scholarly journals Systematic Review of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 937
Author(s):  
Abdul Ghafar ◽  
Tariq Abbas ◽  
Abdul Rehman ◽  
Zia-ud-Din Sandhu ◽  
Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Health Production ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Tick Vectors ◽  
And Control

Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDis) are a major constraint to the health and production of small ruminants in Pakistan. Despite being the subject of intermittent studies over the past few decades, comprehensive information on the epidemiology and control of TTBDis is lacking. Herein, we have systematically reviewed the current knowledge on TTBDis of small ruminants in Pakistan. Critical appraisal of the selected 71 articles published between 1947 to 2020 revealed that morphological examination had been the most widely used method for the identification of TTBDis in Pakistan. Tick fauna comprise at least 40 species, mainly belonging to Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. The prevalence of ticks is the highest in summer (June–September) and it is also higher in goats than sheep. Anaplasma, Babesia and Theileria spp. are the major tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), and their prevalence is usually higher in sheep than goats. Spatio-temporal distribution, genetic diversity and control of ticks and TBPs of small ruminants as well as the competence of tick vectors for various TBPs remain to be explored. Therefore, coordinated and focused investigations are required to fill knowledge gaps in these areas to maximise the health, production and welfare of small ruminants and minimise economic losses associated with TTBDis in Pakistan.

scholarly journals A genetic analysis reveals low prevalence of phytoplasma infection in Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret, vector of 'bois noir', in SW-Germany

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Schiro ◽  
Johannes Fahrentrapp ◽  
Florian Hartig ◽  
Bernd Panassiti
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Type I ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Bois Noir ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Hyalesthes Obsoletus

Bois Noir is a grapevine disease responsible for severe economic losses in wine production. Bois Noir is caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma solani, cell wall-less bacteria belonging to the taxonomic group 16Sr-XII-A. In Germany, they are known to be vectored from plant to plant by the cixiid Hyalesthes obsoletus, but so far the prevalence of the disease in the vector population, as well as its spatio-temporal distribution is poorly understood. We therefore analyzed infections of H. obsoletus collected in different vineyards in Baden (South-Western Germany) with quantitative real-time PCR. From 125 analyzed individuals, only five were infected with Ca. Phytoplasma solani. All infected individuals were colonized by Ca. Phytoplasma solani type I which is associated with the host plant Urtica dioica (stinging nettle). More research is needed to understand the reasons of this surprisingly low prevalence of Bois Noir in the population of H. obsoletus in South-West Germany.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of cysticercosis from 2000 to 2014 in Dali, Yunnan province, China.

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanzhang Li ◽  
Xinzhong Zang ◽  
Xiaokang Hu ◽  
Eniola Michael Abe ◽  
Menbao Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Hotspot Analysis ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Control

Cysticercosis remains a public health problem in China, with disease prevalence attributed to poor socio-economic and public health conditions. This parasitic food-borne disease was prioritized for effective control following implementation of the national surveys on parasitic diseases carried out in China. We predicted the cysticercosis distribution in Dali, Yunnan Province by assessing spatio-temporal distribution characteristics between 2000 and 2014 to better understand the trend of the disease incidence. A database of cysticercosis cases was provided by the clinical department at the Dali Prefectural Institute of Research and Control of Schistosomiasis. Describing the epidemiological features of cysticercosis and analyzing its spatiotemporal distribution of cases using mapping, scanning and spatial autocorrelation analysis, our findings found a total of 3,347 patients with cysticercosis infection, neurocysticercosis in particular. Cysticercosis prevalence was the highest among young and middle-aged male farmers, and also predominant among the Bai nationality. Three aggregation areas were identified during the period 2000-2014. Hotspot analysis implicated Dali City, Eryuan County and Yangbi County between 2000 and 2007, with areas gradually shifting towards the western and northern parts of the province. The hotspot map indicated that Eryuan County was a constant problem with respect to cysticercosis. The results indicated three cysticercosis clusters in Dali that could be attributed to environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyles. Multi-sectoral control initiatives are, therefore, recommended in these areas to effectively control and prevent cysticercosis among the population.

scholarly journals Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Sanaa M. Idris ◽  
Kamal H. Eltom ◽  
Julius B. Okuni ◽  
Lonzy Ojok ◽  
Wisal A. Elmagzoub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽  
And Control

Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious and chronic enteric disease of ruminants and many non-ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), and is characterised by diarrhoea and progressive emaciation with consequent serious economic losses due to death, early culling, and reduced productivity. In addition, indirect economic losses may arise from trade restrictions. Besides being a production limiting disease, PTB is a potential zoonosis; MAP has been isolated from Crohn’s disease patients and was associated with other human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats may be globally distributed though information on the prevalence and economic impact in many developing countries seem to be scanty. Goats are more susceptible to infection than sheep and both species are likely to develop the clinical disease. Ingestion of feed and water contaminated with faeces of MAP-positive animals is the common route of infection, which then spreads horizontally and vertically. In African countries, PTB has been described as a “neglected disease”, and in small ruminants, which support the livelihood of people in rural areas and poor communities, the disease was rarely reported. Prevention and control of small ruminants’ PTB is difficult because diagnostic assays demonstrate poor sensitivity early in the disease process, in addition to the difficulties in identifying subclinically infected animals. Further studies are needed to provide more insight on molecular epidemiology, transmission, and impact on other animals or humans, socio-economic aspects, prevention and control of small ruminant PTB.

scholarly journals A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
ThankGod E. Onyiche ◽  
Keisuke Suganuma ◽  
Ikuo Igarashi ◽  
Naoaki Yokoyama ◽  
Xuenan Xuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Vector Ecology ◽  
Theileria Equi ◽  
Equine Piroplasmosis ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Tick Vectors ◽  
And Control

Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. The disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. It principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but DNA of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. The disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. Infected equids remain carrier for life with T. equi infection, whilst, infection with B. caballi is cleared within a few years. This review focuses on all aspects of the disease from the historical overview, biology of the parasite, epidemiology of the disease (specifically highlighting other non-equine hosts, such as dogs and camels), vector, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, genetic diversity, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

scholarly journals NMR Studies of Tau Protein in Tauopathies

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Kitoka ◽  
Rostislav Skrabana ◽  
Norbert Gasparik ◽  
Jozef Hritz ◽  
Kristaps Jaudzems
Keyword(s):  
Tau Protein ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Established Disease ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Specific Species ◽  
Tau Aggregation

Tauopathies, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are the most troublesome of all age-related chronic conditions, as there are no well-established disease-modifying therapies for their prevention and treatment. Spatio-temporal distribution of tau protein pathology correlates with cognitive decline and severity of the disease, therefore, tau protein has become an appealing target for therapy. Current knowledge of the pathological effects and significance of specific species in the tau aggregation pathway is incomplete although more and more structural and mechanistic insights are being gained using biophysical techniques. Here, we review the application of NMR to structural studies of various tau forms that appear in its aggregation process, focusing on results obtained from solid-state NMR. Furthermore, we discuss implications from these studies and their prospective contribution to the development of new tauopathy therapies.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Small Ruminants in the Central Part of Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Shwe Yee Win ◽  
Myintzu Win ◽  
Ei Phyu Thwin ◽  
Lat Lat Htun ◽  
Myint Myint Hmoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasite ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
And Control

Gastrointestinal parasite infection in small ruminants remains one of the major economic losses caused by reduced productivity. A total of 380 faecal samples were taken from 280 sheeps in Magway and Pwintbyu Townships and 100 goats in Natmauk Township, Myanmar. Faecal flotation and sedimentation methods were carried out to detect the presence of parasitic infections. Faecal egg and oocyst counts were carried out using the McMaster technique. The overall occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants was 98.4% (374/380). The occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep (99.3%) was higher than that in goats (96%). The highest occurrence was found in Eimeria spp. (96%), followed by Trichostrongyle (77.1%), Trichuris spp. (35%), and Moniezia expansa (14%). The mixed infection rate was 84.8% (317/374), while a single infection was 15.2% (57/374). The mean eggs per gram (EPG) and oocysts per gram (OPG) of faeces were ranged from 50 to 600 and 50 to 29,800, respectively. Among the 4 nucleotide sequences isolated, one sequence was 94.10-94.47% similarity with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, reported from Laos, and three sequences showed 96.64-99.46% identity with Haemonchus contortus from Laos, China, India, and Mongolia. As gastrointestinal parasite infection in small ruminants was relatively high in the study area, the development of appropriate treatment and control measures should be provided to reduce production losses.

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Tuberculosis in an Urban Setting in Germany

Pneumologie ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (09) ◽  
pp. 516-522
Author(s):  
L.-M. Pusch ◽  
N. Funke ◽  
G. Wiesmüller ◽  
T. Kistemann ◽  
F. Neuhann
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Complementary Method ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
And Control ◽  
Incident Cases

Abstract Background Big cities in Europe have the highest incidence rates of TB in otherwise low incidence settings. Understanding of the spatio-temporal patterns of TB incidence can support efforts for TB prevention and control in line with the End-TB Strategy of the WHO in such settings for low incidence settings. Methods Data from the municipal TB register of Cologne collected between 2006 and 2015 under the infection prevention legislation were retrieved, addresses geographically identified and all notified incident TB cases retrospectively analysed for their spatial and temporal distribution in this large German city using a geographic information system. Results During the analysed period 1,038 incident cases were reported, equivalent to an incidence rate of 10.03 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Contagious pulmonary TB contributed 57 % of all cases. Distribution patterns changed over time with decreases in 37 and increases in 22 of the 77 urban sub-districts, three of which showing constant high rates of TB incidence. Conclusion The study presents a complementary method to monitor the distribution and development of incident TB cases at a disaggregated level of urban sub-districts. Identification of areas with comparatively high incidence can support identification of clusters respectively their prevention and allow better planning for targeted local TB services.

scholarly journals A genetic analysis reveals low prevalence of phytoplasma infection in Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret, vector of 'bois noir', in SW-Germany

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Schiro ◽  
Johannes Fahrentrapp ◽  
Florian Hartig ◽  
Bernd Panassiti
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Type I ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Bois Noir ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Hyalesthes Obsoletus

Bois Noir is a grapevine disease responsible for severe economic losses in wine production. Bois Noir is caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma solani, cell wall-less bacteria belonging to the taxonomic group 16Sr-XII-A. In Germany, they are known to be vectored from plant to plant by the cixiid Hyalesthes obsoletus, but so far the prevalence of the disease in the vector population, as well as its spatio-temporal distribution is poorly understood. We therefore analyzed infections of H. obsoletus collected in different vineyards in Baden (South-Western Germany) with quantitative real-time PCR. From 125 analyzed individuals, only five were infected with Ca. Phytoplasma solani. All infected individuals were colonized by Ca. Phytoplasma solani type I which is associated with the host plant Urtica dioica (stinging nettle). More research is needed to understand the reasons of this surprisingly low prevalence of Bois Noir in the population of H. obsoletus in South-West Germany.

scholarly journals The siliciclastics/carbonates shift in the Jurassic of the Western Caucasus (central northern Neo-Tethys): reconsidering research over the last 50 years

Geologos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Ruban
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Carbonate Platform ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Carbonate Platforms ◽  
Western Caucasus ◽  
Carbonate Production ◽  
The Western Caucasus ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract A chain of carbonate platforms evolved in the northern Neo-Tethys during the Late Jurassic, but current knowledge remains incomplete as long as data from several larger regions, such as the Western Caucasus, are not included. In order to fill this gap, it is here suggested to reconsider the information accumulated chiefly during Soviet times. Although these data are too general, they still matter with regard to some regional characteristics and tentative interpretations. Available data on the spatio-temporal distribution of Bajocian-Callovian sedimentary rocks are summarised in a novel way which permits documentation of depositional trends at six representative localities in the Western Caucasus. The extent of the carbonate platform increased at two localities since the Late Callovian and at a third since the Middle Oxfordian. Three additional sites were characterised either by non-deposition or deep-marine sedimentation. The onset of carbonate platform development marked a remarkable shift from chiefly siliciclastic to carbonate deposition, although this event was not sudden everywhere. The Bathonian pulse of tectonic activity, coupled with the eustatic sea level rise, allowed shelves to expand during the Callovian-Oxfordian, with a reduction in siliciclastic input from islands and sea-water that became well oxygenated and warmer. These conditions were conducive to biogenic carbonate production, allowing the carbonate platform to expand subsequently.

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