scholarly journals Impact of Environmental Conditions and Agronomic Practices on the Prevalence of Fusarium Species Associated with Ear- and Stalk Rot in Maize

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Pfordt ◽  
Lucia Ramos Romero ◽  
Simon Schiwek ◽  
Petr Karlovsky ◽  
Andreas von Tiedemann

Fusarium species are common pathogens on maize and reduce the product quality through contamination with mycotoxins thus jeopardizing safety of both animal feed and human food products. Monitoring of Fusarium infected maize ears and stalks was conducted in Germany to determine the range of Fusarium species present in the field and to assess the impact of tillage, crop rotation, and weather conditions on the frequency of Fusarium species. From 2016 till 2018, a total of 387 infected ears and 190 stalk segments from 58 locations in Germany were collected. For each sample location, site-specific agronomic data on tillage and previous crops as well as meteorological data on precipitation, air temperature, and relative humidity during the vegetation period were recorded. The most frequent Fusarium species detected in maize ears were Fusarium graminearum, F. verticillioides and F. temperatum, whereas, F. graminearum, F. equiseti, F. culmorum, and F. temperatum were the species prevailing on maize stalks. Differences in the local species composition were found to be primarily associated with weather variations between the years and the microclimate at the different locations. The results indicate that mean temperature and precipitation in July, during flowering, has the strongest impact on the local range of Fusarium spp. on ears, whereas the incidence of Fusarium species on stalks is mostly affected by weather conditions during September. Ploughing significantly reduced the infection with F. graminearum and F. temperatum, while crop rotation exerted only minor effects.

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mijić ◽  
I. Liović ◽  
V. Kovačević ◽  
P. Pepó

Oil crops constitute the second most important field crops worldwide and are important both in Hungary and Croatia. Among the oil crops, sunflower has a significant role in Hungary (∼550,000 ha) and Croatia (∼30,000 ha). The main aim of this study was to compare sunflower yields and their variation over years (2000–2007) in the eastern parts of Hungary and Croatia, with the emphasis on the impact of rainfall and temperature regime, and using a rain factor (RFm) calculated monthly as the quotient of precipitation (mm) and mean air temperatures (°C). The results showed that the year had a different effect on the yield of sunflower in the different counties of eastern Hungary and Croatia, because of their different soil conditions. The results proved that the highest yields of sunflower (2140–2710 kg ha−1) were obtained in years when the rainfall before and during the vegetation period was 110–130 mm and 350–420 mm, which was very similar to the 30-year mean data (82–108 mm and 305–346 mm, respectively). The strongest correlations (positive and negative r values) between meteorological data and sunflower yields were found in counties with unfavourable soil conditions. In counties with better soil fertility the correlation coefficients were smaller, indicating that better soil conditions can compensate for unfavourable year effects (especially temporary shortage of rainfall or unfavourable rainfall distribution).


Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terciolo ◽  
Bracarense ◽  
Souto ◽  
Cossalter ◽  
Dopavogui ◽  
...  

Fumonisins (FBs) are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species that can contaminate human food and animal feed. Due to the harmful effects of FBs on animals, the European Union (EU) defined a recommendation of a maximum of 5 mg FBs (B1 + B2)/kg for complete feed for swine and 1 µg FBs/kg body weight per day as the tolerable daily intake for humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of dietary exposure to low doses of FBs, including a dose below the EU regulatory limits. Four groups of 24 weaned castrated male piglets were exposed to feed containing 0, 3.7, 8.1, and 12.2 mg/kg of FBs for 28 days; the impact was measured by biochemical analysis and histopathological observations. Dietary exposure to FBs at a low dose (3.7 mg/kg of feed) significantly increased the plasma sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratio. FBs-contaminated diets led to histological modifications in the intestine, heart, lung, lymphoid organs, kidney, and liver. The histological alterations in the heart and the intestine appeared at the lowest dose of FBs-contaminated diet (3.7 mg/kg feed) and in the kidney at the intermediate dose (8.1 mg/kg feed). At the highest dose tested (12.2 mg/kg feed), all the organs displayed histological alterations. This dose also induced biochemical modifications indicative of kidney and liver alterations. In conclusion, our data indicate that FBs-contaminated diets at doses below the EU regulatory limit cause histological lesions in several organs. This study suggests that EU recommendations for the concentration of FBs in animal feed, especially for swine, are not sufficiently protective and that regulatory doses should be modified for better protection of animal health.


2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Å. Forsman ◽  
C. Andersson ◽  
A. Grimvall ◽  
M. Hoffmann

Process-oriented models driven by highly resolved meteorological inputs and comprising a short internal time step are sometimes used to predict substance fluxes in air, soil and water over fairly long periods of time. To ascertain whether regression-based input–output analyses in such cases can provide adequate parametric models of the impact of daily and monthly fluctuations in inputs on annual outputs, we studied the SOIL/SOILN model of vertical transport of heat, water and nitrogen through arable soils. Annual leaching of nitrate from the root zone was regarded as the response variable, and regressors were selected from among the set of all linear combinations of daily or monthly values of five different meteorological inputs. We found that, although several of the underlying processes described by the SOIL/SOILN model are non-linear, both ordinary and partial least squares regression (OLS and PLS) identified the subsets of input variables with the strongest influence on the model output, and the dominating time lags between model inputs and outputs. Furthermore, highly resolved explanatory variables were a prerequisite for good performance of linear predictors of temporally aggregated outputs and, to discern the full dynamic behaviour of the model, it was necessary to analyse the response to artificially generated daily meteorological data representing a very large number of different weather conditions. PLS had one advantage over OLS: a smooth pattern in the regression coefficients facilitated physical interpretation of the derived impulse–response weights.


2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pepó ◽  
V. Kovačević

Wheat is the second most important field crop on arable lands in Hungary and Croatia. Yield variations between years are high in both countries. In the short term these variations are mainly the result of the weather parameters specific to individual growing seasons. The aim of this study was to compare variations in winter wheat yields over years in four counties in Hungary and five in Croatia, with the emphasis on the impact of rainfall and mean air temperature regimes. The results showed that rainfall in spring was most decisive for winter wheat yields. The highest winter wheat yields were obtained when the rainfall in the winter half-year ranged from 230–260 mm and the spring rainfall from 180–230 mm. The precipitation in the growing season is much higher in eastern Croatia than in eastern Hungary, so water shortage is a more pronounced environmental problem for wheat in Hungary. This is probably why wheat yields were lower in eastern Hungary than in eastern Croatia in the period tested. Pearson correlation analysis on the yields and meteorological data between 1990 and 2009 revealed a positive correlation between spring rainfall and the yield, and a negative correlation between spring temperature and the yield. The results proved that yields were determined not only by weather conditions, but by many other factors (crop rotation, tillage, fertilization, variety, crop protection, etc.).


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-253
Author(s):  
I. V. Lyskova ◽  
O. E. Sukhoveeva ◽  
T. V. Lyskova

On the basis of long-term meteorological data and research results in a long-term stationary experiment of 1971-2020 a retrospective analysis of changes in air temperature and precipitation in the eastern region of the central climatic zone of the Kirov region was carried out and the influence of these characteristics on the dynamics of the yield of spring cereals was estimated. It has been established that the average annual air temperature during the research period was 2.4±1.0 °C. At the same time, its stable positive trend was observed at the rate of 0.39 °С /10 years. Two decades from 2001 to 2020 were recorded as the warmest for 50 years, when the temperature was 0.7...2.6 °C above climate normal. Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient (0.7...2.1) testifies to the contrasting conditions of humidification of the vegetation periods during the research years – from drought to excessively humidified. In a long-term experiment, the yield of spring cereals increased in the row wheat – barley – oats: 2.17±0.86, 3.04±0.61, 3.39±0.65 t/ha, respectively. Strong correlations were marked between the average yield (spring wheat) and weather conditions in June: reverse with air temperature (rр = -0.735) and direct with the amount of precipitation (rр = 0.686). It has been established that the use of phosphorus fertilizers (and their aftereffect) in combination with nitrogen-potassium fertilizers weakened the influence of weather conditions on the productivity of spring wheat: the determination coefficients (R2), which reflect the portion of variability due to weather conditions, were 0.59-0.73 for the variant without fertilizers and decreased to 0.50-0.56 when applying NP3K.


Author(s):  
О.L. Zhygailo ◽  
T.S. Zhygailo

The problem of climate change and global warming both in whole and in particular has become one of the most serious and urgent directions of scientific and technical activity at the present stage. The future food security of Ukraine depends on the effectiveness of adaptation of agriculture to new conditions dictated by the global anthropogenic warming. In order to evaluate possible impact of climate change in Ukraine on agroclimatic indicators the scenario A1B - "moderate" was used providing a balance between all energy sources. Researches of sunflower harvest formation are carried out using a dynamic model of agricultural crops productivity. For a comparative analysis of scenary meteorological variables with previous data the period from 1986 to 2005 is taken from agroclimatic directory of Ukraine. It serves as a base when performing calculations. According to calculations of A1B climate change scenario, periods of sowing and subsequent phases of development will occur earlier than at present, which will lead to reduction of the whole vegetation period at most parts of the area under study. As a result of comparative analysis of temperature and precipitation regime it was found that, subject to implementation of the climate change scenario under study, expected weather conditions will be more favourable for cultivation of sun-flower in the Western and Central forest-steppe, as well as at the Right-Bank Ukraine and in the Donetsk sub-zone of Northern steppe of Ukraine.


Author(s):  
В.Л. Мешкова

Цель исследования обобщение опубликованных материалов и собственных данных об условиях возникновения очагов усыхания сосновых лесов и возможностях минимизации негативных последствий. Источники данных справочные материалы по структуре лесного фонда лесохозяйственных предприятий, состоянию лесов, характеристики погодных условий, результаты собственных полевых и лабораторных исследований (обследований насаждений, лабораторного выращивания короедов в отрезках ветвей, расчета популяционных показателей). За последние десятилетия изменились показатели тепла, влаги и континентальности, характеризующие лесоклиматические зоны, что влияет на состояние лесов и их восприимчивость к заселению короедами. Возрастание значения короедов рода Ips в комплексе стволовых вредителей сосновых лесов Украины связано с их поливольтинностью. Жуки отдельных поколений и фенологических групп вершинного короеда (Ips acuminatus) заселяют ослабленные деревья, ветровал и порубочные остатки в течение значительной части вегетационного периода. Доказана возможность развития трех поколений вершинного короеда в году в Харьковской области, однако быстрое высыхание порубочных остатков с повышением температуры может препятствовать завершению развития вредителя. Медленное высыхание заготовленной древесины и порубочных остатков в Полесье стало важной причиной интенсивного развития вспышек короедов в этом регионе. Предложено оценивать потенциальную площадь очагов усыхания в областях или природных зонах с учетом доли чистых сосновых насаждений и их возраста, а на уровне лесных массивов учитывать соседство выделов с вырубками. Отмечено несовершенство нормативной базы лесного хозяйства, препятствующее заготовке древесины в очагах короедного усыхания до того, как она превратится в дровяную. The goal of the research was integration of published and own data on the conditions for the occurrence of foci of pine forest decline and the prospects for mitigating this process. The data were obtained from reference materials on forest fund structure in forest enterprises, forest health, weather conditions, and the results of own field and laboratory research (forest inspections, laboratory rearing of the bark beetles in branches, and evaluation of population parameters). The main parameters of the forest climatic zones (heat, humidity, and continentality) have changed during the last decades. This affects forests health and their susceptibility to bark beetle colonization. The increase in the impact of Ips genus bark beetles in the complex of stem pests in pine forests of Ukraine is pertinent to their multivoltine development. Beetles of certain generations and phenological groups of pine engraver beetle (Ips acuminatus) colonize weakened and windthrown trees and logging residues during considerable part of vegetation period. A possibility of development of three generations per year has been proven for Ips acuminatus in Kharkov region (foreststeppe zone). However, quick drying of logging residues combined with increasing temperature may prevent the completion of pests development. Slow drying of harvested wood and logging residues in Polesie was an important reason for the intensive development of bark beetle outbreaks in the region. It was suggested to evaluate a potential area of drying forest in the regions or natural zones with consideration of the proportion of pure pine stands and their age. For certain forest stands, the proximity of every plot to clearcuts of the last two years must be taken into account. The flaws of forestry regulatory legislation are noted. These flaws prevent timely harvesting of timber in the bark beetles foci before this timber turns into firewood.


2005 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 395-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas V. Schuler ◽  
Regine Hock ◽  
Miriam Jackson ◽  
Hallgeir Elvehøy ◽  
Matthias Braun ◽  
...  

AbstractAssessing the impact of possible climate change on the water resources of glacierized areas requires a reliable model of the climate–glacier-mass-balance relationship. In this study, we simulate the mass-balance evolution of Engabreen, Norway, using a simple mass-balance model based on daily temperature and precipitation data from a nearby climate station. Ablation is calculated using a distributed temperature-index method including potential direct solar radiation, while accumulation is distributed linearly with elevation. The model was run for the period 1974/75–2001/02, for which annual mass-balance measurements and meteorological data are available. Parameter values were determined by a multi-criteria validation including point measurements of mass balance, mass-balance gradients and specific mass balance. The modelled results fit the observed mass balance well. Simple sensitivity experiments indicate a high sensitivity of the mass balance to temperature changes, as expected for maritime glaciers. The results suggest, further, that the mass balance of Engabreen is more sensitive to warming during summer than during winter, while precipitation changes affect almost exclusively the winter balance.


Author(s):  
Hanna Yatsenko

This article explores the impact of weather conditions on core sectors of the Ukrainian economy and the composite index of economic activity in Ukraine. We build autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models using statistical data provided by the Central Geophysical Observatory named after Boris Sreznevsky (CGO) and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for the period 2004-2019. The obtained outcomes show that fluctuations in the air temperature and precipitation are significant determinants of output in different sectors (specifically agriculture, construction, manufacturing, and energy). Therefore, the inclusion of weather conditions into models may potentially improve the modeling properties and forecasting of economic activity.


2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
A. L. Pakul ◽  
N. A. Lapshinov ◽  
V. N. Pakul ◽  
G. V. Bozhanova

The paper presents the results of the study on the influence of various tillage systems on the weed infestation of soft spring wheat of the Siberian Alliance variety. The study was carried out in a long-term stationary experiment (20152019) preceded by bare and green-manured fallow (rapeseed, melilot) in Kemerovo region. The soil of the experimental plot is classified as leached, medium-textured, medium-humus, heavy-loam chernozem. The following soil tillage systems were studied: deep moldboard, deep combined, minimum combined and minimum moldboard. Weather conditions during the research period were varied. Insufficient water supply during the first vegetation period of soft spring wheat (seedlings – leaf-tube formation) was noted in 2015-2017, with HTC (hydrothermal coefficient) being from 0.37 to 0.56. Excessive water content was observed in 2018 (HTC = 2.41) and moderate hydration – in 2019 (HTC = 1.12). Weed infestation was different in the conditions of each year. The impact of the soil tillage system on the number of weeds during the growing season of common spring wheat accounted for 21.6-90.4%, and their share in the total aboveground mass of the phytocenosis was 39.9-68.3%. The segetal flora in soft spring wheat crops is represented by monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species with all the studied tillage systems. The highest density of weed vegetation during the tillering phase of soft spring wheat was recorded with deep moldboard soil tillage system (control). A reduction in weed infestation by 2.3 times compared to the control was noted with minimum moldboard soil tillage system preceded by bare fallow, 1.6 times – preceded by green-manured fallow with rapeseed, and 1.7 times – preceded by green-manured fallow with melilot. The same trend was observed in the proportion of weeds in the total aboveground mass of the phytocenosis during the wax ripeness phase of soft spring wheat with deep moldboard tillage system (4.3%), deep combined (3.9), minimum combined (4.1), minimum moldboard (2.6%).


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