scholarly journals Multivariate Analysis Approaches for Dimension and Shape Discrimination of Vitis vinifera Varieties

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1528
Author(s):  
Muhammed Kupe ◽  
Bahadır Sayinci ◽  
Bünyamin Demir ◽  
Sezai Ercisli ◽  
Kürşat Alp Aslan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Discriminant Functions ◽  
Elliptic Fourier Analysis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Grape Varieties ◽  
Size Data

In this study, berry dimensions and shape traits, which are important for the design of the grape processing system and the classification of 10 different grape varieties grown in same ecological conditions (‘Ata Sarısı’, ‘Barış’, ‘Dımışkı’, ‘Hatun Parmağı’, ‘Helvani’, ‘Horoz Karası’, ‘Hönüsü’, ‘İtalia’, ‘Mevlana Sarısı’, and ‘Red Globe’) were determined; differences between the varieties were identified with the use of discriminant analysis. The largest grape varieties were identified as ‘Ata Sarısı’ and ‘Red Globe’. The ‘Red Globe’ and ‘Helvani’ varieties had geometrically sphere-like shape. The ‘Barış’ variety had the lowest size averages. According to elliptic Fourier analysis, the primary source of shape variation was ellipse and sphere-looking varieties. However, shape variation was seen due to the existence of a small number of drop-like varieties. According to discriminant analysis, shape differences of the varieties were defined by two discriminant functions. Based on these discriminant functions, the greatest classification performance was achieved for ‘Mevlana Sarısı’ and ‘Dımışkı’. In scatter plots, three shape definitions (sphere, ellipse, and drop) were made for grape varieties. Cluster analysis revealed 4 sub-groups. The first sub-group included the ‘Mevlana Sarısı’ variety; the second sub-group included the ‘Hönüsü’, ‘Hatun Parmağı’, ‘Dımışkı’, and ‘Horoz Karası’ varieties; the third sub-group included the ‘Ata Sarısı’ variety; the fourth sub-group included the ‘Barış’, ‘Helvani’, ‘İtalia’, and ‘Red Globe’ varieties. The variety in the first group had a geometrically ellipse-like shape, the largest length, and the smallest width. The size data were the smallest for the second sub-group. The third sub-group, with the ellipse-like shape, had the large size data. The grape varieties the closest to the sphere were classified in the fourth group, and these varieties had the large sizes.

Comparative analysis of shape variation in the cone scales of Larix dahurica and L. cajanderi (Pinaceae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-67
Author(s):  
Valentina P. Vetrova ◽  
◽  
Alexey P. Barchenkov ◽  
Nadezhda V. Sinelnikova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Baikal Region ◽  
Canonical Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
The North ◽  
Larch Species ◽  
Geometric Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Cone Scale

Geometric morphometric analysis of shape variation in the cone scales of two closely related larch species, Larix dahurica Laws. (=Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr) and L. cajanderi Mayr, was carried out. The data on the taxonomy and distribution of L. dahurica and L. cajanderi are contradictory. The taxonomic status of L. cajanderi has been confirmed by the genetic and morphological studies performed in Russia and based on considerable evidence, but the species has not been recognized internationally, being considered as a synonym of Larix gmelinii var. gmelinii. In the systematics of larch, morphological characters of the generative organs are mainly used as diagnostic markers, among the most important being the shape variation of the cone scales. The aim of this study was to test geometric morphometrics as a tool for analyzing differentiation of L. dahurica and L. cajanderi in the shape of their cone scales. Characterization of shape variations in cone scales using geometric morphometric methods consists in digitizing points along an outline of scales followed by analysis of partial warps, describing individual differences in coordinates of the outline points. We studied the populations of L. dahurica from Evenkia and the Trans-Baikal region and six L. cajanderi populations from Yakutia and Magadan Oblast. In each population, we analyzed samples of 100-150 cones collected from 20-30 trees. Scales taken from the middle part of the cones were scanned using an Epson Perfection V500 Photo. On the scanned images, outline points were placed with a TPSDig program (Rolf, 2010), using angular algorithm (Oreshkova et al., 2015). The data were processed and analyzed using Integrated Morphometrics Programs (IMP) software (http://www.canisius.edu/~sheets/ morphsoft.html, Sheets, 2001), following the guidelines on geometric morphometrics in biology (Pavlinov, Mikeshina, 2002; Zelditch et al., 2004). Initial coordinates of the scale landmarks were aligned with the mean structure for L. dahurica and L. cajanderi cone scales using Procrustes superimposition in the CoordGen6 program. PCA based on covariances of partial warp scores was applied to reveal directions of variation in the shape of the cone scales. The relative deformations of the cone scales (PCA scores) were used as shape variables for statistical comparisons of these two larch species with canonical discriminant analysis. Morphotypes of the cone scales were distinguished in L. dahurica populations by pairwise comparison of samples from trees in the TwoGroup6h program using Bootstrap resampling-based Goodall’s F-test (Sheets, 2001). Samples from the trees in which the cone scales differed significantly (p < 0.01) were considered to belong to different morphotypes. Morphotypes distinguished in L. dahurica populations were compared with the morphotypes that we had previously determined in L. cajanderi populations. The composition and the frequency of occurrence of morphotypes were used to determine phenotypic distances between populations (Zhivotovskii, 1991). Multidimensional scaling matrix of the phenotypic distances was applied for ordination of larch populations. In this research, we revealed differentiation of L. dahurica and L. cajanderi using geometric morphometric analysis of the shape variation of cone scales. The results of PCA of partial warp scores exposed four principal components, which account for 90% of total explained variance in the shape of the cone scales in the two larch species. Graphical representations of these shape transformations in the vector form characterized directions of shape variability in scales corresponding to the maximum and minimum values of four principal components (See Fig. 2). PCA-ordination of the larch populations revealed some difference in the shape variation of the cone scales in L. dahurica and L. cajanderi (See Fig. 3). The results of canonical discriminant analysis of relative deformations of scales showed differentiation of the populations of the two larch species (See Fig. 4). Eleven morphotypes were identified in L. dahurica cones from Evenkia and nine morphotypes in the Ingoda population, three of the morphotypes being common for both populations (See Fig. 5). The shape of L. dahurica cone scales varied from spatulate to oval and their apical margins from weakly sinuate to distinctly sinuate. The Trans-Baikal population was dominated by scales with obtuse (truncate) and rounded apexes. The obtained morphotypes were compared with 25 cone scale morphotypes previously distinguished in the Yakut and the Magadan L. cajanderi populations (See Fig. 3). Four similar morphotypes of cone scales were revealed in the North-Yeniseisk population of L. dahurica and the Yakut populations of L. cajanderi. The differences between them in the populations of the two larch species were nonsignificant (p > 0.01). All morphotypes of cone scales from the Ingoda population of L. dahurica differed significantly from L. cajanderi cone scale morphotypes. The results of multidimensional scaling phenotypic distance matrix calculated based on the similarity of morphotypes of L. dahurica and L. cajanderi populations were consistent with the results of their differentiation based on relative deformations of scales obtained using canonical discriminant analysis (See Fig. 4 and Fig. 7). In spite of the differences in the shape of the cone scales between the North-Yeniseisk and the Trans-Baikal populations of L. dahurica, they both differed from L. cajanderi populations. Thus, phenotypic analysis confirmed differentiation of these two larch species. Despite the similarities between a number of morphotypes, the Yakut L. cajanderi populations were differentiated from L. dahurica populations. Significant differences were noted between intraspecific groups: between L. cajanderi populations from Okhotsk-Kolyma Upland and Yakutia and between L. dahurica populations from Evenkia and the Trans-Baikal region (See Fig. 4). The similarities between species and intraspecific differences may be attributed to the ongoing processes of hybridization and species formation in the region where the ranges of the larches overlap with the ranges of L. czekanowskii Szafer and L. dahurica×L. cajanderi hybrids. Geometric morphometrics can be used as an effective tool for analyzing differentiation of L. dahurica and L. cajanderi in the shape of their cone scales.

Form, meaning and genre in the Scherzo of Mahler’s Second Symphony

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 221-299
Author(s):  
Lóránt Péteri
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The Third ◽  
Successful Attempt ◽  
Extended Unit

This study offers a multilevel analysis of the form of the third movement of Mahler’s Second Symphony providing three frameworks (those of a sophisticated trio form, a bipartite idiosyncratic form, and an imaginary, ‘endless’ form). Conceiving of the formal dimensions of the Scherzo of Mahler’s Second Symphony as ontological models, I will contextualize these with reference to the writings of E.T.A. Hoffmann, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche. Among the new discoveries of this investigation, I will outline the implications of three hitherto neglected circumstances: first, the movement’s first extended unit itself constitutes a self-contained symphonic scherzo movement; next, the movement can be described as two succeeding permutations of the same set of thematic materials; finally, there is a crucial recurrence suggesting the infinitude of the form. Instead of creating an ill-conceived dichotomy between form as a secondary structure and the meaningful ‘narrative’ in negotiation with formal questions, I wish to regard form as a primary source of a work’s meaning. At the same time, I wish to regard the form of the movement as an efficient means of channelling its dialogue with the genre of scherzo. Listened to as a composer’s self-positioning in the field of the masters of symphony, the movement reveals Mahler’s successful attempt at breaking away from the Brucknerian model of scherzo and, at the same time, proudly parading his virtuosity in applying some elements of that model in a different context.

Imperial Monetary Policy and Social Reaction in Third Century Rome

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Kallmes
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
The Third ◽  
Social Reaction

Abstract In the third century AD, under the pressure of plagues, external invasion, rising army costs, and usurpation, the Roman emperors incrementally debased the silver coinage that was produced at their imperial mints and incrementally took over civic mints. The debasement, from 2.7 g of silver to 0.04 g of silver in the equivalent of a denarius from 160–274 ad, was accompanied by worries from emperors, mint-workers, and bankers about the value of the currency; however, the total loss of purchasing power of the Roman coinage from the same era was 50–70 %, far less than would be expected from the change in metallic content, if it were the primary source of value. The currency reform of Aurelian in 274 ad, despite raising metallic values of coins, was followed by at least a 90 % reduction in the purchasing power of the silver coinage from 274–301 ad, the year of Diocletian’s Edict on Maximum Prices, showing a paradoxically inverse relationship between metallic value and purchasing power. Based on this quandary, I argue that the Roman silver coinage of the third century CE became a fiat currency in some respects, deriving its guarantee from imperial iconography and assurances rather than from bullion value. The fiat nature of the silver coinage was largely present in usage as a medium of exchange for those without as much long-term interest in maintaining liquid stores of value; this is indicated by the differential debasement of the denarius and aureus; imperial actions and hoarding practices indicate the extent to which the currency was accepted at nominal value. I examine the reactions of different social groups in order to determine the perceived value of the Roman coinage during this time, and in order to understand the paradoxical collapse in the currency’s value in the late third century. To demonstrate this, I will present the applicable elements of the modern concept of “fiat” to this context through portrayal of emperors and usurpers on coins, use coin hoard data to determine the effect of Gresham’s Law, and examine historical and papyrological accounts of currency reforms. I will also use evidence of the expansion of taxes in kind and the rejection of nominal value by both emperor and subjects to argue that the inflation following Aurelian’s reform resulted from an invalidation of the trust in imperial fiat.

scholarly journals Morphological evaluation of common bean diversity in Bosnia and Herzegovina using the discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) multivariate method

Genetika ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 963-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmin Grahic ◽  
Fuad Gasi ◽  
Mirsad Kurtovic ◽  
Lutvija Karic ◽  
Mirha Djikic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Discriminant Functions ◽  
Factor Loadings ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
High Level

In order to analyze morphological characteristics of locally cultivated common bean landraces from Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), thirteen quantitative and qualitative traits of 40 P. vulgaris accessions, collected from four geographical regions (Northwest B&H, Northeast B&H, Central B&H and Sarajevo) and maintained at the Gene bank of the Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences in Sarajevo, were examined. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the proportion of variance retained in the first two principal components was 54.35%. The first principal component had high contributing factor loadings from seed width, seed height and seed weight, whilst the second principal component had high contributing factor loadings from the analyzed traits seed per pod and pod length. PCA plot, based on the first two principal components, displayed a high level of variability among the analyzed material. The discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) created 3 discriminant functions (DF), whereby the first two discriminant functions accounted for 90.4% of the variance retained. Based on the retained DFs, DAPC provided group membership probabilities which showed that 70% of the accessions examined were correctly classified between the geographically defined groups. Based on the taxonomic distance, 40 common bean accessions analyzed in this study formed two major clusters, whereas two accessions Acc304 and Acc307 didn?t group in any of those. Acc360 and Acc362, as well as Acc324 and Acc371 displayed a high level of similarity and are probably the same landrace. The present diversity of Bosnia and Herzegovina?s common been landraces could be useful in future breeding programs.

scholarly journals Biochemical composition and shape-dimensional traits of rosehip genotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bünyamin Demir ◽  
Bahadır Sayıncı ◽  
Mehmet Yaman ◽  
Ahmet Sümbül ◽  
Ercan Yıldız ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Elliptic Fourier Analysis ◽  
Projected Area ◽  
Vertical Orientation ◽  
Linear Discriminant

Abstract In the present study, the biochemical composition and shape and dimensional traits of 25 rosehip (Rosa canina) genotypes were investigated. The shape and dimensional traits were determined by image processing technique. Seed-propagated rosehip genotypes belonging to R. canina were collected from the natural flora of Mesudiye (Ordu) and Talas (Kayseri) districts. Antioxidant activity (39.510–72.673 mmol · kg−1), total flavonoids (287.80–1,686.20 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) · kg−1) and total phenolics (38,519.40–79,080.60 mg gallic acid equivalent · kg−1) of the genotypes exhibited large variations. Width (12.2 mm) and thickness (12.5 mm) of fruits averages were found to be close to each other. The genotypes exhibited fruit lengths between 12.0 mm and 29.5 mm. Average projected area at horizontal orientation (179.7 mm2) was greater than the projected area at vertical orientation (120.4 mm2). Sphericity average was calculated as 71.4%. According to principal component (PC) analysis, the most important dimensional traits discriminating genotypes from each other were identified as surface area, geometric mean diameter and volume. In terms of shape attributes, distinctive differences were observed in sphericity, circularity, elongation and surface closure rates (SCR) of the genotypes. According to elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA), genotypes look like a sphere. In terms of shape, there were long, spherical, flat bottomed, pointed bottomed and asymmetric-looking genotypes indicating how environment and genotype affect the fruit shape. The greatest shape variation was transverse contraction and expansion. According to the clustering analysis for shape attributes, rosehip genotypes were classified into six groups. Dendrogram, scatter plots of linear discriminant analysis and paired comparison test results put forth the shape differences of the genotype successfully.

Relationship of Specific and Nonspecific Variables to Successful Basketball Performance among High School Players

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Brooks ◽  
Larry W. Boleach ◽  
J. L. Mayhew
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Canonical Correlation ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
The Third ◽  
Male High School ◽  
Relationship Of

To determine the predictive potential of selected cognitive and psychomotor variables to estimate basketball performance, 50 male high school players from 3 schools in the same conference were evaluated. One team won the Iowa state championship; the second team had a 12 and 10 record while the third team had a 4 and 16 record. The 3 coaches rated each player's ability from 1 to 10. Multiple regression analysis to predict coaches' rating of ability from vertical jump, hand reaction time, weight, and playing experience gave an R of .76. However, discriminant analysis to classify players on the 3 teams indicated as important knowledge about basketball, dribbling, shooting accuracy, and height. The canonical correlation for the 4 variables and team membership was .64. Using the 4 variables, 60% of the players could be correctly classified to their teams.

Cuba, the USSR, and the Non-Aligned Movement

2020 ◽  
pp. 148-173
Author(s):  
Michelle Getchell
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Leadership Role ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Document Collections ◽  
The Third ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Third World

Based on archival research in the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI) and the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation (AVPRF), as well as on published primary source document collections, this paper argues that Cuba’s role as Soviet ally conflicted with Fidel Castro’s desire to assume a leadership role in the Non-Aligned Movement. As Castro sought to balance his aspirations for leadership of the Non-Aligned Movement with his obligations as Soviet ally, Soviet officials attempted to capitalize on Cuba’s position in the movement to achieve a closer relationship between the Third World and the socialist bloc. U.S. officials struggled to discredit Castro and delegitimize his claims to non-aligned status, but were ultimately unable to prevent the movement’s turn toward a more pronounced anti-American stance in the 1970s and early 1980s.

scholarly journals Using Linear Discriminant Analysis to Classify Snowfall Situations into Avalanching and Non-Avalanching Ones

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (81) ◽  
pp. 679-680
Author(s):  
N.F. Drozdovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Training Sample ◽  
Dispersion Analysis ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Discriminant Functions ◽  
Prognostic Information ◽  
Individual Parameter ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Avalanche Forecasting

Abstract The existing methods of predicting avalanche danger often do not meet users’ demands because of the empiric character of the insufficient volume of information used. In such forecasts the contribution of each individual parameter into the prognostic information is unknown, and this is very important when studying such an event as avalanche formation, which is conditioned by a complex interaction of numerous factors, including snow accumulation, the state of snow thickness, and the conditions of its development. It is obvious that such problems can be successfully solved by statistical methods, and that explains the growing interest in numerical methods of avalanche forecasting. Problems of multi-dimensional observations arises in many scientific fields. The method suited for this problem is discriminant analysis, the purpose of which is to divide a multi-dimensional observation vector into predetermined classes. This study considers the prognostic (diagnostic) problems of fresh-snow avalanches released during snowfall or in the two days after it has ceased. The theoretical basis is a complex of statistical methods: correlation and dispersion analysis, “sifting" for the choice of predictors’ informative groups, construction of linear parametric discriminant functions, predictions based on training sample, and verification of discriminant functions based on independent material. The archive used in the study consisted of 500 avalanching cases and 1 300 non-avalanching ones. All situations were grouped according to geomorphological characteristics. Each situation is described by eight meteorological characteristics. The results of classification of snowfall situations into avalanching and non-avalanching ones are as follows: reliability of ρ is from 75% to 91%, H from 0.15 to 0.51; based on independent material the reliability of ρ is from 63% to 85%, H from 0.10 to 0.56. This paper has been accepted in revised form for publication in a later issue of the Journal of Glaciology.

The Loyal Traveler: Examining a Typology of Service Patronage

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 2-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark P. Pritchard ◽  
Dennis R. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Composite Measure ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dimensional Matrix ◽  
Repeat Purchase ◽  
Clear Support

The first goal of this study was to determine whether Day's (1969) measure of loyalty could be extended to better understand travel service patronage. Findings provide clear support that this composite measure, of repeat purchase and loyal attitude, is an effective approach to distinguishing the loyal traveler. A cluster analysis that combined scores on the composite measure from 428 travelers supported a two-dimensional matrix that identified four types of loyalty: true, spurious, latent, and low. This accomplished the study's second purpose by confirming that the four distinct levels of loyalty exist in a variety of service settings. Discriminant analysis was used to achieve the third objective — To identify those characteristics that differentiate the truly loyal patron. The resulting profile found this traveler to be a highly satisfied, symbolically involved consumer drawn to those services that exhibit an empathetic, caring concern for their patrons. These findings generate a much clearer understanding of how service providers can measure and manage their returning patrons.

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