Effects of Hydrogen Addition on Design, Maintenance and Surveillance of Gas Networks

Hydrogen, when is blended with natural gas over time, degrades the materials used for pipe transport. Degradation is dependent on the proportion of hydrogen added to the natural gas. The assessment is made according to hydrogen permeation, risk to the integrity of structures, adaptation of surveillance and maintenance of equipment. The paper gives a survey of HE and its consequence on the design and maintenance. It is presented in a logical sequence: the design before use; the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) effects on Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP); maintenance and surveillance during use of smooth and damaged pipes; and, particularly, for crack-like defects, corrosion defects and dents.

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Maximum Allowable Service Pressure for Steel Pipes Used for Transport of Hydrogen Pure or Blended with Natural Gas

Engineering Science & Technology ◽

10.37256/est.212021583 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 61-82

Author(s):

Jamie Kuk Anak Mijim ◽

Guy Pluvinage

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Hydrogen Embrittlement ◽

Operating Pressure ◽

Metallic Materials ◽

Gas Network ◽

Steel Pipes ◽

Natural Gas Network ◽

Over Time

The addition of hydrogen in natural gas could have an impact on the degradation over time of the materials currently used for the storage, transport, distribution and use of natural gas. The compatibility of these materials with natural gas including of hydrogen is dependent on the proportion of hydrogen added to the gas and is assessed with regard to several criteria: Permeation of hydrogen through metallic materials; loss of integrity of these materials and adaptation of follow-up actions in service, surveillance and maintenance of equipment. This paper is devoted to the effect of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) by adding hydrogen into natural gas network on design, maintenance, supervision and maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) for smooth and damaged pipes.

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Gas infrastructure. Safety Management System for Gas Networks with maximum operating pressure up to and including 16 bar

10.3403/30338133 ◽

2018 ◽

Keyword(s):

Management System ◽

Safety Management ◽

Operating Pressure ◽

Safety Management System ◽

Gas Networks

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N-k interdiction modeling for natural gas networks

Electric Power Systems Research ◽

10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106725 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 190 ◽

pp. 106725

Author(s):

Mareldi Ahumada-Paras ◽

Kaarthik Sundar ◽

Russell Bent ◽

Anatoly Zlotnik

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Gas Networks

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Energy and Exergy Analyses of a Power Plant With Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Multistage Chemical Looping Combustion

Journal of Energy Resources Technology ◽

10.1115/1.4035057 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 139 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Bilal Hassan ◽

Oghare Victor Ogidiama ◽

Mohammed N. Khan ◽

Tariq Shamim

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Power Plant ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Co2 Capture ◽

Power Plants ◽

Waste Heat ◽

Chemical Looping Combustion ◽

Chemical Looping ◽

Operating Pressure ◽

Efficiency Gain

A thermodynamic model and parametric analysis of a natural gas-fired power plant with carbon dioxide (CO2) capture using multistage chemical looping combustion (CLC) are presented. CLC is an innovative concept and an attractive option to capture CO2 with a significantly lower energy penalty than other carbon-capture technologies. The principal idea behind CLC is to split the combustion process into two separate steps (redox reactions) carried out in two separate reactors: an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction, by introducing a suitable metal oxide which acts as an oxygen carrier (OC) that circulates between the two reactors. In this study, an Aspen Plus model was developed by employing the conservation of mass and energy for all components of the CLC system. In the analysis, equilibrium-based thermodynamic reactions with no OC deactivation were considered. The model was employed to investigate the effect of various key operating parameters such as air, fuel, and OC mass flow rates, operating pressure, and waste heat recovery on the performance of a natural gas-fired power plant with multistage CLC. The results of these parameters on the plant's thermal and exergetic efficiencies are presented. Based on the lower heating value, the analysis shows a thermal efficiency gain of more than 6 percentage points for CLC-integrated natural gas power plants compared to similar power plants with pre- or post-combustion CO2 capture technologies.

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Natural Gas Decarbonization to Reduce CO2 Emission From Combined Cycles—Part II: Steam-Methane Reforming

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power ◽

10.1115/1.1395582 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 124 (1) ◽

pp. 89-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

G. Lozza ◽

P. Chiesa

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Gas Turbine ◽

Partial Oxidation ◽

Power Plants ◽

Combined Cycle ◽

Performance Estimation ◽

Thermodynamic Efficiency ◽

Methane Reforming ◽

Operating Pressure ◽

Carbon Conversion

This paper discusses novel schemes of combined cycle, where natural gas is chemically treated to remove carbon, rather than being directly used as fuel. Carbon conversion to CO2 is achieved before gas turbine combustion. The first part of the paper discussed plant configurations based on natural gas partial oxidation to produce carbon monoxide, converted to carbon dioxide by shift reaction and therefore separated from the fuel gas. The second part will address methane reforming as a starting reaction to achieve the same goal. Plant configuration and performance differs from the previous case because reforming is endothermic and requires high temperature heat and low operating pressure to obtain an elevated carbon conversion. The performance estimation shows that the reformer configuration has a lower efficiency and power output than the systems addressed in Part I. To improve the results, a reheat gas turbine can be used, with different characteristics from commercial machines. The thermodynamic efficiency of the systems of the two papers is compared by an exergetic analysis. The economic performance of natural gas fired power plants including CO2 sequestration is therefore addressed, finding a superiority of the partial oxidation system with chemical absorption. The additional cost of the kWh, due to the ability of CO2 capturing, can be estimated at about 13–14 mill$/kWh.

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Hybrid physical and data driven transient modeling for natural gas networks

Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.jngse.2021.104146 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104146

Author(s):

Lei Su ◽

Jun Zhao ◽

Wei Wang

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Data Driven ◽

Gas Networks ◽

Transient Modeling

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Historical and logical analysis of research on the development of professional value orientations of students in the context of Internet socialization

Tambov University Review Series Humanities ◽

10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-188-7-14 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 7-14

Author(s):

Marina S. Chvanova ◽

Irina A. Kiselyova

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

20Th Century ◽

Value Orientations ◽

Logical Analysis ◽

Early 20Th Century ◽

Logical Sequence ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Over Time ◽

Professional Value

We examine the formation of the concept of “value orientations”, “professional value orientations of students”. The classification is presented taking into account the following profes-sional value orientations: “professional and personal”, “professional and group”, “social and pro-fessional”. Professional value orientations are analyzed taking into account their importance, with subdivision into instrumental and terminal ones. We consider the development of professional value orientations in a historical and logical sequence with a change of stages, with characteristic features, taking into account the presented classification. The following periods are considered: the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, 20–40s of the 20th century, 50–60s of the 20th century, 60–80s of the 20th century, 80–90s of the 20th century, 21th century. The characteristic features of the stage, the means of influencing the value orientations of young people, are analyzed, which made it possible to identify the transformation of professional value orientations over time, including in the context of Internet socialization.

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Advances in Biodegradable Vascular Stent Materials

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.987.93 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 987 ◽

pp. 93-98

Author(s):

Jun Yan Liu ◽

Jin Guo Wang ◽

Yun Hai Yu ◽

Na Wang

Keyword(s):

Cell Growth ◽

Blood Vessels ◽

Human Blood ◽

Blood Compatibility ◽

Clinical Treatment ◽

Vascular Stent ◽

Cell Compatibility ◽

Good Biocompatibility ◽

Materials Used ◽

Over Time

Biodegradable vascular stent is mainly made of materials that can be naturally decomposed. After implantation into human blood vessels, the vascular stent can be continuously degraded over time and eventually disappear completely after the treated blood vessels are healed and support from the vascular stent is not needed. The vascular stent materials used in clinic should have good biocompatibility, which mainly involves blood compatibility and cell compatibility. In terms of cell compatibility, the influence of materials on cell growth should be observed. The various biological materials should have good anticoagulant character, so as to reduce the tendency of thrombosis and avoid the occurrence of various risk events in clinical treatment.

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