scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization among Children with Sickle Cell Disease at the Children’s Hospital, Accra: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antibiotic Resistance

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 329
Author(s):  
Vera A. Appiah ◽  
George A. Pesewu ◽  
Fleischer C. N. Kotey ◽  
Alahaman Nana Boakye ◽  
Samuel Duodu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
And Control ◽  
Carriage Prevalence

The aim of this study was to investigate S. aureus carriage among children with sickle cell disease (SCD), including the prevalence, risk factors, and antibiotic resistance. The study was cross-sectional, and involved 120 children with SCD recruited at the Princess Marie Louise Children’s Hospital (PML) in Accra and 100 apparently healthy children from environs of the hospital. Nasal swab samples were collected from the study participants and cultured for bacteria. Confirmation of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were done using the tube coagulase test and mecA polymerase chain reaction, respectively. All the S. aureus isolates were tested against standard antimicrobial agents using the Kirby-Bauer method. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain the socio-demographic and clinical data of the study participants. Binary logistic regression was used to identify determinants of S. aureus and MRSA carriage among the study participants. The nasal carriage prevalence of S. aureus was 33.3% (n = 40) and 10% (n = 10) among the participants of the SCD and control groups, respectively. As regards MRSA nasal carriage prevalence, the respective values were 3.33% (n = 4) and 0.00% (n = 0). SCD was significantly associated with S. aureus colonization (p < 0.0001, OR = 4.045), but not MRSA colonization (p = 0.128). In the SCD group, the significant predictors of S. aureus carriage were increasing age (p = 0.003; OR = 1.275) and living in self-contained apartments (p = 0.033; OR = 3.632), whereas male gender (p = 0.018; OR = 0.344) and the practice of self-medication (p = 0.039; OR = 0.233) were protective of S. aureus carriage. In the control group, a history of hospitalization in the past year was a risk factor for the carriage of S. aureus (p = 0.048; OR = 14.333). Among the participants of the SCD and control groups, respectively, the resistance prevalence recorded by S. aureus against the various antibiotics investigated were penicillin (100% each), cotrimoxazole (27.5% vs. 20%), tetracycline (25% vs. 50%), rifampicin (82.5% vs. 50%), erythromycin (30% vs. 20%), clindamycin (32.5% vs. 50%), gentamicin (7.5% vs. 20%), cefoxitin (27.5% vs. 20%), linezolid (30% vs. 40%), and fusidic acid (95% vs. 80%). The proportion of S. aureus isolates that were multidrug resistant (MDR) was 92.5% (37/40) in the SCD group and 100% (10/10) in the control group.

Triazolam and Nitrazepam Use in Elderly Outpatients

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoko Takami ◽  
Akira Okada
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Elderly Outpatients ◽  
Appropriate Therapy ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
And Control

OBJECTIVE: To determine adverse reactions and effects on sleep among three groups of patients: those taking triazolam, those taking nitrazepam, and a control group. DESIGN: Telephone interviews. PATIENTS: Forty-seven patients taking triazolam, 36 taking nitrazepam, and 40 control patients. All study participants were outpatients over 60 years of age. RESULTS: The rate of awakening in the middle of sleep was not significantly different among patients taking triazolam (61.7 percent) and those taking nitrazepam (69.4 percent). Incidence of nocturia, the primary reason for awakening, was not significantly different between triazolam- (36.2 percent) and nitrazepam-taking patients (41.7 percent). The rate of having difficulty falling back to sleep was significantly different among triazolam (62.1 percent) and nitrazepam (8 percent), and triazolam and control (11.1 percent) groups (p<0.01). No difference was evident, however, between nitrazepam and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients taking nitrazepam have less difficulty returning to sleep compared with those who take triazolam. Thus, for elderly patients who awaken because of nocturia, nitrazepam may be more appropriate therapy.

scholarly journals Plantar Fasciitis Risk Factorsin Normal Population

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-430
Author(s):  
Hadi Ghotbi Joshvaghan ◽  
Farzad Omidi-Kashani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Plantar Fasciitis ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Orthopedic Surgeon ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Bony Spur

Conservative treatments results for plantar fasciitis patients are inconsistent and therefore manipulating risk factors could be the best option for this disease. To determine risk factors of plantar fasciitis. In a retrospective study, all patients who had plantar fasciitis were enrolled and were compared to control group on their demographic characteristics. The angle of dorsi-flexion was recorded by examination of orthopedic surgeon, history of pregnancy and time of standing in one day. Plantar curvature was measured by orthopedic surgeon. Female sex percentage was significantly higher in PF group than male sex (p=0.007), but the difference in sex was not significant between PF and control groups (p=0.22). Body mass index (BMI) above 30 was significantly higher in PF group compare to control group (p=0.013). Presence of bony spur was significantly higher in PF group compare to control group (p=0.03). There were significant differences in foot curve degree in patients between PF and control groups (p=0.037). Odds ratio (OR) of plantar fasciitis was 1.65 times in patients with bony spur. History of pregnancy increase OR of plantar fasciitis 1.37 times (OR:1.37; 95% CI:1.20-1.82, p=0.017). Plantar fasciitis is associated with higher BMI, pregnancy, bony spur and foot curve cavus. However, it seems that a predisposing foot structural factor should also be accompanied with these risk factors.

SCCmec Genotypes of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Carriage of Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasaman JAMSHIDI ◽  
Mohammad Reza POURMAND ◽  
Zahra PAKBAZ ◽  
Amirhossein POURMAND ◽  
Abbas RAHIMI FOROUSHANI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sccmec Typing ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Patients ◽  
And Control ◽  
Sccmec Types

Background: Asymptomatic nasal colonization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus is common in Multiple Sclerosis patients. SCCmec types I to III are mainly attributed to HA-MRSA strains whereas SCCmec types IV and V have commonly been reported in CA-MRSA infections. Here, we assessed the frequency of nasal carriage of MRSA in MS patients. This study aimed to evaluate MRSA SCCmec typing in MS nasal carriage. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from Feb and Jun 2017 in MS Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Iran. Overall, 620 nasal swabs were collected (325 from MS patients and 295 from control group). Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the disk diffusion and E-test method. Presence of mecA gene was confirmed by PCR assay and multiplex PCR was performed for SCCmec typing of MRSA isolates. Results: The frequency of MRSA among the MS patients and control group was almost equal (9.2% and 10.1%, respectively). SCCmec typing detected only types III, IV and V in both groups and type IV was the most predominant type in MS patients and control group. SCCmec type III was more prevalent in control group than MS patients (40% vs. 20%). Moreover, the frequency of SCCmec type V in MS patients was significantly higher than control group (36.7% vs. 3.3%). Conclusion: Although most MRSA isolates were collected from inpatients, interestingly there is a high frequency of SCCmec types IV and V in MS group. Moreover, MRSA isolates were not resistant to more antibiotics in SCCmec type III than types IV-V.

Nasal bacterial carriage in adult epistaxis: is neomycin the answer?

2008 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 623-625
Author(s):  
F D L Walker ◽  
D E C Baring
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
And Control

AbstractIntroduction:After treatment of epistaxis, patients are routinely supplied with an intranasal bactericidal cream containing neomycin. Neomycin cream is effective in preventing recurrent paediatric epistaxis. This study aimed to assess whether there is an increased rate of nasal bacterial infections in adult epistaxis patients.Methods:Between October 2004 and April 2005, nasal swabs were taken from adult patients presenting with epistaxis, and from a control group comprising elective ENT patients.Results:There were 23 controls and 26 epistaxis patients. Staphylococcus aureus was grown in 21 per cent and 23 per cent, respectively. There was no significant difference in bacterial carriage rates between the epistaxis and control groups.Conclusions:The epistaxis and control groups demonstrated the same bacterial species and the same proportion of bacterial carriage. Although the majority of bacterial species encountered were sensitive to neomycin, a significant proportion was not. These results do not support the routine use of neomycin in the prevention of recurrent adult epistaxis.

scholarly journals Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among medical students of a private institution in Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-317
Author(s):  
T.A. Ajani ◽  
C.J. Elikwu ◽  
V. Nwadike ◽  
T. Babatunde ◽  
C.G. Anaedobe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Background: Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major factor for its transmission especially from the health workers and medical students to their patients. There are a number of published data on the prevalence of MRSA among health workers but data on nasal colonization of medical students by MRSA are sparse in Nigeria. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of nasal carriage of MRSA among medical students of the Ben Carson School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria, and identify risk factors associated with this nasal carriage. Methodology: A case control study involving 100 clinical (study group) and 100 pre- clinical (control group) medical students was undertaken between March 2018 and October 2019. Structured questionnaire was administered to obtain socio-demographic information and potential risk factors. Nasal swab was collected from each student and cultured for isolation of S. aureus by standard microbiology techniques. Phenotypic MRSA was detected by the cefoxitin 30μg disk diffusion method according to the guideline of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The mecA gene was detected by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Results: The prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage among the study group was 14% (14/100) while the prevalence among the control group was 6% (6/100) (p=0.097). The prevalence of phenotypic MRSA among the study group was 4% (4/100) and 1% (1/100) among the control group (p=0.3687) while mecA gene was detected in 3 of the 4 (75%) phenotypic MRSA positive study participants and in the only (100%) phenotypic MRSA positive (1%) control group. Antibiotics usage without prescription, antibiotic treatment of common cold, and use of antibiotics in the previous one year, were significantly associated with MRSA carriage among the study group. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of nasal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA among clinical and pre-clinical medical students was not statistically significant, the risk factors identified with carriage of MRSA among the study group indicates the need for antimicrobial stewardship program to reduce carriage and transmission of MRSA by medical students. Keywords: methicillin resistant, Staphylococcus aureus, mecA gene, nasal carriage, medical students

scholarly journals Frequency and Risk Factors Associated with Mortality in Pregnant Women in Tehran-Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Fereshteh Farzianpour ◽  
Khatere Ramezani ◽  
Najmeh Bahmanziari ◽  
Omolbanin Atashbahar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

<p><strong>BACKGROUND &amp; OBJECTIVES:</strong> Ending mortality in pregnant women is not just a health challenge, but a development challenge. The purpose of this study was to access the frequency and risk factors associated with maternal mortality in Tehran from 2008 to 2011.</p><p><strong>METHODS: </strong>The present study was a case-control study with a population group which consists of all the women who have died since the beginning of pregnancy up to 42 days after delivery from the year 2008 to 2011 and a control group which consists of all delivered pregnant women with a perfect record in the hospitals (n=16) in Tehran from 2008 to 2011. In the case group, sampling was done through census (n = 113) and random sampling was used in the control group and 327 people were selected. Data collection tool was a record sheet consisting of two parts: demographic and risk factors associated with pregnancy which was completed using the data in the case and control groups. Finally, SPSS 22, descriptive statistics and statistical tests such as Chi-square, t-test and Fisher were used to analyze the data.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Maternal deaths were reported in Tehran from 2008 to 2011 and the ratio was 15.8 in 100 thousand of live births during the period. Among the mothers who died, 73.5% of them were 18 to 34 years old, 1.22% were 35 years old or above and only 4.4% were less than 18 years of age. Of these mothers that died, 83.2% lived in the city and 16.8% lived in rural areas, but there were significant relationship between age, place of residence and maternal deaths. In combination with other risk factors, such as pregnancy age, pregnancy number, number of abortions, underlying medical condition, access to appropriate prenatal care, methods of delivery, factors of delivery, and the time may be between two last pregnancy, a significant difference was observed between the case and control groups, except for the distance between the two last pregnancy.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Maternal mortality has been declining over the years; due to the identified factors associated with maternal death, proposed strategies, such as improving the quality of hospital services in the field of obstetric emergencies, improving the quality and coverage of prenatal care, avoidance of selective cesarean sections, identifying high risk pregnancies and referrals to specialized centers.</p>

Effect of yoga practices on general mental ability in urban residential school children

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Verma ◽  
S.U. Shete
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mental Ability ◽  
Residential School ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
General Mental Ability ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

AbstractIntroductionMental ability of children represents functioning of brain in different aspects of competency including verbal, mathematical, logical reasoning and spatial, which is of prime importance for academic performance.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the effect of yoga on general mental ability of urban residential school children.MethodsSixty-six urban school children aged 11–15 years were selected as participants. All the selected participants were staying in a residential school in Pune District. A stratified random sampling method was used to divide the students into experimental and control groups. There were 32 students in experimental group and 29 students in control group. Both experimental and control groups were assessed for general mental ability by using standard questionnaire at the baseline and at the end of 12 weeks of yoga training. The study participants of experimental group underwent yoga training for 12 weeks, for 1 h in the morning for a period of 12 weeks. The control group did not undergo any yoga training during this time period.ResultsThe experimental group participants showed significant improvement in general mental ability as compared to control group.ConclusionThe findings of this study indicate that yoga practices could improve general mental ability of urban residential school children.

scholarly journals Asymmetric Dense Breast is an Independent Breast Cancer Risk Factor

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alikhassi A ◽  
◽  
Shariatalavi R ◽  
Moradi B ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk Factor ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Cancer Risk Factor ◽  
And Control

Objectives: There are multiple known breast cancer risk factors, but most women with breast cancer do not have any of them, so there should be some other unknown risk factors. We hypothesized that asymmetric breast densities could be another breast cancer risk factor. Method: In this study, we defined two case and control groups with 136 women with breast cancer and 136 who did not have breast cancer, respectively. Any different type of asymmetry in either breast was recorded in both groups. Result: The frequency of focal asymmetry in cases was 47 (34.6%), which was statistically more significant than in the control group (28 (20.6%)) (p=0.010). There were three (2.9%) and five (3.7%) global asymmetries in the case and control groups, respectively (p=0.735). The frequency of one view asymmetry in the case and control groups was not significant (16 (11.8%) and 9 (6.6%) respectively) (p=0.142). In the case group, 59 (43.4%) women had at least one type of asymmetry, compared to 41 (30.1%) in the control group (p=0.02). We identify focal asymmetries (likelihood ratio, 1.215; p=0.027) is risk factors for breast cancer. Conclusion: Breast density asymmetry is a breast cancer risk factor that could be scored, thus enhancing risk stratification for screening and prevention.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology, Virulence Factors, Antibiotic Resistance and Risk Factors for Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in A Teenage Student Population: High Prevalence of Oxacillin Susceptible MRSA Isolates

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahsa Ranjbar Omid ◽  
Houshang Jamali ◽  
Farshid Kafilzadeh ◽  
Amir Borjian ◽  
Mohsen Arzanlou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
School Children ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Oxacillin Resistance ◽  
Spa Types

Background: Asymptomatic carriage of Staphylococcus aureus can lead to endogenous infections and cross-transmission to other individuals. Objectives: The prevalence, molecular epidemiology, antibiotic resistance, and risk factors for nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were studied in school children in Ardabil, Iran. Methods: Totally, 510 nasal samples were collected during 2017. Isolates were identified and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, identification of oxacillin resistance, and molecular typing. Results: Totally, 13.5% of volunteers were positive for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 17.5% colonized with mecA positive S. aureus strains, including 6.07% oxacillin-resistant MRSA (OR-MRSA) and 11.56% oxacillin-susceptible MRSA (OS-MRSA). Excluding β-lactam antibiotics, high resistance rate was observed for erythromycin (71%), tetracycline (25.8%), clindamycin (35%) in our isolates. Surprisingly, 11% of the isolates [OR-MRSA (25.8%), OS-MRSA (10.1%), and MSSA (5.7%) isolates] were resistant to mupirocin. Moreover, 18 (58%), 29 (49%), and 29 (42%) of OR-MRSA, OS-MRSA, and MSSA isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), respectively. Overall, 97.48% of isolates carried ≥ 3 toxin encoding genes. The pvl gene was found in 46 (29%) isolates. In comparison, 25.50% of MRSA (9.60% OR-MRSA and 34% OS-MRSA) and 33% of MSSA isolates carried pvl gene. SCCmec type IV had the highest rate among OR-MRSA (87%) and OS-MRSA (74.5%) isolates, which indicates CA-MRSA phenotype. Eleven and 21 spa types were identified in OR-MRSA, and OS-MRSA isolates, respectively. The most common spa types were t11332 (14.3%) and t012 (11.4%) in OS-MRSA isolates. ERIC-PCR revealed high genetic diversity among isolates. The number of students in classroom and incomplete antibiotic course were associated with OS-MRSA nasal carriage. Conclusions: This study showed a high proportion of MDR CA-MRSA nasal carriage among Iranian healthy school children community.

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