Effect of Saline Soil Cracks on Satellite Spectral Inversion Electrical Conductivity

The dehydration cracking of saline soil is a kind of common natural phenomenon, and the cracks of saline soil will affect the satellite spectrum, and then affect the accuracy of satellite spectral inversion of electrical conductivity (EC). This study introduces the concept of crack rate (CR) to describe the crack information of saline soil, and quantifies the influence of saline soil crack on the EC of satellite spectral inversion. In 2014 and 2020, the satellite-ground synchronous observation experiments of soda-type inland saline soil and coastal chlorinated-type saline soil were carried out, and the CR of surface cracked saline soil was extracted by an image processing algorithm. For the saline soil spectrum data, the correlation analysis method is used to establish the best band combination that characterizes the relationship between the different saline soil spectrum data and salinity, and the EC inversion model is established using the BP neural network method. The results show that: after the CR is introduced, the determination coefficient (R2) for the EC of soda-type saline soil satellite spectral inversion increased from 0.59 to 0.67, with an increase of 14.42%, and the mean square error (MSE) reduced from 0.20 to 0.16, with a decrease of 19.49%. The R2 for the EC of coastal chlorinated-type saline soil satellite spectral inversion increased from 0.64 to 0.75, an increase of 17.73%, and the MSE decreased from 0.16 to 0.12, a decrease of 25.15%. The study proved the influence of the cracks in the saline soil on the satellite spectrum and provided a new way to improve the accuracy of the satellite spectrum inversion of the EC of the cracked saline soil.

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Bioremediation of polluted soil due to tsunami by using recycled waste glass

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-93806-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

M. Azizul Moqsud

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Salt Content ◽

Tohoku Earthquake ◽

Polluted Soil ◽

Waste Glass ◽

Excess Cost ◽

Recycled Waste

AbstractIn this research, bioremediation of tsunami-affected polluted soil has been conducted by using collective microorganisms and recycled waste glass. The Tohoku earthquake, which was a mega earthquake in Japan triggered a huge tsunami on March 11th, 2011 that caused immeasurable damage to the geo-environmental conditions by polluting the soil with heavy metals and excessive salt content. Traditional methods to clean this polluted soil was not possible due to the excess cost and efforts. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the capability of bioremediation of saline soil by using recycled waste glass. Different collective microorganisms which were incubated inside the laboratory were used. The electrical conductivity (EC) was measured at different specified depths. It was noticed that the electrical conductivity decreased with the assist of the microbial metabolisms significantly. Collective microorganisms (CM2) were the highly capable to reduce salinity (up to 75%) while using recycled waste glass as their habitat.

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Electrical Conductivity Inversion Method of Saline Soil based on Sentinel-2 MSI data

10.22541/au.160903143.39971007/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yishan Sun ◽

Xiaojie Li ◽

Tao Jiang ◽

Xingming Zheng ◽

Zhengwei Liang

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Regression Model ◽

Linear Regression Model ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Soil Salinization ◽

Jilin Province ◽

Western Jilin Province ◽

Western Jilin ◽

Sentinel 2

Electrical conductivity (EC) is not only an important index to evaluate the degree of soil salinization, but also an essential basis for judging whether saline soil can be improved and assess the effect of improvement efforts. Satellite remote sensing provides much information for large scale EC inversion of saline soil, which enables the possibility for evaluating the degree and distribution of soil salinization. Taking the salinized region of western Jilin Province as the study area, 328 salinized soil samples were collected, and the EC was measured in June 2019. The construction of the optimal spectral parameters was based on the correlation between the conductivity and the spectral reflectivity of Sentinel-2 MSI data; after satisfying the normal distribution for the Box-Cox transformation of EC, the inversion model of EC was established by using linear regression model, support vector machine (SVM), regression tree (RT), Gaussian process regression (GPR), and ensemble tree (ET). The verification results of the model on the validation set showed that the performance of GPR was optimal (R2 = 0.66, RMSE = 0.48 mS/cm, MAE=0.52 mS/cm), which increased R2 by 29.04% compared with the traditional linear regression model. Finally, according to the GPR model, the EC results of pixel-level resolution (10 m × 10 m) of saline soil in western Jilin Province were inversed, which provided a scientific basis for the study of the distribution characteristics and improvement scheme of saline soil.

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Use of vinasse and biocarbon to the remediation of saline - sodium soils in the district of Tambogrande, Piura

Journal of Energy & Environmental Sciences ◽

10.32829/eesj.v1i1.28 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Freddy Manyari ◽

Jhonny Valverde Flores

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Raphanus Sativus ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Wild Radish ◽

Soil Tests ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Remediation Process ◽

Number Of Shoots

Vinasse and biocarbon are used as recuperators of saline-sodium soils. The objective was to analyze remediation process of saline-sodium soils in the district of Tambo Grande, Piura. A sample of 10 kg of saline soil was used and it was taken to the laboratory for testing. Two columns of ground were built; at the lower end of each column was placed a leachate collecting vessel. The columns were divided into two treatments: the first was treated with water and the second was treated with vinasse; the conditions of the field washing were simulated for each column, periodically the leachates were analyzed and at the end of one month of treatment was performed analysis each of the soils in the columns. The final results indicated a decrease PSI (0.49), sodium (3.52 meq/L), Electrical Conductivity (1.46 dS/m), as well as an increase of nutrients mainly potassium (20 meq/L) and percentage of organic matter (2.17%). To evaluate the effectiveness of the soil, tests were carried out in pots with a culture called wild radish (raphanus sativus) in four pots of which one was a blank sample (without any treatment) and the remaining three had the soil treated with vinasse with different proportions of (25%, 50%, 75% by weight), for which the growth (cm) and vigor (number of leaves, number of shoots) of the crop were taken as parameters. The results indicated a better growth in the treatment with 25% of biochar, also evidenced the lack of growth in the control treatment.

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The effect of soil electrical conductivity on moisture determination using time-domain reflectometry in sandy soil

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s98-089 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 13-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Z. J. Sun ◽

G. D. Young ◽

R. A. McFarlane ◽

B.M. Chambers

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Time Domain Reflectometry ◽

Propagation Time ◽

Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽

Volumetric Soil Water Content ◽

Volumetric Soil Water

A series of laboratory experiments was conducted, in order to systematically explore the effect of soil electrical conductivity on soil moisture determination using time domain reflectometry (TDR). A Moisture Point MP-917 soil moisture instrument (E.S.I. Environmental Sensors Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada) was used to measure propagation time (time delay) of a step function along a probe imbedded in fine sand with different moisture and salinity. The volumetric soil water content was independently determined using a balance. With the help of the diode-switching technique, MP-917 could detect the reflection from the end of the probe as the electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract (ECe) increased to 15.29 dS m−1. However, the relationship between volumetric soil water content and propagation time expressed as T/Tair (the ratio of propagation time in soil to that in air over the same distance) deviated from a linear relationship as the conductivity exceeded 3.72 dS m−1. At the same water content, the time delay in a saline soil was longer than that in a non-saline soil. This leads to an over-estimation of volumetric soil water content when the linear calibration was applied. A logarithmic relationship between volumetric soil water content and T/Tair has been developed and this relation includes soil electrical conductivity as a parameter. With this new calibration, it is possible to precisely determine the volumetric water content of highly saline soil using TDR. Key words: Time domain reflectometry, time delay, bulk electrical conductivity (σ), volumetric soil water content (θ), relative permittivity or dielectric constant (εr), propagation velocity Vp

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Inferring soil salinity in a drip irrigation system from multi-configuration EMI measurements using Adaptive Markov Chain Monte Carlo

10.5194/hess-2016-299 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Khan Zaib Jadoon ◽

Muhammad Umer Altaf ◽

Matthew Francis McCabe ◽

Ibrahim Hoteit ◽

Nisar Muhammad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Monte Carlo ◽

Markov Chain ◽

Markov Chain Monte Carlo ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Earth Model ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Drip Irrigation System

Abstract. A substantial interpretation of electromagnetic induction (EMI) measurements requires quantifying optimal model parameters and uncertainty of a nonlinear inverse problem. For this purpose, an adaptive Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is used to assess multi-orientation and multi-offset EMI measurements in an agriculture field with non-saline and saline soil. In the MCMC simulations, posterior distribution was computed using Bayes rule. The electromagnetic forward model based on the full solution of Maxwell's equations was used to simulate the apparent electrical conductivity measured with the configurations of EMI instrument, the CMD mini-Explorer. The model parameters and uncertainty for the three-layered earth model are investigated by using synthetic data. Our results show that in the scenario of non-saline soil, the parameters of layer thickness are not well estimated as compared to layers electrical conductivity because layer thicknesses in the model exhibits a low sensitivity to the EMI measurements, and is hence difficult to resolve. Application of the proposed MCMC based inversion to the field measurements in a drip irrigation system demonstrate that the parameters of the model can be well estimated for the saline soil as compared to the non-saline soil, and provide useful insight about parameter uncertainty for the assessment of the model outputs.

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Application of Fractional Differential Calculation in Pretreatment of Saline Soil Hyperspectral Reflectance Data

Journal of Sensors ◽

10.1155/2018/8017614 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Anhong Tian ◽

Junsan Zhao ◽

Heigang Xiong ◽

Shu Gan ◽

Chengbiao Fu

Keyword(s):

Fractional Order ◽

Spectral Reflectance ◽

Model Building ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Salt Content ◽

Soil Salinization ◽

Human Interference ◽

Fractional Differential ◽

Matlab Programming ◽

Spectrum Data

Pretreatment of spectrum data is a necessary and effective method for improving the accuracy of hyperspectral model building. Traditional differential calculation pretreatment only considers the integer-order differential, such as the 1st order and 2nd order, and overlooks important spectrum information located at fractional order. Since fractional differential (FD) has rarely been applied to spectrum field measurement, there are few reports on the spectrum features of saline soils under different degrees of human interference. We used FD to analyze field spectrum data of saline soil collected from Xinjiang’s Fukang City. Order interval of 0.2 was adopted to divide 0–2 orders into 11-order differentials. MATLAB programming was used to convert the raw spectral reflectance and its four common types of mathematics and to conduct FD calculation. Spectrum data for area A (no human interference area) and area B (human interference area) was separately processed. From the statistical analysis of soil salinization characteristics, the salinization degree and type for area B were more diverse and complicated than area A. MATLAB simulation results showed that FD calculation could depict the minute differences between different FD order spectra under different human interference areas. The overall differential value trend appeared to move towards 0 reflectance value. After differential processing, the trend of bands that passed the 0.05 significance test of correlation coefficient (CC) showed an increase first then decrease later. The maximum CC absolute value for five spectrum transformations all appeared in the fractional order. FD calculation could significantly increase the correlation between spectral reflectance and soil salt content both for full-band and single-band spectra. Results of this study can serve as a reference for the application of FD in field hyperspectral monitoring of soil salinization for different human interference areas.

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Response Characteristic of Soil Moisture and Salt to Salt Isolated Layer in Seashore Saline Soil

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.1222 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 195-196 ◽

pp. 1222-1226 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Xiao Lin Yin ◽

Guo Dong Ding ◽

Yuan Yuan Gao

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

Seasonal Variation ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Water Movement ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Response Characteristic ◽

Obvious Effect ◽

Survival And Growth ◽

Movement Rules

Research of soil salt and water movement rules is the premise and foundation of the construction of vegetation in seashore saline-alkali land. 20cm slag was set as salt isolated layer in the bottom of plant pit to study the rule of seasonal variation of soil profile salt and water. The result indicates that:(1) salt isolated layer not only can reduce the changes of soil moisture content at different depth significantly, and make it to be stable, but also has obvious effect to maintain the consistency of soil moisture, this is beneficial to the survival and growth of saline-alkali plants (2) salt isolated layer makes the changes of electrical conductivity relative alleviation at different soil depths, slowly increase, lesser range, even it inhibit the salt movement in dry season. This paper shows that the setting of salt isolated layer can adjust water and salt in saline-alkali soil, improve the survival rate and growth of saline-alkali plants.

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Use of Citric Industry Waste on Saline Soil

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.3.446c ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 446C-446

Author(s):

J.G. Lopez-Aguirre ◽

J. Molina-Ochoa ◽

J. Farias-Larios ◽

S. Guzman-Gonzalez ◽

A. Michel-Rosales

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Saline Soils ◽

Soil Layers ◽

Industry Waste ◽

Top Soil ◽

Downward Displacement

Amelioration and/or reclamation of saline and non-saline soils is based on the application of high quantities of agrochemical products or high volumes of water, which causes an injury in soil or downward displacement of nutrients to the lower layers in soils. Research was conducted to evaluate the effect of application of citric industry waste on saline and non-saline soil. The waste has an electrical conductivity (EC) of 2.7 dS/m and pH of 3–4.2, 35% is organic material that is readily decomposed. This experiment was carried out on field conditions using applications of three different volumes, T1 = 3200, T2 = 6400, and T3 = 9600 m3·ha–1·m–1 and a control, no-waste, (T0), using just irrigation water (EC = 2.5 dS·m–1). The same treatments were added to non-saline soil. Effect of citric industry waste application in both saline and non-saline soils was similar. In all the treatments, EC was decreased with respect to T0 and soil before application (BA), the largest decrease was found in T3. pH decreased in the top soil layer much more than in the bottom layers. Ions were decreased in all soil profile. Organic matter (OM) was increased in the profile in treatment T1 with respect to treatment T0, as well as in the top soil layers in T2 and T3, but no changes were detected in the remainder of the layers in treatments T2 and T3. We can suggest that the waste studied can be used in the amelioration of saline and non-saline soils.

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Inferring soil salinity in a drip irrigation system from multi-configuration EMI measurements using adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-21-5375-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

pp. 5375-5383 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Khan Zaib Jadoon ◽

Muhammad Umer Altaf ◽

Matthew Francis McCabe ◽

Ibrahim Hoteit ◽

Nisar Muhammad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Monte Carlo ◽

Markov Chain ◽

Markov Chain Monte Carlo ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Earth Model ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Drip Irrigation System

Abstract. A substantial interpretation of electromagnetic induction (EMI) measurements requires quantifying optimal model parameters and uncertainty of a nonlinear inverse problem. For this purpose, an adaptive Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is used to assess multi-orientation and multi-offset EMI measurements in an agriculture field with non-saline and saline soil. In MCMC the posterior distribution is computed using Bayes' rule. The electromagnetic forward model based on the full solution of Maxwell's equations was used to simulate the apparent electrical conductivity measured with the configurations of EMI instrument, the CMD Mini-Explorer. Uncertainty in the parameters for the three-layered earth model are investigated by using synthetic data. Our results show that in the scenario of non-saline soil, the parameters of layer thickness as compared to layers electrical conductivity are not very informative and are therefore difficult to resolve. Application of the proposed MCMC-based inversion to field measurements in a drip irrigation system demonstrates that the parameters of the model can be well estimated for the saline soil as compared to the non-saline soil, and provides useful insight about parameter uncertainty for the assessment of the model outputs.

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Bacterial community in saline farmland soil on the Tibetan plateau: responding to salinization while resisting extreme environments

BMC Microbiology ◽

10.1186/s12866-021-02190-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yi Qiang Li ◽

Ying Hui Chai ◽

Xu Sheng Wang ◽

Li Ying Huang ◽

Xi Ming Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Microbial Community ◽

Tibetan Plateau ◽

Bacterial Community ◽

Saline Soil ◽

Structure And Function ◽

The Tibetan Plateau ◽

Acidophilic Bacteria ◽

And Function ◽

Salinized Soil

Abstract Background Salinization damages the health of soil systems and reduces crop yields. Responses of microbial communities to salinized soils and their functional maintenance under high salt stress are valuable scientific problems. Meanwhile, the microbial community of the salinized soil in the plateau environment is less understood. Here, we applied metagenomics technology to reveal the structure and function of microorganisms in salinized soil of the Tibetan Plateau. Results The diversity of composition and function of microbial community in saline soil have changed significantly. The abundances of chemoautotrophic and acidophilic bacteria comprising Rhodanobacter, Acidobacterium, Candidatus Nitrosotalea, and Candidatus Koribacter were significantly higher in saline soil. The potential degradation of organic carbon in the saline soil, as well as the production of NO and N2O via denitrification, and the production of sulfate by sulfur oxidation were significantly higher than the non-saline soil. Both types of soils were rich in genes encoding resistance to environmental stresses (i.e., cold, ultraviolet light, and hypoxia in Tibetan Plateau). The resistance of the soil microbial communities to the saline environment is based on the absorption of K+ as the main mechanism, with cross-protection proteins and absorption buffer molecules as auxiliary mechanisms in our study area. Network analysis showed that functional group comprising chemoautotrophic and acidophilic bacteria had significant positive correlations with electrical conductivity and total sulfur, and significant negative correlations with the total organic carbon, pH, and available nitrogen. The soil moisture, pH, and electrical conductivity are likely to affect the bacterial carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles. Conclusions These results indicate that the specific environment of the Tibetan Plateau and salinization jointly shape the structure and function of the soil bacterial community, and that the bacterial communities respond to complex and harsh living conditions. In addition, environmental feedback probably exacerbates greenhouse gas emissions and accelerates the reduction in the soil pH. This study will provide insights into the microbial responses to soil salinization and the potential ecological risks in the special plateau environment.

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