scholarly journals Scaffolds and Extracellular Vesicles as a Promising Approach for Cardiac Regeneration after Myocardial Infarction

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1195
Author(s):  
Melody Riaud ◽  
M. Carmen Martinez ◽  
Claudia N. Montero-Menei
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cardiac Regeneration ◽  
Myocardial Repair ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Tissue Integration ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cardioprotective Effects ◽  
Cell Carriers ◽  
Cardiac Therapy

Clinical studies have demonstrated the regenerative potential of stem cells for cardiac repair over the past decades, but their widespread use is limited by the poor tissue integration and survival obtained. Natural or synthetic hydrogels or microcarriers, used as cell carriers, contribute to resolving, in part, the problems encountered by providing mechanical support for the cells allowing cell retention, survival and tissue integration. Moreover, hydrogels alone also possess mechanical protective properties for the ischemic heart. The combined effect of growth factors with cells and an appropriate scaffold allow a therapeutic effect on myocardial repair. Despite this, the effects obtained with cell therapy remain limited and seem to be equivalent to the effects obtained with extracellular vesicles, key actors in intercellular communication. Extracellular vesicles have cardioprotective effects which, when combined proangiogenic properties with antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory actions, make it possible to act on all the damages caused by ischemia. The evolution of biomaterial engineering allows us to envisage their association with new major players in cardiac therapy, extracellular vesicles, in order to limit undesirable effects and to envisage a transfer to the clinic. This new therapeutic approach could be associated with the release of growth factors to potentialized the beneficial effect obtained.

scholarly journals Use of PRP, PRF and CGF in Periodontal Regeneration and Facial Rejuvenation—A Narrative Review

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Eitan Mijiritsky ◽  
Haya Drora Assaf ◽  
Oren Peleg ◽  
Maayan Shacham ◽  
Loredana Cerroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Periodontal Regeneration ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Gingival Recession ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Facial Rejuvenation ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
The Past ◽  
Autologous Platelet

Growth factors (GFs) play a vital role in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and angiogenesis. Autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) which contain high levels of GFs make them especially suitable for periodontal regeneration and facial rejuvenation. The main generations of APCs presented are platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and concentrated growth factor (CGF) techniques. The purpose of this review is to provide the clinician with an overview of APCs’ evolution over the past decade in order to give reliable and useful information to be used in clinical work. This review summarizes the most interesting and novel articles published between 1997 and 2020. Electronic and manual searches were conducted in the following databases: Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Embase. The following keywords were used: growth factors, VEGF, TGF-b1, PRP, PRF, CGF and periodontal regeneration and/or facial rejuvenation. A total of 73 articles were finally included. The review then addresses the uses of the three different techniques in the two disciplines, as well as the advantages and limitations of each technique. Overall, PRP is mainly used in cases of hard and soft tissue procedures, while PRF is used in gingival recession and the treatment of furcation and intrabony defects; CGF is mainly used in bone regeneration.

scholarly journals A Personal History of Using Crystals and Crystallography to Understand Biology and Advanced Drug Discovery

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 676
Author(s):  
Tom L. Blundell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Personal History ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Industry Collaboration ◽  
History Of

Over the past 60 years, the use of crystals to define structures of complexes using X-ray analysis has contributed to the discovery of new medicines in a very significant way. This has been in understanding not only small-molecule inhibitors of proteins, such as enzymes, but also protein or peptide hormones or growth factors that bind to cell surface receptors. Experimental structures from crystallography have also been exploited in software to allow prediction of structures of important targets based on knowledge of homologues. Crystals and crystallography continue to contribute to drug design and provide a successful example of academia–industry collaboration.

scholarly journals Contribution of Interleukin-6 to the Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. S6-S12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasushi Kawaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Tissue Fibrosis ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
The Past

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease of unknown etiology, manifesting in patients as tissue fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation. The disease is characterized by autoantibodies, a hallmark of autoimmunity. Various cytokines and growth factors are elevated in the systemic circulation and fibrotic lesions of patients with SSc. In particular, several studies over the past 2 decades have shown that interleukin-6 (IL-6) appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of SSc. Based on the association between aberrant IL-6 production and tissue fibrosis in patients with SSc, the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab, is being investigated in clinical trials. This article reviews the biological features of IL-6 and the IL-6 receptor; the role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of SSc; and the potential for IL-6 inhibition to be used in the treatment of patients with SSc.

scholarly journals Porcelain enamel coatings, from the past to the future: solved and unsolved issues for the improvement of their mechanical properties.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Rossi ◽  
Francesca Russo
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
The Past ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Mechanical Study ◽  
The Future ◽  
Ancient Times

Porcelain enamel coatings have their origins in ancient times when they were mainly used for decorative and ornamental purposes. From the industrial revolution onwards, these coatings have started to be used also as functional layers, ranging from home applications up to the use in high-technological fields, such as in chemical reactors. The excellent properties of enamel coatings, such as fire resistance, protection of the substrate from corrosion, resistance to atmospheric and chemical degradation, mainly depend and originate from the glassy nature of the enamel matrix itself. On the other side, the vitreous nature of enamel coatings limits their application in many fields, where mechanical stress and heavy abrasion phenomena could lead to nucleation and propagation of cracks inside the material, thus negatively affecting the protective properties of this coating. Many efforts have been made to improve the abrasion resistance of enamelled materials. On this regard, researchers showed encouraging results and proposed many different improvement approaches. Now it is possible to obtain enamels with enhanced resistance to abrasion. Differently, the investigation of the mechanical properties of enamel coatings remains a poorly studied topic. In the literature, there are interesting methodological ideas, which could be successfully applied to the mechanical study of enamelled materials and could allow to have further insights on their behaviour. Thus, the path that should be followed in the future includes the mechanical characterization of these coatings and the search for new solutions to address their brittle behaviour.

scholarly journals Potential Roles of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles during Infection

mSphere ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luna S. Joffe ◽  
Leonardo Nimrichter ◽  
Marcio L. Rodrigues ◽  
Maurizio Del Poeta
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Invasive Fungal Diseases

ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by virtually all cell types. Within the past few years, work in this field has revealed more information about fungal EVs. Fungal EVs have been shown to carry proteins, lipids, pigments, polysaccharides, and RNA; these components are known virulence factors, a fact which supports the hypothesis that fungal EVs concentrate pathogenic determinants. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by virtually all cell types. Within the past few years, work in this field has revealed more information about fungal EVs. Fungal EVs have been shown to carry proteins, lipids, pigments, polysaccharides, and RNA; these components are known virulence factors, a fact which supports the hypothesis that fungal EVs concentrate pathogenic determinants. Additionally, recent studies have demonstrated that fungal EVs stimulate the host immune system. In this review, putative roles of fungal EVs are discussed, including their potential as vaccination tools and their possible contribution to pathogenesis in invasive fungal diseases.

scholarly journals Plasma Rich in Growth Factors Induces Cell Proliferation, Migration, Differentiation, and Cell Survival of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maravillas Mellado-López ◽  
Richard J. Griffeth ◽  
Jose Meseguer-Ripolles ◽  
Ramón Cugat ◽  
Montserrat García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽  
Translational Model ◽  
Tissue Integration ◽  
Serum Substitute

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are a promising therapeutic alternative for tissue repair in various clinical applications. However, restrictive cell survival, differential tissue integration, and undirected cell differentiation after transplantation in a hostile microenvironment are complications that require refinement. Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) from platelet-rich plasma favors human and canine ASC survival, proliferation, and delaying human ASC senescence and autophagocytosis in comparison with serum-containing cultures. In addition, canine and human-derived ASCs efficiently differentiate into osteocytes, adipocytes, or chondrocytes in the presence of PRGF. PRGF treatment induces phosphorylation of AKT preventing ASC death induced by lethal concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Indeed, AKT inhibition abolished the PRGF apoptosis prevention in ASC exposed to 100 μM of hydrogen peroxide. Here, we show that canine ASCs respond to PRGF stimulus similarly to the human cells regarding cell survival and differentiation postulating the use of dogs as a suitable translational model. Overall, PRGF would be employed as a serum substitute for mesenchymal stem cell amplification to improve cell differentiation and as a preconditioning agent to prevent oxidative cell death.

scholarly journals Why the need and how to approach the functional diversity of extracellular vesicles

2017 ◽  
Vol 373 (1737) ◽  
pp. 20160479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Tkach ◽  
Joanna Kowal ◽  
Clotilde Théry
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Efficient Separation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Therapeutic Tools ◽  
Opinion Article ◽  
Current Stage

In the past decade, cell-to-cell communication mediated by exosomes has attracted growing attention from biomedical scientists and physicians, leading to several recent publications in top-tier journals. Exosomes are generally defined as secreted membrane vesicles, or extracellular vesicles (EVs), corresponding to the intraluminal vesicles of late endosomal compartments, which are secreted upon fusion of multi-vesicular endosomes with the cell's plasma membrane. Cells, however, were shown to release other types of EVs, for instance, by direct budding off their plasma membrane. Some of these EVs share with exosomes major biophysical and biochemical characteristics, such as size, density and membrane orientation, which impose difficulties in their efficient separation. Despite frequent claims in the literature, whether exosomes really display more important patho/physiological functions, or are endowed with higher potential as diagnostic or therapeutic tools than other EVs, is not yet convincingly demonstrated. In this opinion article, we describe reasons for this lack of precision knowledge in the current stage of the EV field, we review recently described approaches to overcome these caveats, and we propose ways to improve our knowledge on the respective functions of distinct EVs, which will be crucial for future development of well-designed EV-based clinical applications. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Extracellular vesicles and the tumour microenvironment’.

Exosomes and extracellular vesicles: the path forward

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D. Stahl ◽  
Graça Raposo
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Function ◽  
Intercellular Communications ◽  
Biomedical Community

Over the course of the past several decades, the concept that extracellular vesicles, exosomes and microvesicles, operate as cellular “housekeepers” and as agents for communication between and among cells and tissues, has emerged into one of the most promising yet vexing problems facing the biomedical community. Already, extracellular vesicles from biological fluids are being used for diagnostic purposes and hopes abound for their use as therapeutic agents. However, the most basic mechanistic questions surrounding their biogenesis and function in cellular and tissue homeostasis remain largely unexplored. In this issue of Essays in Biochemistry, the rise of a new intercellular communications pathway is considered from many perspectives—cell biology, physiology, and pathophysiology.

Pediatric Craniofacial Surgery: A Review for the Multidisciplinary Team

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 670-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Taub ◽  
Joshua A. Lampert
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Craniofacial Surgery ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Direction

Pediatric craniofacial surgery is a specialty that grew dramatically in the 20th century and continues to evolve today. Out of the efforts to correct facial deformities encountered during World War II, the techniques of modern craniofacial surgery developed. An analysis of the relevant literature allowed the authors to explore this historical progression. Current advances in technology, tissue engineering, and molecular biology have further refined pediatric craniofacial surgery. The development of distraction osteogenesis and the progressive study of craniosynostosis provide remarkable examples of this momentum. The growing study of genetics, biotechnology, the influence of growth factors, and stem cell research provide additional avenues of innovation for the future. The following article is intended to reveal a greater understanding of pediatric craniofacial surgery by examining the past, present, and possible future direction. It is intended both for the surgeon, as well as for the nonsurgical individual specialists vital to the multidisciplinary craniofacial team.

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