scholarly journals Investigation of Individual Cells Replacement Concept in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs with Analysis on Economic Feasibility and Pack Design Requirements

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2263
Author(s):  
Manh-Kien Tran ◽  
Carlo Cunanan ◽  
Satyam Panchal ◽  
Roydon Fraser ◽  
Michael Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Cell Replacement ◽  
Replacement Method ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Li Ion

The optimization of lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack usage has become essential due to the increasing demand for Li-ion batteries. Since degradation in Li-ion batteries is inevitable, there has been some effort recently on research to maximize the utilization of Li-ion battery cells in the pack. Some promising concepts include reconfigurable battery packs and cell replacement to limit the negative impact of early-degraded cells on the entire pack. This paper used a simulation framework, based on a cell voltage model and a degradation model, to study the feasibility and benefits of the cell replacement concept. The simulation conducted in MATLAB involves generating and varying Li-ion cells in the packs stochastically and simulating the life of the cells as well as the packs until they reach their end-of-life stage. It was found that the cell replacement method can increase the total number of cycles of the battery packs, effectively prolonging the lifespan of the packs. It is also determined that this approach can be more economically beneficial than the current approach of simple pack replacement. For the cell replacement concept to be practical, two main design criteria should be satisfied including individual cell monitoring and easy accessibility to cells at failure stage.

Modeling of Multi-Cell Lithium-Ion Battery Packs for Electric Vehicles Considering Effects of Manufacturing Processes

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongye Wang ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Hua Shao ◽  
Changxu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Multiple Cells

Electric vehicle (EV) technologies have received great attention due to the potential contributions to relieving the energy dependence on petroleum and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. The advancement of EV technologies greatly relies on the development of battery technologies. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have recently become the main choice as the power source for major EV manufacturers. Previous research on EV Li-ion batteries is mainly focused on materials and chemical properties of single cells, while the effects of manufacturing processes on the performance of entire battery packs have almost been neglected. In practice, EV batteries are used in packs containing multiple cells, which may not be ideally manufactured. This research proposes a novel modeling method for analyzing the effects of manufacturing processes on the dynamics of EV Li-ion battery packs. The method will help engineers gain a deeper understanding of the roles of manufacturing processes in improving EV Li-ion battery performance.

scholarly journals Scheduled Pre-Heating of Li-Ion Battery Packs for Balanced Temperature and State-of-Charge Distribution

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2212
Author(s):  
Hien Vu ◽  
Donghwa Shin
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
State Of Charge ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Internal Heating ◽  
Heating Efficiency ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Li Ion

Lithium-ion batteries exhibit significant performance degradation such as power/energy capacity loss and life cycle reduction in low-temperature conditions. Hence, the Li-ion battery pack is heated before usage to enhance its performance and lifetime. Recently, many internal heating methods have been proposed to provide fast and efficient pre-heating. However, the proposed methods only consider a combination of unit cells while the internal heating should be implemented for multiple groups within a battery pack. In this study, we investigated the possibility of timing control to simultaneously obtain balanced temperature and state of charge (SOC) between each cell by considering geometrical and thermal characteristics of the battery pack. The proposed method schedules the order and timing of the charge/discharge period for geometrical groups in a battery pack during internal pre-heating. We performed a pack-level simulation with realistic electro-thermal parameters of the unit battery cells by using the mutual pulse heating strategy for multi-layer geometry to acquire the highest heating efficiency. The simulation results for heating from −30 ∘ C to 10 ∘ C indicated that a balanced temperature-SOC status can be achieved via the proposed method. The temperature difference can be decreased to 0.38 ∘ C and 0.19% of the SOC difference in a heating range of 40 ∘ C with only a maximum SOC loss of 2.71% at the end of pre-heating.

scholarly journals Current Li-Ion Battery Technologies in Electric Vehicles and Opportunities for Advancements

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Miao ◽  
Patrick Hynan ◽  
Annette von Jouanne ◽  
Alexandre Yokochi
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Negative Electrode ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
On The Road

Over the past several decades, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) has continued to increase. Projections estimate that worldwide, more than 125 million EVs will be on the road by 2030. At the heart of these advanced vehicles is the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery which provides the required energy storage. This paper presents and compares key components of Li-ion batteries and describes associated battery management systems, as well as approaches to improve the overall battery efficiency, capacity, and lifespan. Material and thermal characteristics are identified as critical to battery performance. The positive and negative electrode materials, electrolytes and the physical implementation of Li-ion batteries are discussed. In addition, current research on novel high energy density batteries is presented, as well as opportunities to repurpose and recycle the batteries.

scholarly journals A Look at Some International Lithium Ion Battery Recycling Initiatives

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mancha
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Battery Recycling ◽  
Li Ion

Today the United States is heavily reliant on the lithium-ion battery as most portable devices and electronics run on it. Current innovations are also looking on how to maximize it on the grid and transportation. This paper will look at three sovereign states and their current initiatives on Li-ion battery recycling: US, European Union, and China. The term initiative is used loosely as the information is not permanent in most policies or plans. Li-ion battery recycling initiatives are crucial to look at because used and wasted Li-ion batteries can disrupt public health and Li-ion batteries are expected to be a factor for effective material supply for future battery production especially in transportation, like the Tesla Roadster.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Equivalent Circuit Models Performance in Four Common Lithium-Ion Batteries: LFP, NMC, LMO, NCA

Batteries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Manh-Kien Tran ◽  
Andre DaCosta ◽  
Anosh Mevawalla ◽  
Satyam Panchal ◽  
Michael Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Equivalent Circuit ◽  
Equivalent Circuit Model ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Battery Management System ◽  
Battery Management ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Battery Modeling ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
And Control

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are an important component of energy storage systems used in various applications such as electric vehicles and portable electronics. There are many chemistries of Li-ion battery, but LFP, NMC, LMO, and NCA are four commonly used types. In order for the battery applications to operate safely and effectively, battery modeling is very important. The equivalent circuit model (ECM) is a battery model often used in the battery management system (BMS) to monitor and control Li-ion batteries. In this study, experiments were performed to investigate the performance of three different ECMs (1RC, 2RC, and 1RC with hysteresis) on four Li-ion battery chemistries (LFP, NMC, LMO, and NCA). The results indicated that all three models are usable for the four types of Li-ion chemistries, with low errors. It was also found that the ECMs tend to perform better in dynamic current profiles compared to non-dynamic ones. Overall, the best-performed model for LFP and NCA was the 1RC with hysteresis ECM, while the most suited model for NMC and LMO was the 1RC ECM. The results from this study showed that different ECMs would be suited for different Li-ion battery chemistries, which should be an important factor to be considered in real-world battery and BMS applications.

scholarly journals Model-Based Stochastic Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeongeun Son ◽  
Yuncheng Du
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Fault Detection And Diagnosis ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Probabilistic Description ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Detection And Diagnosis ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
Battery Cells

The Lithium-ion battery (Li-ion) has become the dominant energy storage solution in many applications, such as hybrid electric and electric vehicles, due to its higher energy density and longer life cycle. For these applications, the battery should perform reliably and pose no safety threats. However, the performance of Li-ion batteries can be affected by abnormal thermal behaviors, defined as faults. It is essential to develop a reliable thermal management system to accurately predict and monitor thermal behavior of a Li-ion battery. Using the first-principle models of batteries, this work presents a stochastic fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) algorithm to identify two particular faults in Li-ion battery cells, using easily measured quantities such as temperatures. In addition, models used for FDD are typically derived from the underlying physical phenomena. To make a model tractable and useful, it is common to make simplifications during the development of the model, which may consequently introduce a mismatch between models and battery cells. Further, FDD algorithms can be affected by uncertainty, which may originate from either intrinsic time varying phenomena or model calibration with noisy data. A two-step FDD algorithm is developed in this work to correct a model of Li-ion battery cells and to identify faulty operations in a normal operating condition. An iterative optimization problem is proposed to correct the model by incorporating the errors between the measured quantities and model predictions, which is followed by an optimization-based FDD to provide a probabilistic description of the occurrence of possible faults, while taking the uncertainty into account. The two-step stochastic FDD algorithm is shown to be efficient in terms of the fault detection rate for both individual and simultaneous faults in Li-ion batteries, as compared to Monte Carlo (MC) simulations.

Energy Conservation and Management Strategies for Commercial Li-Ion Batteries in Telecommunication Applications

2010 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 325-330
Author(s):  
Tomonobu Tsujikawa ◽  
K. Yabuta ◽  
T. Matsushita ◽  
M. Arakawa ◽  
K. Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Discharge Voltage ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Electrolytic Solution ◽  
Battery Lifetime ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Short Circuits ◽  
Storage Batteries

In addition to cost and lifetime, important factors in using lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries as a backup power supply in telecommunication applications are safety and the flatness of discharge voltage to maintain compatibility with existing systems based on lead storage batteries. We have been researching Li-ion batteries using manganese spinel as cathode material from the viewpoints of flat discharge voltage and thermal stability in the event of overcharging or internal short-circuits. The safety of the Li-ion battery was improved by adding a phosphazene flame retardant to the electrolytic solution and cathode of the battery. Then, with the aim of extending battery lifetime, some of the manganese in the cathode was replaced by another metallic element, which showed favorable results.

Effects of Electrical Contact Resistance on External Energy Losses in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman Taheri ◽  
Scott Hsieh ◽  
Majid Bahrami
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Contact Resistance ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electrical Contact ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Electrical Contact Resistance ◽  
Li Ion

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are favored in hybrid-electric vehicles and electric vehicles for their outstanding power characteristics. In this paper the energy loss due to electrical contact resistance (ECR) at the interface of electrodes and current-collector bars in Li-ion battery assemblies is investigated for the first time. ECR is a direct result of contact surface imperfections and acts as an ohmic resistance at the electrode-collector joints. ECR is measured at electrode connections of a sample Li-ion battery, and a straightforward analysis is presented to evaluate the relevant energy loss. Through the experiments, it is observed that ECR is an important issue in energy management of Li-ion batteries. Effects of surface imperfection, contact pressure, joint type, collector bar material, and interfacial materials on ECR are highlighted. The obtained data show that in the considered battery, the energy loss due to ECR can be as high as 20% of the total energy flow in and out of the battery under normal operating conditions. However, ECR loss can be reduced to 6% when proper joint pressure and/or surface treatment are used. A poor connection at the electrode-collector interface can lead to a significant battery energy loss as heat generated at the interface. At sever conditions, heat generation due to ECR might cause serious safety issues, thermal runaway, sparks, and even melting of the electrodes.

scholarly journals Review: Li-ion Batteries: Basics, Advancement, Challenges & Applications in Military

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 3009-3021
Author(s):  
Lt. Col Pankaj Kushwaha
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Battery Technology

Abstract: Li-ion battery technology has become very important in recent years as these batteries show great promise as power source. They power most of today’s portable devices and seem to overcome the psychological barriers against the use of such high energy density devices on a larger scale. Lithium-ion batteries are being widely used in military applications for over a decade. These man portable applications include tactical radios, thermal imagers, ECM, ESM, and portable computing. In the next five years, due to the rapid inventions going on in li-ion batteries, the usage of lithium batteries will further expand to heavy-duty platforms, such as military vehicles, boats, shelter applications, aircraft and missiles. The aim of this paper is to review key aspects of Li-ion batteries, the basic science behind their operation, the most relevant components, anodes, cathodes, electrolyte solution as well as important future directions for R&D of advanced Li-ion batteries for demanding use in Indian Armed Forces which are deployed in very harsh conditions across the country. Keywords: Li-ion Battery, NiCd battery

Resynthesis of NMC Type Cathode from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 1044 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Ahmad Jihad ◽  
Affiano Akbar Nur Pratama ◽  
Salsabila Ainun Nisa ◽  
Shofirul Sholikhatun Nisa ◽  
Cornelius Satria Yudha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Metal Extraction ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Li Ion Battery ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Battery Recycling ◽  
Li Ion

Li-ion batteries are one of the most popular energy storage devices widely applied to various kinds of equipment, such as mobile phones, medical and military equipment, etc. Therefore, due to its numerous advantages, especially on the NMC type, there is a predictable yearly increase in Li-ion batteries' demand. However, even though it is rechargeable, Li-ion batteries also have a usage time limit, thereby increasing the amount of waste disposed of in the environment. Therefore, this study aims to determine the optimum conditions and the potential and challenges from the waste Li-ion battery recycling process, which consists of pretreatment, metal extraction, and product preparation. Data were obtained by studying the literature related to Li-ion battery waste's recycling process, which was then compiled into a review. The results showed that the most optimum recycling process of Li-ion batteries consists of metal extraction by a leaching process that utilizes H2SO4 and H2O2 as leaching and reducing agents, respectively. Furthermore, it was proceeding with the manufacturing of a new Li-ion battery.

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