scholarly journals Combinatorial Therapeutic Approaches with Nanomaterial-Based Photodynamic Cancer Therapy

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Yang Hao ◽  
Chih Kit Chung ◽  
Zhenfeng Yu ◽  
Ruben V. Huis in ‘t Veld ◽  
Ferry A. Ossendorp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Minimal Invasiveness ◽  
Combination Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Local Cell

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), in which a light source is used in combination with a photosensitizer to induce local cell death, has shown great promise in therapeutically targeting primary tumors with negligible toxicity and minimal invasiveness. However, numerous studies have shown that noninvasive PDT alone is not sufficient to completely ablate tumors in deep tissues, due to its inherent shortcomings. Therefore, depending on the characteristics and type of tumor, PDT can be combined with surgery, radiotherapy, immunomodulators, chemotherapy, and/or targeted therapy, preferably in a patient-tailored manner. Nanoparticles are attractive delivery vehicles that can overcome the shortcomings of traditional photosensitizers, as well as enable the codelivery of multiple therapeutic drugs in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. Nanotechnology-based combination strategies have provided inspiration to improve the anticancer effects of PDT. Here, we briefly introduce the mechanism of PDT and summarize the photosensitizers that have been tested preclinically for various cancer types and clinically approved for cancer treatment. Moreover, we discuss the current challenges facing the combination of PDT and multiple cancer treatment options, and we highlight the opportunities of nanoparticle-based PDT in cancer therapies.

scholarly journals Update on the role of pembrolizumab in patients with unresectable or metastatic colorectal cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 175628482110244
Author(s):  
Vanessa Wookey ◽  
Axel Grothey
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Multiple Treatment

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer type in both men and women in the USA. Most patients with CRC are diagnosed as local or regional disease. However, the survival rate for those diagnosed with metastatic disease remains disappointing, despite multiple treatment options. Cancer therapies for patients with unresectable or metastatic CRC are increasingly being driven by particular biomarkers. The development of various immune checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized cancer therapy over the last decade by harnessing the immune system in the treatment of cancer, and the role of immunotherapy continues to expand and evolve. Pembrolizumab is an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 immune checkpoint inhibitor and has become an essential part of the standard of care in the treatment regimens for multiple cancer types. This paper reviews the increasing evidence supporting and defining the role of pembrolizumab in the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic CRC.

scholarly journals Microbes as Medicines: Harnessing the Power of Bacteria in Advancing Cancer Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruti S. Sawant ◽  
Suyash M. Patil ◽  
Vivek Gupta ◽  
Nitesh K. Kunda
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Tumor Environment ◽  
Systemic Side Effects ◽  
Hypoxic Tumor

Conventional anti-cancer therapy involves the use of chemical chemotherapeutics and radiation and are often non-specific in action. The development of drug resistance and the inability of the drug to penetrate the tumor cells has been a major pitfall in current treatment. This has led to the investigation of alternative anti-tumor therapeutics possessing greater specificity and efficacy. There is a significant interest in exploring the use of microbes as potential anti-cancer medicines. The inherent tropism of the bacteria for hypoxic tumor environment and its ability to be genetically engineered as a vector for gene and drug therapy has led to the development of bacteria as a potential weapon against cancer. In this review, we will introduce bacterial anti-cancer therapy with an emphasis on the various mechanisms involved in tumor targeting and tumor suppression. The bacteriotherapy approaches in conjunction with the conventional cancer therapy can be effective in designing novel cancer therapies. We focus on the current progress achieved in bacterial cancer therapies that show potential in advancing existing cancer treatment options and help attain positive clinical outcomes with minimal systemic side-effects.

Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Adjuvant Cancer Therapy, to Complement Immune Checkpoint Therapy and Other Traditional Cancer Therapies, with Least Auto-immune Side Effects through Eco-balance of Human Microbiome

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 4295-4317
Author(s):  
Malireddy S Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Adjuvant Therapy ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Probiotic Strains

This paper describes a novel serendipitous discovery to successfully treat cancer with improved efficiency emerged while using Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy (originally discovered to prevent or treat nosocomial infections) as an adjuvant therapy along with the immune checkpoint therapy and other conventional cancer therapies. This new discovery is named as “Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Adjuvant Cancer Therapy”. Cancer is rising as a global epidemic, currently killing over 9 million people every year. This figure is supposed to get up to 13 million by the year 2030.  The cancer epidemic is more prevalent in the Western countries than Eastern countries. The cost of treating cancer was $290 billion in the year 2010 and it is supposed to get up to $458 billion/year by the year 2030.  Recently checkpoint immune therapy is showing great promise as a treatment tool. Yet the global success in treating the cancer is only 20% or slightly higher, with all the advancements and discoveries.  A new paradigm shift in cancer treatment has been discovered as serendipitous discovery to enhance the efficiency of the existing cancer therapies significantly. This serendipitous discovery came as a surprise while running community based clinical trials using the novel discovery of Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy to prevent or cure the hospital acquired or nosocomial infections, which are affecting over six million people with severe mortality.  Several physicians have observed that Dr. Reddy’s Probiotic therapy given for prevention or control of nosocomial infections significantly helped the recovery of cancer patients who were also receiving standard cancer therapies.  This article outlines the mechanism by which Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy assist to cure cancer at a much faster pace, with the least side effects, when used as adjuvant therapy along with the immune checkpoint therapy, and other standard cancer therapies.  Details are presented how the PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade therapy works to reduce cancer and also the possible scientific explanations why such an immune checkpoint therapy only works on limited cancer cases.  The effect of Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotics on establishing the immune tolerance through reduction of local or systemic inflammation is also outlined. The possible biological and immunological mechanisms of how Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy significantly enhances the immune checkpoint therapy (PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade) has been presented with explicit details. The details are also presented showing how Multiple Mixed Strain Adjuvant Therapy can minimize or significantly reduce the unpleasant side effects of the current conventional and immune checkpoint cancer therapies. Practical clinical and experimental data presented to show the significance of Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy, as an adjuvant therapy, along with the standard cancer therapies to improve the cancer treatment efficiencies by up to 60%. Evidence is presented to illustrate and point out that the current FDA regulations will allow the use of Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic (Therapy) as nutritional supplement, since the probiotic strains used are categorized as food grade and GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe), as per the 21 Code of Federal Regulations of the Food and Drug Administration.  Details are presented with genus and species identification of individual probiotic strains used in the Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy. Thus special and formal FDA approval is not required to use them as adjuvants to improve the efficiency of traditional cancer therapies. Finally the scientific reasoning is presented with evidence to illustrate the utmost urgency and necessity of using Dr. M.S. Reddy’s “Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy” along with the immune checkpoint therapy and other traditional cancer therapies to protect the lives of millions of people dying with cancer annually.  

Variations in patient-reported outcome (PRO) collection and reporting in novel FDA approved anticancer therapies.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e18202-e18202
Author(s):  
Surbhi Singhal ◽  
Evan Thomas Hall ◽  
Brooke Peterson Gabster ◽  
James Dickerson ◽  
Lidia Schapira
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Clinical Trial Registry ◽  
Fda Approval ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Anti Cancer

e18202 Background: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are increasingly valued as a key tool in patient-focused treatment decisions. However, a lack of standardization leads to significant variability in PRO collection and reporting in ground-breaking clinical trials of novel agents. We sought to characterize the mechanisms of assessment and variability by which PROs are reported for newly approved anti-cancer therapies. Methods: We reviewed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals between 2011 and 2017 for anti-cancer new molecular entities (NMEs) and new biologic approvals (BLAs). For each therapy, the pivotal clinical trial leading to FDA approval was identified using the national clinical trial (NCT) number and assessed for inclusion of PROs. A separate PubMed search was conducted to evaluate for PRO publication distinct from the original trial based on national clinical trial registry number. Results: From 2011 to 2017, the FDA approved 66 NMEs/BLAs based on 74 clinical trials for cancer treatment. Of the 74 clinical trial publications, 21 (28%) of the trials published PRO data in their original clinical publication, 18 (24%) published a separate PRO analysis, and 35 (47%) did not publish PRO data in either format. Among the 32 clinical trials (43%) that listed PROs as pre-specified outcomes, 72% published PROs (23/32). The separate PRO analyses (N = 18) were published considerably later following FDA approval (mean 605 days) than the original clinical trials (mean 20 days, N = 74, P < 0.001). Conclusions: As cancer treatment options expand, therapy decisions become increasingly nuanced. PROs assist decision-making by providing detailed information on important aspects of quality of life and tolerability. Our research has identified a significant lag in the publication of companion studies of PRO data associated with pivotal clinical trials, representing a meaningful gap in information critical to patients and oncologists in the process of making informed decisions.

scholarly journals Immunostimulatory photochemotherapeutic nanocapsule for enhanced colon cancer treatment

Nanophotonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Liu ◽  
Fatemeh Movahedi ◽  
Bing Sun ◽  
Luyao Sun ◽  
Bing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Combination Strategy ◽  
Colon Tumors ◽  
Cancer Cell Death ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Primary Colon

Abstract Immunotherapy has made great progress in recent years while most cancer patients cannot benefit from it. Photochemotherapy combination strategy holds great promise for developing novel immunotherapy for the patients bearing immunosuppressive tumors such as colon cancer. In this research, a novel core/shell-structured polydopamine (PDA)-based nanoplatform is constructed to load two Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved cytotoxic drugs, i.e. immunostimulatory doxorubicin (Dox) and immunomodulatory curcumin (Cur) to achieve immunostimulatory photochemotherapy of primary colon tumors upon 808 nm near infrared (NIR) irradiation (1 W/cm2 for 5 min) and subsequent prevention of rechallenged distant colon tumors. The experimental data have shown that PDA-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) synergized two therapeutic drugs in inducing colon cancer cell death and very efficiently inhibited the primary tumor growth (by ∼92%) at very low doses of therapeutics (0.25, 5, and 30 mg/kg of Dox, Cur, and PDA, respectively). More significantly, the combined photochemotherapy promoted strong adaptive antitumor immune responses and successfully prevented tumorigenesis in the setting of tumor rechallenge model. Our research has thus demonstrated the promising efficacy of this photochemotherapeutic nanoformulation for colon cancer treatment and provided a way to improve immunostimulatory effects of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs.

Penile squamous cell carcinoma is genomically similar to other HPV-driven tumors.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (7_suppl) ◽  
pp. 505-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jad Chahoud ◽  
Barrett Z. McCormick ◽  
Frederico Netto ◽  
Priya Rao ◽  
Curtis R. Pickering ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Tumor Stage ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Lymph Node Status ◽  
Cancer Genes ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Md Anderson ◽  
Tumor Types

505 Background: PSCC is rare with limited treatment options for advanced disease. There have been no published genome-wide studies on the genetic alterations of PSCCs or on the differences between HPV (+) and HPV (−) PSCCs. We report the largest WES analysis of PSCC. Methods: We identified 34 pts diagnosed with PSCC, at MD Anderson, with primary tumors or metastatic lesions sufficient for WES. Patients, tumor and surgical characteristics were available through the MD Anderson prospective registry. Genomic DNAs from both Fresh frozen macrodissected tumors and paired-normal penile tissues were analyzed by WES. Results: Patients clinical characteristics are summarized in table 1. Eight of the most frequently mutated PSCC genes (NOTCH1 (35%), TP53 (35%), CDKN2A (24%), PIK3CA (21%), CASP8 (21%), FAT1 (18%), FBXW7 (15%) and EP300 (12%)) were significantly mutated in other SCC tumor types. Importantly, 8/8 and 5/8 genes were significant in head and neck SCC and cervical SCC, respectively, including 3 (CASP8, FXBW7, and EP300) genes that are only significant in these tumor types. TP53 mutations were associated with HPV (-) PSCC and were absent in HPV (+) SCC (P= 0.03). EP300 mutations were associated with advanced primary tumor stage. Of note we did not identify unique mutations associated with lymph node status. Conclusions: This is the largest systematic analyses of PSCC genomics uncovering the involvement of multiple cancer genes that are likely to be contributing to tumor development including; TP53, squamous differentiation, cell cycle, and chromatin regulation. PSCC are genomically similar to other HPV related SCC, and provide a therapeutic rationale for considering strategies successful in HPV related cancers. [Table: see text]

Utilization of online crowdfunding for alternative cancer treatments at home and abroad.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e14044-e14044
Author(s):  
Joshua David Gruhl ◽  
John Stuart Peterson ◽  
Sydney Davis ◽  
Jaxon Carey Olsen ◽  
Matthew Parsons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
English Language ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Light Therapy ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Stage Iv Disease ◽  
The Usa

e14044 Background: The use of alternative cancer treatments has been associated with decreased survival. However, little is known about the types of individuals who seek out these therapies, the alternative therapies pursued, and the associated costs. We utilized GoFundMe campaigns to characterize the types of patients who sought alternative cancer treatments, the types of therapies pursued, and the associated costs. Methods: We queried GoFundMe ( www.gofundme.com ) for English language campaigns using the term “alternative cancer treatment” using custom code for web scraping on 10/25/2019. We identified 1000 campaigns between 2011-2019, of which, 795 had received donations and were used for analysis. We studied each individual campaign in detail and extracted relevant information. Results: The majority of patients were female (63.5%). The most common cancer types were breast (25.3%), colorectal (10.8%), and lung (5.5%) cancer. Of patients reporting cancer stage, 79.3% had stage IV disease. Of those reporting prior cancer treatment history, 34.8% had never undergone traditional cancer treatment; 42.1%, 46.8%, and 26.6% had undergone prior surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, respectively. The most common proposed alternative treatments were vitamins and minerals (23.4%), herbs and botanicals (16.1%), special diets (13.0%), supplements (10.8%), heat or light therapy (7.8%), IV infusions (7.8%), homeopathic/naturopathic therapies (7.2%), and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (5.9%). Among all campaigns, a total of $36,394,110 was requested and a total of $8,601,759 (23.9%) was raised. The median campaign fundraising goal was $25900 (US dollars; Interquartile range [IQR] $1000 – $50000); the median amount donated was $5805 (IQR $2595 – $12580). These costs include travel as 629 (79.1%) campaigns were for patients residing in the USA, 70 (8.8%) in Europe, 62 (7.8%) in Canada, and 34 (4.3%) in other regions, from which, 54.3% of patients stated that they planned to travel internationally—most commonly to Mexico—for their alternative cancer treatments. Conclusions: Millions of dollars have been requested and raised between 2011 and 2019 for alternative cancer treatments. The majority of patients sought treatment at alternative clinics internationally, were females, had stage IV disease and primary tumors of the breast, colon/rectum or lung, who had previously undergone traditional cancer therapies, and highlight a group of patients where improved communication/education between providers and patients appears to be needed.

The Role of NIR Fluorescence in MDR Cancer Treatment: From Targeted Imaging to Phototherapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (33) ◽  
pp. 5510-5529
Author(s):  
Zengtao Wang ◽  
Qingqing Meng ◽  
Shaoshun Li
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Drug Efflux ◽  
Nir Dyes ◽  
Nir Imaging ◽  
Drug Efflux Pumps

Background: Multidrug Resistance (MDR) is defined as a cross-resistance of cancer cells to various chemotherapeutics and has been demonstrated to correlate with drug efflux pumps. Visualization of drug efflux pumps is useful to pre-select patients who may be insensitive to chemotherapy, thus preventing patients from unnecessary treatment. Near-Infrared (NIR) imaging is an attractive approach to monitoring MDR due to its low tissue autofluorescence and deep tissue penetration. Molecular NIR imaging of MDR cancers requires stable probes targeting biomarkers with high specificity and affinity. Objective: This article aims to provide a concise review of novel NIR probes and their applications in MDR cancer treatment. Results: Recently, extensive research has been performed to develop novel NIR probes and several strategies display great promise. These strategies include chemical conjugation between NIR dyes and ligands targeting MDR-associated biomarkers, native NIR dyes with inherent targeting ability, activatable NIR probes as well as NIR dyes loaded nanoparticles. Moreover, NIR probes have been widely employed for photothermal and photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment, which combine with other modalities to overcome MDR. With the rapid advancing of nanotechnology, various nanoparticles are incorporated with NIR dyes to provide multifunctional platforms for controlled drug delivery and combined therapy to combat MDR. The construction of these probes for MDR cancers targeted NIR imaging and phototherapy will be discussed. Multimodal nanoscale platform which integrates MDR monitoring and combined therapy will also be encompassed. Conclusion: We believe these NIR probes project a promising approach for diagnosis and therapy of MDR cancers, thus holding great potential to reach clinical settings in cancer treatment.

scholarly journals Application of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials in Thermal Ablation Therapy of Cancer

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhannat Ashikbayeva ◽  
Daniele Tosi ◽  
Damir Balmassov ◽  
Emiliano Schena ◽  
Paola Saccomandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Thermal Ablation ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Ablation Therapy ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Thermal Ablation Therapy ◽  
Heating Capacity ◽  
Tumor Region

Cancer is one of the major health issues with increasing incidence worldwide. In spite of the existing conventional cancer treatment techniques, the cases of cancer diagnosis and death rates are rising year by year. Thus, new approaches are required to advance the traditional ways of cancer therapy. Currently, nanomedicine, employing nanoparticles and nanocomposites, offers great promise and new opportunities to increase the efficacy of cancer treatment in combination with thermal therapy. Nanomaterials can generate and specifically enhance the heating capacity at the tumor region due to optical and magnetic properties. The mentioned unique properties of nanomaterials allow inducing the heat and destroying the cancerous cells. This paper provides an overview of the utilization of nanoparticles and nanomaterials such as magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, nanorods, nanoshells, nanocomposites, carbon nanotubes, and other nanoparticles in the thermal ablation of tumors, demonstrating their advantages over the conventional heating methods.

scholarly journals Data Driven Mathematical Model of FOLFIRI Treatment for Colon Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2632
Author(s):  
Aparajita Budithi ◽  
Sumeyye Su ◽  
Arkadz Kirshtein ◽  
Leili Shahriyari
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Cell Fractions

Many colon cancer patients show resistance to their treatments. Therefore, it is important to consider unique characteristic of each tumor to find the best treatment options for each patient. In this study, we develop a data driven mathematical model for interaction between the tumor microenvironment and FOLFIRI drug agents in colon cancer. Patients are divided into five distinct clusters based on their estimated immune cell fractions obtained from their primary tumors’ gene expression data. We then analyze the effects of drugs on cancer cells and immune cells in each group, and we observe different responses to the FOLFIRI drugs between patients in different immune groups. For instance, patients in cluster 3 with the highest T-reg/T-helper ratio respond better to the FOLFIRI treatment, while patients in cluster 2 with the lowest T-reg/T-helper ratio resist the treatment. Moreover, we use ROC curve to validate the model using the tumor status of the patients at their follow up, and the model predicts well for the earlier follow up days.

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