGALS-11) and galectin-14 (LGALS-14) has been postulated to play important roles in protective immune responses against parasitic infection; however, their ligands are unknown. In the current study, LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 ligands inH. contortuswere identified from larval (L4) and adult parasitic stages extracts using immobilised LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 affinity column chromatography and mass spectrometry. Both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 bound more putative protein targets in the adult stage ofH. contortus(43 proteins) when compared to the larval stage (two proteins). Of the 43 proteins identified in the adult stage, 34 and 35 proteins were bound by LGALS-11 and LGALS-14, respectively, with 26 proteins binding to both galectins. Interestingly, hematophagous stage-specific sperm-coating protein and zinc metalloprotease (M13), which are known vaccine candidates, were identified as putative ligands of both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14. The identification of glycoproteins ofH. contortusby LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 provide new insights into host-parasite interactions and the potential for developing new interventions.

scholarly journals Proteomic identification of Galectin-11 and 14 ligands from Haemonchus contortus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhanasekaran Sakthivel ◽  
Jaclyn Swan ◽  
Sarah Preston ◽  
MD Shakif-Azam ◽  
Pierre Faou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Affinity Column ◽  
Protein Targets ◽  
Zinc Metalloprotease ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Affinity Column Chromatography ◽  
Host Parasite

Haemonchus contortus is the most pathogenic nematode of small ruminants. Infection in sheep and goats results in anaemia that decreases animal productivity and can ultimately cause death. The involvement of ruminant-specific galectin-11 (LGALS-11) and galectin-14 (LGALS-14) has been postulated to play important roles in protective immune responses against parasitic infection; however, their ligands are unknown. In the current study, LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 ligands in H. contortus were identified from larval (L4) and adult parasitic stages extracts using immobilised LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 affinity column chromatography and mass spectrometry. Both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 bound more putative protein targets in the adult stage of H. contortus (43 proteins) when compared to the larval stage (2 proteins). Of the 43 proteins identified in the adult stage, 34 and 35 proteins were bound by LGALS-11 and LGALS-14, respectively, with 26 proteins binding to both galectins. Interestingly, hematophagous stage-specific sperm-coating protein and zinc metalloprotease (M13), which are known vaccine candidates, were identified as putative ligands of both LGALS-11 and LGALS-14. The identification of glycoproteins of H. contortus by LGALS-11 and LGALS-14 provide new insights into host-parasite interactions and the potential for developing new interventions.

scholarly journals Noise pollution: acute noise exposure increases susceptibility to disease and chronic exposure reduces host survival

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 200172
Author(s):  
Numair Masud ◽  
Laura Hayes ◽  
Davide Crivelli ◽  
Stephen Grigg ◽  
Jo Cable
Keyword(s):  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact

Anthropogenic noise is a pervasive global pollutant that has been detected in every major habitat on the planet. Detrimental impacts of noise pollution on physiology, immunology and behaviour have been shown in terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates. Equivalent research on aquatic organisms has until recently been stunted by the misnomer of a silent underwater world. In fish, however, noise pollution can lead to stress, hearing loss, behavioural changes and impacted immunity. But, the functional effects of this impacted immunity on disease resistance due to noise exposure have remained neglected. Parasites that cause transmissible disease are key drivers of ecosystem biodiversity and a significant factor limiting the sustainable expansion of the animal trade. Therefore, understanding how a pervasive stressor is impacting host–parasite interactions will have far-reaching implications for global animal health. Here, we investigated the impact of acute and chronic noise on vertebrate susceptibility to parasitic infections, using a model host–parasite system (guppy– Gyrodactylus turnbulli ). Hosts experiencing acute noise suffered significantly increased parasite burden compared with those in no noise treatments. By contrast, fish experiencing chronic noise had the lowest parasite burden. However, these hosts died significantly earlier compared with those exposed to acute and no noise treatments. By revealing the detrimental impacts of acute and chronic noise on host–parasite interactions, we add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating a link between noise pollution and reduced animal health.

scholarly journals Constant Light and Frequent Schedule Changes Do Not Impact Resistance to Parasites in Monarch Butterflies

2021 ◽  
pp. 074873042098531
Author(s):  
Kandis L. Adams ◽  
Elizabeth F. Sun ◽  
Wajd Alaidrous ◽  
Jacobus C. de Roode
Keyword(s):  
Light Exposure ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
Constant Light ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Biological Clocks ◽  
Monarch Butterflies ◽  
Natural Interaction ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite

Organisms have evolved internal biological clocks to regulate their activities based on external environmental cues, such as light, temperature, and food. Environmental disruption of these rhythms, such as caused by constant light or frequent light schedule changes, has been shown to impair development, reduce survival, and increase infection susceptibility and disease progression in numerous organisms. However, the precise role of the biological clock in host-parasite interactions is understudied and has focused on unnatural host-parasite combinations in lab-adapted inbred models. Here, we use the natural interaction between monarch butterflies ( Danaus plexippus) and their virulent protozoan parasite, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, to investigate the effects of constant light and frequent light schedule changes on development, survival, and parasite susceptibility. We show that constant light exposure slows the monarchs’ rate of development but does not increase susceptibility to parasitic infection. Furthermore, frequent schedule changes decrease parasite growth, but have no effect on egg-to-adult survival of infected monarchs. Interestingly, these conditions are usually disruptive to the biological clock, but do not significantly impact the clock of monarch larvae. These unexpected findings show that constant light and frequent schedule changes can uncouple host and parasite performance and highlight how natural relationships are needed to expand our understanding of clocks in host-parasite interactions.

scholarly journals Coccidia-Microbiota Interactions and Their Effects on the Host

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenyang Lu ◽  
Yaqun Yan ◽  
Fuchun Jian ◽  
Changshen Ning
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
And Control

As a common parasitic disease in animals, coccidiosis substantially affects the health of the host, even in the absence of clinical symptoms and intestinal tract colonization. Gut microbiota is an important part of organisms and is closely related to the parasite and host. Parasitic infections often have adverse effects on the host, and their pathogenic effects are related to the parasite species, parasitic site and host-parasite interactions. Coccidia-microbiota-host interactions represent a complex network in which changes in one link may affect the other two factors. Furthermore, coccidia-microbiota interactions are not well understood and require further research. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which coccidia interact directly or indirectly with the gut microbiota and the effects on the host. Understanding the mechanisms underlying coccidia-microbiota-host interactions is important to identify new probiotic strategies for the prevention and control of coccidiosis.

Peripheral Eosinophilia Found in Pediatric Enterobius vermicularis Infections

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Jonathan C. Schroeder ◽  
David Jones ◽  
Ashley Maranich
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Pediatric Gastroenterology ◽  
Peripheral Eosinophilia ◽  
Enterobius Vermicularis ◽  
Unknown Significance ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pediatric Providers

Enterobius vermicularis, the common pinworm, is well known in North America as a parasitic infection, mainly affecting children. It is a very contagious organism, and it is responsible for a high number of infections in the United States each year. A rise in eosinophilia is linked to most parasitic infections. However, the correlation between eosinophilia and enterobiasis infections is not well documented in the literature. In this article, we present 3 cases involving patients seen for pediatric gastroenterology consultation with concern for inflammatory bowel disease. As part of their evaluation, each patient was found to have eosinophilia of unknown significance with an ultimate diagnosis of pinworm infections made by endoscopy. Their illness presentation did not include classic enterobiasis symptoms such as rectal pruritus or nighttime irritability. These cases support a link between eosinophilia and enterobiasis that may be instructive for pediatric providers seeing patients with eosinophilia for which there is no readily apparent underlying cause.

scholarly journals Comprehensive analysis of human hookworm secreted proteins using a proteogenomic approach

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Logan ◽  
SS Manda ◽  
YJ Choi ◽  
M Field ◽  
RM Eichenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Proteome Level ◽  
Host Parasite

SummaryThe human hookworm Necator americanus infects more than 400 million people worldwide, contributing substantially to the poverty in these regions. Adult stage N. americanus live in the small intestine of the human host where they inject excretory/secretory (ES) products into the mucosa. ES products have been characterized at the proteome level for a number of animal hookworm species, but until now, the difficulty in obtaining sufficient live N. americanus has been an obstacle in characterizing the secretome of this important human pathogen. Herein we describe the ES proteome of N. americanus and utilize this information to conduct the first proteogenomic analysis of a parasitic helminth, significantly improving the available genome and thereby generating a robust description of the parasite secretome. The genome annotation resulted in a a revised prediction of 3,425 fewer genes than initially reported, accompanied by a significant increase in the number of exons and introns, total gene length and the percentage of the genome covered by genes. Almost 200 ES proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS with SCP/TAPS proteins, ‘hypothetical’ proteins and proteases among the most abundant families. These proteins were compared to commonly used model species of human parasitic infections, including Ancylostoma caninum, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Our findings provide valuable information on important families of proteins with both known and unknown functions that could be instrumental in host-parasite interactions, including protein families that might be key for parasite survival in the onslaught of robust immune responses, as well as vaccine and drug targets.

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