scholarly journals Classical Swine Fever Virus Biology, Clinicopathology, Diagnosis, Vaccines and a Meta-Analysis of Prevalence: A Review from the Indian Perspective

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yashpal Singh Malik ◽  
Sudipta Bhat ◽  
O. R. Vinodh Kumar ◽  
Ajay Kumar Yadav ◽  
Shubhankar Sircar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
The World

Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically significant, multi-systemic, highly contagious viral disease of swine world over. The disease is notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) due to its enormous consequences on porcine health and the pig industry. In India, the pig population is 9.06 million and contributes around 1.7% of the total livestock population. The pig industry is not well organized and is mostly concentrated in the eastern and northeastern states of the country (~40% of the country’s population). Since the first suspected CSF outbreak in India during 1944, a large number of outbreaks have been reported across the country, and CSF has acquired an endemic status. As of date, there is a scarcity of comprehensive information on CSF from India. Therefore, in this review, we undertook a systematic review to compile and evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of the CSF virus situation in the porcine population from India, targeting particular virus genes sequence analysis, published reports on prevalence, pathology, and updates on indigenous diagnostics and vaccines. The CSF virus (CSFV) is genetically diverse, and at least three phylogenetic groups are circulating throughout the world. In India, though genotype 1.1 predominates, recently published reports point toward increasing evidence of co-circulation of sub-genotype 2.2 followed by 2.1. Sequence identities and phylogenetic analysis of Indian CSFV reveal high genetic divergence among circulating strains. In the meta-analysis random-effects model, the estimated overall CSF prevalence was 35.4%, encompassing data from both antigen and antibody tests, and region-wise sub-group analysis indicated variable incidence from 25% in the southern to nearly 40% in the central zone, eastern, and northeastern regions. A country-wide immunization approach, along with other control measures, has been implemented to reduce the disease incidence and eliminate the virus in time to come.

scholarly journals Validation of a Real Time PCR for Classical Swine Fever Diagnosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natanael Lamas Dias ◽  
Antônio Augusto Fonseca Júnior ◽  
Anapolino Macedo Oliveira ◽  
Érica Bravo Sales ◽  
Bruna Rios Coelho Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
The World ◽  
World Organization ◽  
Different Tissues

The viral disease classical swine fever (CSF), caused by aPestivirus, is one of the major causes of economic losses for pig farming. The aim of this work was to validate a RT-qPCR using Taqman for detection of CSF in swine tissues. The parameters for the validation followed the specifications of the Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the guide ABNT NBR ISO/IEC 17025:2005. The analysis of the 5′NTR region of CSF virus was performed in 145 samples from 29 infected pigs and in 240 samples from 80 pigs originated in the Brazilian CSF-free zone. The tissues tested were spleen, kidney, blood, tonsils, and lymph nodes. Sequencing of the positive samples for 5′NTR region was performed to evaluate the specificity of the RT-qPCR. Tests performed for the RT-qPCR validation demonstrated that the PCR assay was efficient in detecting RNA from CSF virus in all materials from different tissues of infected animals. Furthermore, RNA from CSF virus was not detected in samples of swine originated from the Brazilian CSF-free zone. Hence, it is concluded that RT-qPCR can be used as a complementary diagnostic for CSF.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Neuromyelitis Optica in the World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Etemadifar ◽  
Zahra Nasr ◽  
Behrang Khalili ◽  
Maryam Taherioun ◽  
Reza Vosoughi
Keyword(s):  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
The World ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Level

Background.Neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s disease) is a severe autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. Epidemiological aspects of NMO have not been systemically reviewed. In this study we systematically reviewed and assessed the quality of studies reporting the incidence and/or prevalence of NMO across the world.Methods.A comprehensive literature search using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science for the terms “Neuromyelitis optica,” “devic disease,” “incidence,” “prevalence,” and “epidemiology” was conducted on January 31, 2015. Study quality was assessed using an assessment tool based on recognized guidelines and designed specifically for this study.Results.A total of 216 studies were initially identified, with only 9 meeting the inclusion criteria. High level of heterogeneity amongst studies precluded a firm conclusion. Incidence data were found in four studies and ranged from 0.053 per 100,000 per year in Cuba to 0.4 in Southern Denmark. Prevalence was reported in all studies and ranged from 0.51 per 100,000 in Cuba to 4.4 in Southern Denmark.Conclusion.This review reveals the gaps that still exist in the epidemiological knowledge of NMO in the world. Published studies have different qualities and methodology precluding a robust conclusion. Future researches focusing on epidemiological features of NMO in different nations and different ethnic groups are needed.

scholarly journals FMD EPIDEMIC PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS IN RUSSIA IN 2010 – FIRST QUARTER OF 2019

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
V. P. Semakina ◽  
T. P. Akimova ◽  
A. K. Karaulov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Primorsky Krai ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation

Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed livestock and wild animals. Europe, North America and Oceania have long been FMD free; at the same time, the virus is widely spread in Asian and African countries. In the period from 2010 to March 2019, FMD was notified to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) by 89 countries of the world. Local FMD outbreaks were also reported in several regions of the Russian Federation throughout this period. The research was aimed at studying some characteristics of the FMD epidemic process in the Russian Federation. The undertaken epidemiological analysis covers the Russian Federation regions where FMD outbreaks were reported between 2010 and March 2019. During the period under consideration, FMD cases were reported in 9 regions of the Russian Federation, mainly in the settlements located in close proximity to the Russia-China and Russia-Mongolia international borders. Most of the outbreaks were caused by serotype O and A FMD viruses. In most cases, FMD was reported in cattle and pigs and, less frequently, in sheep and goats. The analysis of the FMD epidemic situation in the Russian Federation Subjects was performed through epidemic process assessment based on the following estimates: the proportion of infected settlements, epidemic, contagiousness and morbidity rates. The Zabaykalsky and Primorsky Krais have a lead in the number of infected settlements. The highest morbidity rate in pigs was recorded in the Primorsky Krai, in cattle – in the Amur Oblast. The epidemic rate was the highest in the Primorsky and Zabaykalsky Krais. The Primorsky Krai also accounted for the highest contagiousness rates in 2014 and 2019 when FMD occurred on several large pig farms.

scholarly journals Review and Meta-Analysis of PPR in Goat and Sheep of Bangladesh from 2000 to 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 2099-2104
Author(s):  
F. M. Yasir Hasib ◽  
Sharmin Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Prevalence Estimation ◽  
The World ◽  
Cumulative Prevalence

Peste des petits ruminant (PPR), considered as goat plague is the most fatal infectious viral disease for small ruminants. This disease is endemic in many parts of the world including Bangladesh causes extensive loss on livestock and economy. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of PPR and this is the first meta-analysis on PPR as per authors knowledge in Bangladesh. Articles published during the years 2000 to 2019 on the topic PPR within three electronic databases were used for prevalence estimation by random effect meta-analysis model. A total of 39 articles were finally included in the model for prevalence estimation of goat and sheep. 1589784 goat and 142036 sheep were included in the study for analysis. Analysis showed prevalence of PPR was 15.17% (95% CI: 15.11-15.22) and 9.17% (95% CI: 9.02-9.32), respectively for goat and sheep. As PPR is affecting small ruminants in variable percentage in different districts of Bangladesh, this study estimates the cumulative prevalence of Bangladesh. This study may act as a baseline for taking effective control strategy of PPR in Bangladesh through proper allocation of resources on a priority basis.

scholarly journals Assessment of the control measures of the category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Classical Swine Fever

EFSA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Søren Saxmose Nielsen ◽  
Julio Alvarez ◽  
Dominique Joseph Bicout ◽  
Paolo Calistri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Law

Risk analysis of lumpy skin disease in Turkey

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ömer Baris Ince ◽  
Serkan Çakir ◽  
Mehmet Ali Dereli
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
And Control

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Turkish cattle appeared suddenly two years ago. This study evaluates potential risks of LSD and recommends appropriate control measures. The World Animal Health Organization’s protocol was used for the risk analysis. Likelihoods for disease release and exposure were estimated with a qualitative scale ranging from negligible to high. Outbreaks were recorded in nine provinces in Turkey. Total economic loss due to the disease was estimated to be $241.903.500 US dollars. The risk analysis suggests a greater than negligible risk. Therefore, disease prevention and control strategies should be considered by the Turkish Veterinary Authority.

scholarly journals Eradicating the Scourge of Peste Des Petits Ruminants from the World

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Njeumi ◽  
Dalan Bailey ◽  
Jean. Jacques Soula ◽  
Bouna Diop ◽  
Berhe G. Tekola
Keyword(s):  
Animal Movement ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Eradication Strategy ◽  
The World

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of both domestic (goats and sheep) and wild ruminants. Caused by a morbillivirus, that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. The disease is clinically and pathologically similar to rinderpest of cattle and human measles. PPR is one of the most economically devastating viral diseases of small ruminants. In April 2015, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) launched the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy (PPR GCES) with the vision for global eradication by 2030. There is a strong and lasting international consensus to eradicate the disease in order to protect the livelihoods of the world’s poorest populations. As with any disease, eradication is feasible when, policy, scientific and technical challenges are addressed. Ten majors challenges are described in this paper namely: understanding small ruminant production, facilitating research to support eradication, refining laboratory testing, improving epidemiological understanding of the virus, defining infection of wildlife and other species, optimizing vaccine delivery and novel vaccines, developing better control of animal movement, heightening serological monitoring, understanding socio-economic impact, and garnering funding and political will.

scholarly journals Prevalence and determinants of depression among old age: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosef Zenebe ◽  
Baye Akele ◽  
Mulugeta W/Selassie ◽  
Mogesie Necho
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
The World

Abstract Background Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide and is a major contributor to the overall global burden of disease. It is also one of the most common geriatric psychiatric disorders and a major risk factor for disability and mortality in elderly patients. Even though depression is a common mental health problem in the elderly population, it is undiagnosed in half of the cases. Several studies showed different and inconsistent prevalence rates in the world. Hence, this study aimed to fill the above gap by producing an average prevalence of depression and associated factors in old age. Objective This study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide a precise estimate of the prevalence of depression and its determinants among old age. Method A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of sciences, Google Scholar, and Psych-info from database inception to January 2020. Moreover, the reference list of selected articles was looked at manually to have further eligible articles. The random-effects model was employed during the analysis. Stata-11 was used to determine the average prevalence of depression among old age. A sub-group analysis and sensitivity analysis were also run. A graphical inspection of the funnel plots and Egger’s publication bias plot test were checked for the occurrence of publication bias. Result A search of the electronic and manual system resulted in 1263 articles. Nevertheless, after the huge screening, 42 relevant studies were identified, including, for this meta-analysis, n = 57,486 elderly populations. The average expected prevalence of depression among old age was 31.74% (95% CI 27.90, 35.59). In the sub-group analysis, the pooled prevalence was higher among developing countries; 40.78% than developed countries; 17.05%), studies utilized Geriatrics Depression Scale-30(GDS-30); 40.60% than studies that used GMS; 18.85%, study instrument, and studies having a lower sample size (40.12%) than studies with the higher sample; 20.19%. Conclusion A high prevalence rate of depression among the old population in the world was unraveled. This study can be considered as an early warning and advised health professionals, health policymakers, and other pertinent stakeholders to take effective control measures and periodic care for the elderly population.

scholarly journals Covid - 19: Morbidity Structure and Control Measures in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (S1) ◽  
pp. 13-15
Author(s):  
Lapina Elizaveta Yurievna ◽  
Puzyrev Viktor Gennadievich
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Spread Of Infection

are important, and used to be well known, human and animal pathogens.A novel coronavirus was identified at the end of 2019, as the cause of a number of pneumonia cases in city in the Hubei Province of China, Wuhan. Appeared to be a highly contagious anthroponotic infection. It rapidly caused an epidemic throughout China, hereafter an increasing number of cases in other countries throughout the world. All age groups, including children, are susceptible to the virus, but this age group is more likely to be asymptomatic. However, children may play a great epidemiological role in the spread of the virus with the absence of clinical signs of respiratory disease. Elderly people are the most severe carriers of the virus, as well as people with concomitant diseases. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) designated the disease COVID-19, which stands for coronavirus disease 2019 [4]. The virus that causes COVID-19 is designated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); before, it was referred to as 2019-nCoV. We conducted meta-analysis of currently available data to summarize knowledge about the current epidemic in Russia, the dynamic of spread of the infection and management of the disease. Quarantine measures, which were carried out rather quickly, avoided the rapid spread of infection and thus contributed to a gradual increase in the load on medical facilities. As a result, most hospitals had time to prepare for an increased number of patients with coronavirus infection.

scholarly journals Understanding COVID-19 spreading through simulation modeling and scenarios comparison: preliminary results

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Bordehore ◽  
Zaida Herrador ◽  
Eva S. Fonfría ◽  
Miriam Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Open Model ◽  
Sick People ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World

ABSTRACTSince late 2019 the world is facing the rapid spreading of a novel viral disease (SARS-CoV-2) provoked by the coronavirus 2 infection (COVID-19), declared pandemic last 12 March 2020. As of 27 March 2020, there were more than 500,000 confirmed cases and 23,335 deaths worldwide. In those places with a rapid growth in numbers of sick people in need of hospitalization and intensive care, this demand has over-saturate the medical facilities and, in turn, rise the mortality rate.In the absence of a vaccine, classical epidemiological measures such as testing, quarantine and physical distancing are ways to reduce the growing speed of new infections. Thus, these measures should be a priority for all governments in order to minimize the morbidity and mortality associated to this disease.System dynamics is widely used in many fields of the biological sciences to study and explain changing systems. The system dynamics approach can help us understand the rapid spread of an infectious disease such as COVID-19 and also generate scenarios to test the effect of different control measures.The aim of this study is to provide an open model (using STELLA® from Iseesystems) that can be customized to any area/region and by any user, allowing them to evaluate the different behavior of the COVID-19 dynamics under different scenarios. Thus, our intention is not to generate a model to accurately predict the evolution of the disease nor to supplant others more robust -official and non-official-from governments and renowned institutions. We believe that scenarios comparison can be an effective tool to convince the society of the need of a colossal and unprecedented effort to reduce new infections and ultimately, fatalities.

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