scholarly journals Examining the Role of Buzzing Time and Acoustics on Pollen Extraction of Solanum elaeagnifolium

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2592
Author(s):  
Mandeep Tayal ◽  
Rupesh Kariyat
Keyword(s):  
Vibrational Energy ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Buzz Pollination ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium

Buzz pollination is a specialized pollination syndrome that requires vibrational energy to extract concealed pollen grains from poricidal anthers. Although a large body of work has examined the ecology of buzz pollination, whether acoustic properties of buzz pollinators affect pollen extraction is less understood, especially in weeds and invasive species. We examined the pollination biology of Silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium), a worldwide invasive weed, in its native range in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) in south Texas. Over two years, we documented the floral visitors on S. elaeagnifolium, their acoustic parameters (buzzing amplitude, frequency, and duration of buzzing) and estimated the effects of the latter two factors on pollen extraction. We found five major bee genera: Exomalopsis, Halictus, Megachile, Bombus, and Xylocopa, as the most common floral visitors on S. elaeagnifolium in the LRGV. Bee genera varied in their duration of total buzzing time, duration of each visit, and mass. While we did not find any significant differences in buzzing frequency among different genera, an artificial pollen collection experiment using an electric toothbrush showed that the amount of pollen extracted is significantly affected by the duration of buzzing. We conclude that regardless of buzzing frequency, buzzing duration is the most critical factor in pollen removal in this species.

Buzz pollination in the Epacridaceae

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Houston ◽  
P. G. Ladd
Keyword(s):  
Seed Set ◽  
Corolla Tube ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Native Bees ◽  
Buzz Pollination ◽  
The Family

Conostephium (Epacridaceae) has flowers that conform with a buzz-pollination syndrome but, unlike most plants with this form of pollination, the anthers are hidden within the corolla tube. Vibrations generated by bees grasping the apices of the corolla tubes must be transferred via short broad filaments to the anthers. The anthers do not have pores but each dehisces from the apex by a slit that elongates over the time the flowers take to senesce (up to 10 days). This may limit self-fertilisation as the stigma is receptive as soon as it appears from between the very short corolla lobes, so little pollen is released at first but later this would increase as the slit elongates. Visitation by pollinators has rarely been seen but several observations of native bees (Leioproctus and Lasioglossum) working the flowers are presented. The bees visit the nectarless flowers of Conostephium only for pollen and must forage at other kinds of flowers to obtain nectar. Pollen tubes occurred in the stigmas of most older flowers of C. pendulum, so pollen delivery does not seem to limit seed set. Despite this, the species sets few fruit. From examination of the taxonomic positions of likely buzz-pollinated taxa in the family, it appears that pollination by sonication has arisen independently several times in the Epacridaceae, with primarily two different floral configurations.

scholarly journals Reproductive biology of a highly endemic species: Cipocereus laniflorus N.P. Taylor & Zappi (Cactaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Ordones Rego ◽  
Edivani Villaron Franceschinelli ◽  
Daniela Cristina Zappi
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Species ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Bat Pollination ◽  
Internal Part ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Trigona Fulviventris

Cipocereus laniflorus N.P. Taylor & Zappi is an endemic species from the Serra do Caraça, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In order to propose conservation strategies for this species, its reproductive strategies were investigated, including reproductive phenology, floral biology, floral visitors and breeding system. The flowering and fruiting period extends from May to October. Few flowers per plant open each night, producing up to 0.4 ml nectar, but 30% of them are nectarless. Probably pollen is also offered as a resource. Fruiting efficiency of C. laniflorus (47%) is close to that found in other Cactaceae species. Pollen of this species was detected in Anoura geoffroy, Soricina glossophaga and Pygoderma bilabiatum bats. Amongst the characteristics related to bat-pollination syndrome found in C. laniflorus, the cream-white colouring of the internal part of the flower, the numerous stamens and the nocturnal anthesis of short duration can be highlighted. Flowers of C. laniflorus are also visited by Nitidulidae beetles, Trigona fulviventris bees and hummingbirds, however bats are the main pollinators of this species. Finally, as a self-sterile species, C. laniflorus needs a pollinator and is more susceptible to the risk of extinction if local disturbances affect its pollination system.

scholarly journals Estratégia Reprodutiva de Cucurbita moschata Poir (Cucurbitaceae) e Atividades de Forrageio dos seus Visitantes Florais

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Paulo Roberto Abreu Tavares ◽  
João Cloves Stanzani Dutra ◽  
Leandro Pereira Polatto ◽  
Valter Vieira Alves Junior ◽  
Edmar de Souza Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Cucurbita Moschata ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Pollination Methods ◽  
Effective Pollinators

Um fator indispensável na manutenção da produtividade agrícola é a polinização. Entre os vários agentes polinizadores, os insetos são considerados os principais agentes atuantes na polinização da maioria das culturas. O trabalho teve como objetivo compreender a estratégia reprodutiva de Cucurbita moschata Poir (Cucurbitaceae) a partir da análise dos métodos de polinização utilizados pela planta e do registro da diversidade e comportamento dos visitantes florais. Para avaliar a eficiência dos polinizadores, 10 flores de C. moschata foram etiquetadas para verificar a formação de frutos em condições naturais. Outras 10 flores foram envolvidas em sacos impermeáveis para impedir o contato com os insetos visitantes. Os insetos foram coletados diretamente nas flores, das 7:00 h às 11:15 h, durante 15 minutos de cada hora, anotando-se os valores de temperatura, luminosidade, umidade relativa do ar e velocidade do vento. O sucesso reprodutivo de C. moschata depende de polinizadores, uma vez que o isolamento reprodutivo das flores não permitiu a formação de fruto. A ordem mais abundante foi Diptera, seguida por Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera e Lepidoptera. Os polinizadores efetivos de C. moschata foram representados por espécies de abelhas de porte corporal grande: Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Centris sp., Oxaea flavescens Klug e Bombus sp. Essas espécies visitaram as flores para coletar néctar e pólen. Os fatores abióticos tiveram pouca influencia nas atividades de forrageio dos visitantes florais. Reproductive Strategy of Cucurbita moschata Poir (Cucurbitaceae) and Foraging Activities of their Floral Visitors Abstract. An essential factor in maintaining agricultural productivity is pollination. Among the various pollinators, the insects are considered the main active agents in pollination of most cultures. The work aimed to understand the reproductive strategy of Cucurbita moschata Poir (Cucurbitaceae) through analysis of the pollination methods used by the plant and the record of the diversity and behavior of floral visitors. To assess the efficiency of pollinators, 10 flowers of C. moschata were labeled to check the formation of fruit under natural conditions. Other 10 flowers were wrapped in waterproof bags to prevent contact with visiting insects. The insects were collected directly in the flowers, from 07:00 to 11:15 am, during 15 minutes of every hour, recording the values of temperature, luminosity, relative humidity and wind speed. The reproductive success of C. moschata depends on pollinators, since the reproductive isolation of the flowers did not allow the formation of fruit. The most abundant order was Diptera, followed by Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. The effective pollinators of C. moschata were represented by species of bees of large body size: Apis mellifera Linnaeus, Centris sp., Oxaea flavescens Klug and Bombus sp. These species visited the flowers to collect nectar and pollen. The abiotic factors had little influence on foraging activities of floral visitors.

scholarly journals Pollination by hummingbirds of Vriesea gigantea (Bromeliaceae) populations in Southern Brazil

Rodriguésia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gecele Matos Paggi ◽  
Clarisse Palma-Silva ◽  
Fernanda Bered
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Effective Pollinators

Abstract The pollination syndrome hypothesis usually does not successfully apply to the diversity of floral phenotypes or help predict the pollinators of most plant species. In Bromeliaceae, there is a wide range of floral visitors, making its species ideal to test for a correlation between nectar and floral traits with pollination syndrome. In this study, we analyzed the floral features, nectar production patterns, pollinators and floral visitors of Vriesea gigantea, and discussed its potential adaptive and ecological significance. We study three natural populations from the Atlantic Forest, Southern Brazil. The species presented protogyny and herkogamy, and its anthesis occurred at different periods among different populations. Vriesea gigantea has a relatively constant rate of nectar production during the day that continues overnight but at a reduced rate. Newly opened flowers already have around 80.0 μl of nectar. Although classified as chiropterophilous, based on flower morphology and pollinator observations, our results show that hummingbirds are effective pollinators in the studied populations of V. gigantea.

scholarly journals Psychology Meets Archaeology: Psychoarchaeoacoustics for Understanding Ancient Minds and Their Relationship to the Sacred

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Valenzuela ◽  
Margarita Díaz-Andreu ◽  
Carles Escera
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Sound Perception ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Acoustical Properties ◽  
Sound Environment ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Acoustic Environments ◽  
Made In

How important is the influence of spatial acoustics on our mental processes related to sound perception and cognition? There is a large body of research in fields encompassing architecture, musicology, and psychology that analyzes human response, both subjective and objective, to different soundscapes. But what if we want to understand how acoustic environments influenced the human experience of sound in sacred ritual practices in premodern societies? Archaeoacoustics is the research field that investigates sound in the past. One of its branches delves into how sound was used in specific landscapes and at sites with rock art, and why past societies endowed a special significance to places with specific acoustical properties. Taking advantage of the advances made in sound recording and reproduction technologies, researchers are now exploring how ancient social and sacred ceremonies and practices related to the acoustic properties of their sound environment. Here, we advocate for the emergence of a new and innovative discipline, experimental psychoarchaeoacoustics. We also review underlying methodological approaches and discuss the limitations, challenges, and future directions for this new field.

scholarly journals Crab spiders (Araneae: Thomisidae) in flowering plants in a Brazilian "Cerrado" ecosystem

2011 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
LC Rocha-Filho ◽  
IMP Rinaldi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Floral Resources ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Bee Pollination ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Flowering Plant Species ◽  
Crab Spiders ◽  
Poricidal Anthers

Although crab spiders are common in flowering plants, their relations with plant species and its floral traits have been poorly known in the Neotropics. Observations regarding plant habits, floral visitors and also floral characteristics such as anthesis, odour, shape, colour and floral resources were recorded in flowering plant species of an area of "Cerrado" on a 2 km long trail. Misumenops argenteus and Misumenops pallens accounted for 62.86% of the spiders captured on 22 flowering plant species. The plants Senna rugosa (Fabaceae), Styrax ferrugineus (Styracaceae) and Banisteriopsis campestris (Malpighiaceae), hosted, each one, about 10 to 17% of the total spiders collected and these plants had diurnal anthesis, bee-attractive flower colours such as yellow (S. rugosa), white (S. ferrugineus), and pink (B. campestris), poricidal anthers as well as being visited by bees which evidenced bee-pollination syndrome. This study is the first survey regarding crab spiders and their associations with plant species of the "Cerrado".

scholarly journals Local adaptation to continuous mowing makes the noxious weed Solanum elaeagnifolium a superweed candidate by improving fitness and defense traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus Chavana ◽  
Sukhman Singh ◽  
Alejandro Vazquez ◽  
Bradley Christoffersen ◽  
Alexis Racelis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Potato Beetle ◽  
Feeding Effects ◽  
Solanum Elaeagnifolium ◽  
Noxious Weed ◽  
Leaf Trichome

AbstractThe role of disturbance in accelerating weed growth is well understood. While most studies have focused on soil mediated disturbance, mowing can also impact weed traits. Using silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium), a noxious and invasive weed, through a series of field, laboratory, and greenhouse experiments, we asked whether continuous mowing influences growth and plant defense traits, expressed via different avenues, and whether they cascade into offspring. We found that mowed plants produced significantly less number of fruits, and less number of total seeds per plant, but had higher seed mass, and germinated more and faster. When three herbivores were allowed to feed, tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) caterpillars, gained more mass on seedlings from unmowed plants, while cow pea aphid (Aphis craccivora), a generalist, established better on mowed seedlings; however, leaf trichome density was higher on unmowed seedlings, suggesting possible negative cross talk in defense traits. Texas potato beetle (Leptinotarsa texana), a co-evolved specialist on S. elaeagnifolium, did not show any differential feeding effects. We also found that specific root length, an indicator of nutrient acquisition, was significantly higher in first generation seedlings from mowed plants. Taken together, we show that mowing is a selective pressure that enhances some fitness and defense traits and can contribute to producing superweeds.

Pollen larceny of the tropical weed Solanum torvum by a Fijian endemic halictine bee with implications for the spread of plants with specialized pollinator requirements

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan Staines ◽  
Cathy Vo ◽  
Natalie Puiu ◽  
Sarah Hayes ◽  
Marika Tuiwawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Contribution ◽  
Buzz Pollination ◽  
Island Ecosystems ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Solanum Torvum ◽  
Total Pollen ◽  
Pollen Vector ◽  
Effective Pollinators ◽  
Poricidal Anthers ◽  
New Habitats

Abstract:The ability of plants to colonize new habitats is influenced by their dependence on effective pollinators. This can be very important for plants that require specialized pollinators, especially when they disperse to islands that have low pollinator diversity. One form of specialization involves plants that require buzz-pollination, where bees must vibrate poricidal anthers at frequencies that allow pollen to be released. Pollen larceny is a phenomenon where insects ‘steal’ pollen from flowers which usually results in reduced pollination, but in some cases there can be a small contribution to pollination. Here we report pollen larceny in an endemic Fijian halictine bee Homalictus fijiensis that steals pollen by chewing anthers of the invasive weed Solanum torvum, which is a pollen-only plant requiring buzz pollination. In over nine hours of observations at six sites where H. fijiensis visited S. torvum, it never attempted to locate nectaries, it never buzzed anthers, and instead chewed anther tips, indicating an adaptation to exploit nectarless flowers with poricidal anthers without buzz-pollination. Analyses of 30 pollen loads from H. fijiensis collected from S. torvum flowers indicate 27 of these contained S. torvum pollen, ranging from 1% to 99% of total pollen, indicating it is a pollen vector for this plant. Our findings support arguments that super-generalist pollinators in island ecosystems can promote the spread of invasive plants, but go further by indicating that super-generalist strategies can extend to plants with highly specialized pollinator requirements.

scholarly journals Wild bees as floral visitors to Salvia assurgens (Lamiaceae): a contribution to the pollination ecology of a white-flowered endemic Mexican sage

2021 ◽  
pp. e1785
Author(s):  
Carlos Andres Cultid-Medina ◽  
Paola Andrea Gonz´´ález-Vanegas ◽  
Brenda Bedolla-García
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Pollination Ecology ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Body Area ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Pollen Loads ◽  
Wild Bee ◽  
Dorsal Area ◽  
Floral Visitors

Background and Aims: Salvia assurgens (a white-flowered sage) is considered to be a melittophilous species due to its floral architecture. However, there are no current empirical data supporting its assignment to this pollination syndrome. The present study aimed to record the diurnal floral visitors of S. assurgens to confirm its characterization as melittophilous and to evaluate which species of bees are potential pollinators. Methods: We collected wild bee visitors to the flowers of one population of S. assurgens in northeastern Michoacán, Mexico, during the summers of 2018 and 2019. We analyzed the pollen loads of each bee species and body area. In addition, we recorded the behavior of some wild bees when visiting flowers of S. assurgens. Key results: Seventeen bee species from three families (Apidae, Halictidae, and Megachilidae) were recorded as floral visitors of S. assurgens. Ninety percent of pollen carried by the examined bees belonged to S. assurgens. Four species of wild bees were the most frequent visitors, with S. assurgens accounting for 94.2% of the pollen on their bodies. Notably, these species presented clear differences in the distribution of pollen on their body parts: two of them, Bombus pennsylvanicus sonorus and Megachile sp. 1 accumulated up to 90% of the pollen on the frons and dorsal area of their thorax. It is most likely that pollen is transferred from these body areas to the stigma of S. assurgens. Conclusions: The present study provides evidence of the melittophilous pollination syndrome of S. assurgens. The wild bee richness recorded in this study is as high as that previously reported in studies on floral visitors to Neotropical sages. Finally, our results highlight the usefulness of considering pollen loads to increase our knowledge of Salvia pollination ecology.

Evaluation of the Impact of Abnormal Grains on the Performance of Sc0.15Al0.85N-based BAW Resonators and Filters

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Liu ◽  
Minghua Li ◽  
Bangtao Chen ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Yao Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Factor ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Bulk Acoustic Wave ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Filter Bandwidth ◽  
Distributed Parameters ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonators

Abstract ScxAl1-xN is a promising piezoelectric material for radio frequency communication applications with excellent electro-acoustic properties. However, the growth of abnormally oriented grains is widely observed in the Sc doped AlN films deposited by sputtering. In this work, for the first time, the impact of the abnormal grains in the Sc0.15Al0.85N films on the performance of bulk acoustic wave resonators and filters is systematically evaluated by both simulations and measurements. The correlation between the device performance and the abnormal grain parameters, including the density, dimension, crystal orientation, growth height, and the total volume of the abnormal grains, is evaluated and quantified. Simulation results show that the total volume of all abnormal grains in the whole device is the most critical factor among the parameters. Abnormal grains with randomly distributed parameters and around 6% total volume of the film can degrade the effective coupling coefficient of the resonator from 13.6% to 11%, leading to a 10.6% decrement of the filter bandwidth. Wafer-level device characterizations and measurements are performed, and the results are consistent with the simulations. This study provides a practical method for predicting the performance of the resonators and filters with abnormal grains, and a guideline for film quality evaluation.

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