scholarly journals Concordance between Histology, Immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR in the Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 852
Author(s):  
Angelica Stranieri ◽  
Donatella Scavone ◽  
Saverio Paltrinieri ◽  
Alessia Giordano ◽  
Federico Bonsembiante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Information ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Likelihood Ratios ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Feline Coronavirus

Histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have been used to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), but no information regarding the comparison of their diagnostic performances on the same organ is available. The aims of this study were to determine the concordance among these tests and to evaluate which combination of tests and organs can be used in vivo. Histology, IHC, and nested RT-PCR (RT-nPCR) for feline coronavirus (FCoV) were performed on spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph node, kidney, large and small intestine, and lung from 14 FIP and 12 non-FIP cats. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and concordance were calculated. IHC and RT-nPCR had the highest concordance in lung and liver, histology and IHC in the other organs. The sensitivity of histology, IHC, and RT-nPCR on the different organs ranged from 41.7 to 76.9%, 46.2 to 76.9%, and 64.3 to 85.7%, respectively, and their specificity ranged from 83.3 to 100.0%, 100% and 83.3 to 100.0%. Therefore, IHC is recommended when histology is consistent with FIP. If RT-nPCR is performed as the first diagnostic approach, results should always be confirmed with IHC. Lung or liver provide accurate information regardless of the method, while IHC is preferred to RT-nPCR to confirm FIP in the kidney or intestine.

scholarly journals Detection of feline coronavirus RNA, spike gene mutations, and feline coronavirus antigen in macrophages in aqueous humor of cats in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-534
Author(s):  
Laura Sangl ◽  
Sandra Felten ◽  
Kaspar Matiasek ◽  
Stefanie Dörfelt ◽  
Michele Bergmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Complex Method ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
Spike Gene ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Feline Coronavirus

Uveitis is common in cats, and is often a feature of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). We evaluated 3 tools for detection of feline coronavirus (FCoV) in aqueous humor: 1) a 7b gene reverse-transcription real-time PCR ( 7b-RT-rtPCR) assay to detect FCoV RNA, 2) a spike gene mutation RT-rtPCR ( S-RT-rtPCR) assay to detect 2 point mutations in the spike gene of FCoV in cats positive by 7b-RT-rtPCR, and 3) immunocytochemistry (ICC) for detection of FCoV antigen in aqueous humor macrophages. We studied 58 cats, including 31 cats with FIP and 27 control cats. FIP was excluded by postmortem examination and negative immunohistochemistry (IHC). Aqueous humor samples obtained postmortem were assessed using 7b-RT-rtPCR in all cats, and positive samples were evaluated with S-RT-rtPCR. ICC evaluation of aqueous humor samples from 36 of the 58 cats was done using an avidin–biotin complex method and monoclonal anti-FCoV IgG 2A. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values were calculated including 95% CIs. 7b-RT-rtPCR had a specificity of 100.0% (95% CI: 87.2–100.0) and sensitivity of 35.5% (95% CI: 19.2–54.6). Specificity of S-RT-rtPCR could not be determined because there were no FCoV 7b-RT-rtPCR–positive samples in the control group. Sensitivity of S-RT-rtPCR was 12.9% (95% CI 3.6–29.8). Sensitivity and specificity of ICC were 62.5% (95% CI: 40.6–81.2) and 80.0% (95% CI: 44.4–97.5), respectively. The combination of 7b-RT-rtPCR and IHC could be useful in diagnosing FIP; S-RT-rtPCR did not add value; and ICC of aqueous humor samples cannot be recommended for the diagnosis of FIP.

Immunohistochemical Methods to Diagnose Atraumatic Spleen Rupture in Feline Infectious Peritonitis of Tiger (Panthera tigris)

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1055-1057
Author(s):  
Cristina Horhogea ◽  
Viorel Floristean ◽  
Mircea Lazar ◽  
Carmen Cretu ◽  
Carmen Solcan
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Panthera Tigris ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Intestinal Lamina Propria ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Immunohistochemical Methods ◽  
Feline Coronavirus

A body of an eight-year-old male tiger, originated from a Romanian zoo was brought in for pathological diagnosis to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. The necropsy revealed uveitis, sero-hemorrhagic peritonitis, fatty liver and kidney, haemorrhagic-necrotic lesions on the spleen, catarrhal enteritis, serous pericarditis and pulmonary anthracosis. Amyloidosis was found in the intestine, liver, lungs and kidney and spleen, associated with necrosis and the presence of hematin blocks. Positive macrophages for feline coronavirus (FCoV) were highlighted by immunohistochemistry in liver, kidney, lungs and intestinal lamina propria. Immunofluorescence (IF) examination of pericardial and peritoneal fluid was positive for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Confirmation of FIP coronavirus was made by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The systemic amyloidosis and the presence of hematin in peritoneal fluid and spleen parenchyma are lesions that were not mentioned as specific for FIP until now.

C-reactive protein as a predictor of meningitis in early onset neonatal sepsis: a single unit experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 845-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Ur Rehman Durrani ◽  
Sourabh Dutta ◽  
Niels Rochow ◽  
Salhab el Helou ◽  
Enas el Gouhary
Keyword(s):  
Early Onset ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Likelihood Ratios ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Early Onset Sepsis ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Serum Crp

AbstractObjectivesTo determine whether there is a cut off value of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) associated with a higher risk of meningitis in suspected early onset sepsis (EOS) (onset birth to 7 days of life).MethodsA retrospective cohort study on neonates admitted in neonatal intensive care unit at McMaster Children’s Hospital from January 2010 to 2017 and had lumbar puncture (LP) and CRP for workup of EOS. Included subjects had either (a) non-traumatic LP or (b) traumatic LP with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) polymerase chain reaction or gram stain or culture-positive or had received antimicrobials for 21 days. Excluded were CSF done for metabolic errors, before cytomegalovirus (CMV) treatment; from ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunts; missing data and contamination. Neonates were classified into definite and probable meningitis and on the range of CRP. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for CRP values; and area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve.ResultsOut of 609 CSF samples, 184 were eligible (28 cases of definite or probable meningitis and 156 controls). Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and AUROC were too low to be of clinical significance to predict meningitis in EOS.ConclusionsSerum CRP values have poor discriminatory power to distinguish between subjects with and without meningitis, in symptomatic EOS.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a novel, rapid antigen detection test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259527
Author(s):  
Rainer Thell ◽  
Verena Kallab ◽  
Wolfgang Weinhappel ◽  
Wolfgang Mueckstein ◽  
Lukas Heschl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Departments ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Likelihood Ratios ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Rapid Antigen Detection Test ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently finally determined in laboratory settings by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase-chain-reaction (rt-PCR). However, simple testing with immediately available results are crucial to gain control over COVID-19. The aim was to evaluate such a point-of-care antigen rapid test (AG-rt) device in its performance compared to laboratory-based rt-PCR testing in COVID-19 suspected, symptomatic patients. Methods For this prospective study, two specimens each of 541 symptomatic female (54.7%) and male (45.3%) patients aged between 18 and 95 years tested at five emergency departments (ED, n = 296) and four primary healthcare centres (PHC, n = 245), were compared, using AG-rt (positive/negative/invalid) and rt-PCR (positive/negative and cycle threshold, Ct) to diagnose SARS-CoV-2. Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and likelihood ratios (LR+/-) of the AG-rt were assessed. Results Differences between ED and PHC were detected regarding gender, age, symptoms, disease prevalence, and diagnostic performance. Overall, 174 (32.2%) were tested positive on AG-rt and 213 (39.4%) on rt-PCR. AG correctly classified 91.7% of all rt-PCR positive cases with a sensitivity of 80.3%, specificity of 99.1%, PPV of 98.3, NPV of 88.6%, LR(+) of 87.8, and LR(-) of 0.20. The highest sensitivities and specificities of AG-rt were detected in PHC (sensitivity: 84.4%, specificity: 100.0%), when using Ct of 30 as cut-off (sensitivity: 92.5%, specificity: 97.8%), and when symptom onset was within the first three days (sensitivity: 82.9%, specificity: 99.6%). Conclusions The highest sensitivity was detected with a high viral load. Our findings suggest that AG-rt are comparable to rt-PCR to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 suspected symptomatic patients presenting both at emergency departments and primary health care centres.

scholarly journals The detection of feline coronaviruses in blood samples from cats by mRNA RT-PCR

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kezban Can-Şahna ◽  
Veysel Soydal Ataseven ◽  
Dilek Pınar ◽  
Tuba Çiğdem Oğuzoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Feline Coronavirus

In this study, 26 blood samples were collected from 25 healthy cats and one cat with clinical signs suggestive of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), namely, fever, weight loss, enlarged abdomen, and ascites. Blood samples were tested for feline coronavirus (FCoV) messenger RNA (mRNA) by an reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay which has previously been described to have a high specificity in the diagnosis of clinical FIP [Simons AF, Vennema H, Rofina JE, Pol JM, Horzinek MC, Rottier PJM, Egberink HF (2005) A mRNA PCR for the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. Journal of Virological Methods124, 111–116]. Overall we found 14 (54%) of the cats were positive for FCoV including the cat with clinical disease, but the high rate of positivity among healthy cats suggested a poor specificity for the clinical diagnosis of FIP among these cats. It was observed that the positivity rate was highest in cats aged between 6 months–1 year old. Our findings suggest that FCoVs may be present in the blood samples from healthy cats as well as cats with clinical FIP.

scholarly journals Subarachnoid diverticulum associated with feline infectious peritonitis in a Siberian cat

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 205511692094147
Author(s):  
Christopher Hoey ◽  
George Nye ◽  
Angela Fadda ◽  
Janet Bradshaw ◽  
Emi N Barker
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
Case Summary ◽  
Choroid Plexitis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Feline Coronavirus

Case summary A 7-month-old Siberian cat was presented for investigation of acute onset multifocal neurological deficits. Neurological examination documented dull mental status and an ambulatory left hemiparesis. Serum biochemistry documented marked hyperglobulinaemia. MRI of the brain identified marked leptomeningeal contrast enhancement extending along the brainstem caudally to involve the cranial cervical spinal cord. MRI of the cervical spine further identified a subarachnoid diverticulum that extended from the level of the obex to the C2–C3 vertebrae. Cerebrospinal fluid quantitative RT-PCR was positive for the presence of feline coronavirus. Histopathology revealed pyogranulomatous meningitis and choroid plexitis, uveitis and nephritis. Relevance and novel information This article describes the first reported case of a subarachnoid diverticulum associated with feline infectious peritonitis.

scholarly journals Value and Diagnostic Efficacy of Fetal Morphology Assessment Using Ultrasound in A Poor-Resource Setting

Diagnostics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ukweh ◽  
Ugbem ◽  
Okeke ◽  
Ekpo
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Youden Index ◽  
Likelihood Ratios ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Resource Setting ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Background: Ultrasound is operator-dependent, and its value and efficacy in fetal morphology assessment in a low-resource setting is poorly understood. We assessed the value and efficacy of fetal morphology ultrasound assessment in a Nigerian setting. Materials and Methods: We surveyed fetal morphology ultrasound performed across five facilities and followed-up each fetus to ascertain the outcome. Fetuses were surveyed in the second trimester (18th–22nd weeks) using the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) guideline. Clinical and surgical reports were used as references to assess the diagnostic efficacy of ultrasound in livebirths, and autopsy reports to confirm anomalies in terminated pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, intrauterine fetal deaths, and still births. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, Area under the curve (AUC), Youden index, likelihood ratios, and post-test probabilities. Results: In total, 6520 fetuses of women aged 15–46 years (mean = 31.7 years) were surveyed. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were 77.1 (95% CI: 68–84.6), 99.5 (95% CI: 99.3–99.7), and 88.3 (95% CI: 83.7–92.2), respectively. Other performance metrics were: positive predictive value, 72.4 (95% CI: 64.7–79.0), negative predictive value, 99.6 (95% CI: 99.5–99.7), and Youden index (77.1%). Abnormality prevalence was 1.67% (95% CI: 1.37–2.01), and the positive and negative likelihood ratios were 254 (95% CI: 107.7–221.4) and 0.23 (95% CI: 0.16–0.33), respectively. The post-test probability for positive test was 72% (95% CI: 65–79). Conclusion: Fetal morphology assessment is valuable in a poor economics setting, however, the variation in the diagnostic efficacy across facilities and the limitations associated with the detection of circulatory system anomalies need to be addressed.

scholarly journals Rapid Resolution of Non-Effusive Feline Infectious Peritonitis Uveitis with an Oral Adenosine Nucleoside Analogue and Feline Interferon Omega

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1216
Author(s):  
Diane Addie ◽  
Johanna Covell-Ritchie ◽  
Oswald Jarrett ◽  
Mark Fosbery
Keyword(s):  
Nucleoside Analogue ◽  
Prednisolone Acetate ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Keratic Precipitates ◽  
Dose Oral ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Feline Coronavirus ◽  
Cessation Of Treatment

This is the first report of a successful treatment of a non-effusive feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) uveitis case using an oral adenosine nucleoside analogue drug and feline interferon omega, and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) as an indicator of recovery. A 2-year-old male neutered Norwegian Forest Cat presented with uveitis, keratic precipitates, mesenteric lymphadenopathy and weight loss. The cat was hypergammaglobulinaemic and had a non-regenerative anaemia. Feline coronavirus (FCoV) RNA was detected in a mesenteric lymph node fine-needle aspirate by a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction—non-effusive FIP was diagnosed. Prednisolone acetate eye drops were administered three times daily for 2 weeks. Oral adenosine nucleoside analogue (Mutian) treatment started. Within 50 days of Mutian treatment, the cat had gained over one kilogram in weight, his globulin level reduced from 77 to 51 g/L and his haematocrit increased from 22 to 35%; his uveitis resolved and his sight improved. Serum AGP level reduced from 3100 to 400 μg/mL (within normal limits). Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) was above normal at 28 μg/dL, reducing to 14 μg/dL on the cessation of treatment; whether the SDMA increase was due to FIP lesions in the kidney or Mutian is unknown. Mutian treatment stopped and low-dose oral recombinant feline interferon omega begun—the cat’s recovery continued.

scholarly journals Immunocytochemistry of mesenteric lymph node fine-needle aspirates in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Felten ◽  
Katrin Hartmann ◽  
Stefanie Doerfelt ◽  
Laura Sangl ◽  
Johannes Hirschberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Node ◽  
Complex Method ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Feline Infectious Peritonitis ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
Fine Needle Aspirates ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of tissue samples is considered the gold standard for diagnosing feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), and, in cats without body cavity effusion, IHC is the only method available to establish definitive antemortem diagnosis. However, IHC requires invasive tissue sample collection. We evaluated sensitivity and specificity of an immunocytochemical assay of fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) of mesenteric lymph nodes that can be obtained noninvasively by ultrasound-guided aspiration to diagnose FIP. FNAs of mesenteric lymph nodes were obtained postmortem from 41 cats suspected of having FIP based on clinical and/or laboratory findings. FIP was confirmed immunohistochemically in 30 cats. In the other 11 cats, a disease other than FIP, which explained the clinical signs, was diagnosed histopathologically. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) was performed as an avidin–biotin complex method using a monoclonal anti-FCoV IgG 2A. Sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values (NPV, PPV, respectively) including 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined. ICC was positive in 17 of 30 cats with FIP, but also in 1 of 11 control cats that was diagnosed with lymphoma. Sensitivity of ICC was 53% (95% CI: 34–72); specificity 91% (95% CI: 59–100); NPV 42% (95% CI: 22–63); and PPV 94% (95% CI: 71–100). In a lethal disease such as FIP, specificity is most important in order to avoid euthanasia of unaffected cats. Given that a false-positive result occurred and FIP was correctly detected in only approximately half of the cases of FIP, ICC of mesenteric lymph node FNA alone cannot reliably confirm or exclude FIP, but can be a helpful test in conjunction with other diagnostic measures.

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