scholarly journals Tuning the Adhesive Properties of Soy Protein Wood Adhesives with Different Coadjutant Polymers, Nanocellulose and Lignin

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1972
Author(s):  
Milan Podlena ◽  
Martin Böhm ◽  
Daniel Saloni ◽  
Guillermo Velarde ◽  
Carlos Salas
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibrils ◽  
Soy Protein Isolate ◽  
Wood Adhesive ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Wood Adhesives

Commercial wood adhesives are based on products that contain formaldehyde; however, environmental and health concerns about formaldehyde emissions from wood products have influenced research and development efforts in order to find alternative, formaldehyde-free products for wood adhesives. In this work, different soy protein-based wood adhesives are proposed, and their performance is compared to commercial urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. Soy protein-based wood adhesives were prepared using either soy protein isolate (SPI) or soy protein flour (SF) with different coadjutant polymers: polyethylene oxide (PEO), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with and without addition of kraft lignin. The effects of the type of soy protein, solids content, coadjutant polymer and lignin addition were investigated. The wood adhesive formulations were tested on the bonding of hardwood (white maple) and softwood (southern yellow pine) and the dry shear strength of test specimens was measured according to method ASTM D905-08. The adhesive formulations with SPI achieved significantly higher values than those with SF. The dry shear strength of the adhesives varies depending on the coadjutant polymer, the wood species and the addition of lignin.

Soy protein isolate-based polyamides as wood adhesives

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuedong Xi ◽  
Antonio Pizzi ◽  
Christine Gerardin ◽  
Xinyi Chen ◽  
Siham Amirou
Keyword(s):  
Soy Protein ◽  
Soy Protein Isolate ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Wood Adhesives

Preparation of Denatured Alcohol-Modified SPI-Based Adhesive

2012 ◽  
Vol 557-559 ◽  
pp. 987-990
Author(s):  
Yu Feng Ban ◽  
Hai Feng Zhu ◽  
Wei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Soy Protein Isolate ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Orthogonal Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Environment Friendly

An environment-friendly soy protein isolate (SPI)-based adhesive for wood was prepared using denatured alcohol-modified SPI, calcium hydroxide and sodium silicate. On the basis of the single factor test results, an orthogonal test of 4 elements and 3 levels was carried out to optimize formula ingredients. The modified SPI adhesive contained more calcium hydroxide than unmodified SPI adhesive and exhibited good performance. The shear strength of the specimen bonded with the modified adhesive was 82.3 MPa; after three cycles of water-soaking and air-drying, the decrease in shear strength was as low as 7.9%.

scholarly journals Adhesive-related warping of thin wooden bi-layers

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 1015-1033
Author(s):  
Axel Rindler ◽  
Oliver Vay ◽  
Christian Hansmann ◽  
Johannes Konnerth
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Wood Adhesive ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Adhesive Systems ◽  
Emulsion Polymer ◽  
Curing Characteristics ◽  
Engineered Wood Products ◽  
Hydrophilic Material ◽  
Identical Material

Abstract Warping of layered wood-based panels is still a challenging problem in the development of thin engineered wood products. Wood as an anisotropic and hydrophilic material tends to change its volume and mechanical properties with changing moisture content. Besides the wood components, also the mechanical properties of certain adhesives are sensitive to moisture changes. A moisture load onto the adhered wood is resulting in different stress and strain states between the adherends. It is expected that adhesives with different moisture-related properties participate differently to this interaction. To observe an adhesive-related warping, thin spruce/HDF (Picea abies and high-density fibreboard) bi-layers with identical material geometries were manufactured under laboratory conditions, using different wood adhesive systems, which are currently used in furniture and flooring industry [polyurethane (PUR), emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), urea formaldehyde (UF) and ultra-low emitting formaldehyde amino adhesive (ULEF)]. The bi-layers were exposed to certain relative humidity conditions, and the resulting deformation was measured with a high-precision laser distance detector. Moisture-dependent warping of the bi-layers was obtained in relation to the used adhesive systems. As a result of the study, it can be shown that initial warping after panel manufacturing strongly depends on the adhesive curing characteristics and, especially, on the amount of water that is released into the wood adherend. For the post-setting panel warping, a differentiation into two adhesive groups became visible: rigid and flexible adhesives. Rigid adhesives (UF and ULEF) showed a higher degree of warping compared to the group of flexible adhesives (PUR, EPI and PVAc).

A Study of the Properties of Animal-Based Wood Glue

2014 ◽  
Vol 935 ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Taghizadeh Tousi ◽  
Rokiah Hashim ◽  
Sabar Bauk ◽  
Mohamad Suhaimi Jaafar ◽  
Amer Mahmoud Al-Jarrah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Wood Adhesive ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Organic Components ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract

In this study, the green animal-based, which has been prepared by prolonged boiling of the inedible connective tissues of domesticated ungulates, was investigated for adhesive properties. The viscosity of green animal-based wood adhesive was measured and compared with that of urea-formaldehyde (UF) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) which are widely used synthetic glues in the wood industry. Also, the crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract (NFE) that represents carbohydrate, and ash as the organic components of green animal-based glue was measured. According to the results, the green animal-based wood glue was found suitable to be used in wood industry.

scholarly journals Enzymatic Conversion of Lignosulfonate into Wood Adhesives: A Next Step towards Fully Biobased Composite Materials

Polymers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Raphaela Hellmayr ◽  
Sabrina Bischof ◽  
Jasmin Wühl ◽  
Georg M. Guebitz ◽  
Gibson S. Nyanhongo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Wood Adhesive ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Tensile Shear Strength ◽  
Tensile Shear ◽  
Wood Adhesives ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wetting Properties ◽  
Significant Difference

This study investigates the effect of the enzymatic polymerization of lignosulfonate for the formulation of a lignosulfonate-based adhesive. For this, beech lamellas were glued together and tested according to the EN 302-1 standard. The results showed that the laccase-polymerized lignosulfonate-based wood adhesives (LS-p) had similar mechanical properties as a standard carpenter’s glue (PVAc-based D3 class white glue), as no significant difference in tensile shear strength between these two adhesive types was found. However, carpenter’s glue showed almost 100% wood failure, while with the lignosulfonate-based wood glue, the samples failed, mainly in the glueline. Pre-polymerization of LS-p is the most critical factor to achieve the required viscosity, which is also connected to the wetting properties and the resulting tensile shear strength. The longer the pre-polymerization, the higher the viscosity of the LS-p adhesive, with the tensile shear strength reaching a plateau. The presented data show the potential of using enzymatically pre-polymerized lignosulfonate as a well-performing wood adhesive. Further development and optimization of the pre-polymerization process is required, which is also important to push towards upscaling and practical applications.

The Performance of Melamine – Urea – Formaldehyde Resin with Palm Kernel as Filler

2011 ◽  
Vol 233-235 ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Awang Bono ◽  
Nur Maizura ◽  
Anisuzzaman S.M. ◽  
Sariah Salah ◽  
Hong Keat Chiw
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Wood Adhesive ◽  
High Price ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Strength Performance ◽  
Pressing Time

Palm kernel meal (PKM) which is the by-products of palm oil industry consists of considerable amount of protein that showed its great potential to to be used as a filler of melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin based wood adhesive. Besides, due to the high price of melamine, it is attempted to reduce the content of melamine in MUF resins to as low as possible. So, in this study, PKM was used as filler in MUF resin based wood adhesive to study its effects toward the performance of the adhesive. In practical, the shear strength performance tests are done by using automated bonding evaluation system (ABES). However, ABES is a destructive test that only produces one point of data per test. So, in order to make the evaluation of the prediction data more convenience, a response surface methodology D-optimal method was approached. From the results, it has shown that increasing in temperature and pressing time is not always true in obtaining higher shear strength performance for MUF resin with PKM as filler. Smaller the particle size of PKM filler in MUF resin, shorter time the high shear strength performance can be achieved. Also, the relationships of temperature, pressing time and particle size of PKM to obtain optimum and maximum shear strength were studied.

scholarly journals Improve the Performance of Soy Protein-Based Adhesives by a Polyurethane Elastomer

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yecheng Xu ◽  
Yantao Xu ◽  
Wenjie Zhu ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Qiang Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Soy Protein Isolate ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Polyurethane Elastomer ◽  
Residual Rate ◽  
Thermo Stability ◽  
Epoxy Groups ◽  
Chemical Cross Linking

The purpose of this study was to improve the performance of soy protein isolate (SPI) adhesives using a polyurethane elastomer. Triglycidylamine (TGA), SPI, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU), and γ-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propyltrimethoxysilane (KH-560) were used to develop a novel SPI-based adhesive. The residual rate, functional groups, thermal stability, and fracture surface micrographs of the cured adhesives were characterized. Three-ply plywood was fabricated, and the dry/wet shear strength was determined. The experimental results suggested that introducing 2% TGA improved the residual rate of the SPI/TGA adhesive by 4.1% because of the chemical cross-linking reaction between epoxy groups and protein molecules. Incorporating 7% TPU into the SPI/TGA adhesive, the residual rate of the adhesive increased by 5.2% and the dry/wet shear strength of plywood bonded by SPI/TGA/TPU adhesive increased by 10.7%/67.7%, respectively, compared with that of SPI/TGA adhesive. When using KH-560 and TPU together, the residual rate of the adhesive improved by 0.9% compared with that of SPI/TGA/TPU adhesive. The dry and wet shear strength of the plywood bonded by the SPI/TGA/TPU/KG-560 adhesive further increased by 23.2% and 23.6% respectively when compared with that of SPI/TGA/TPU adhesive. TPU physically combined with the SPI/TGA adhesive to form a interpenetration network and KH-560 acted as a bridge to connect TPU and SPI/TGA to form a joined crosslinking network, which improved the thermo stability/toughness of the adhesive and created a uniform ductile fracture section of the adhesive.

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