scholarly journals OSCAR: An Optimized Scheduling Cell Allocation Algorithm for Convergecast in IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2493
Author(s):  
Mohamed Osman ◽  
Frederic Nabki
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Allocation Algorithm ◽  
Channel Hopping ◽  
Average Latency ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 Standard ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Different Sources

Today’s wireless sensor networks expect to receive increasingly more data from different sources. The Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) protocol defined in the IEEE 802.15.4-2015 version of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard plays a crucial role in reducing latency and minimizing energy consumption. In the case of convergecast traffic, nodes close to the root have consistently heavy traffic and suffer from severe network congestion problems. In this paper, we propose OSCAR, an novel autonomous scheduling TSCH cell allocation algorithm based on Orchestra. This new design differs from Orchestra by allocating slots according to the location of the node relative to the root. The goal of this algorithm is to allocate slots to nodes according to their needs. This algorithm manages the number of timeslots allocated to each node using the value of the rank described by the RPL routing protocol. The goal is that the closer the node is to the root, the more slots it gets in order to maximize the transmission opportunities. To avoid overconsumption, OSCAR sets up a mechanism to adjust the radio duty cycle of each node by reducing the slots allocated to inactive nodes regardless of their position in the network. We implement OSCAR on Contiki-ng and evaluate its performance by both simulations and experimentation. The performance assessment of OSCAR shows that it outperforms Orchestra on the average latency and reliability, without significantly increasing the average duty cycle, especially when the traffic load is high.

scholarly journals TSCH Evaluation under Heterogeneous Mobile Scenarios

IoT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-668
Author(s):  
Charalampos Orfanidis ◽  
Atis Elsts ◽  
Paul Pop ◽  
Xenofon Fafoutis
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Autonomous Robots ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Access Protocol ◽  
Channel Hopping ◽  
High Flexibility ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 Standard

Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) is a medium access protocol defined in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. It has proven to be one of the most reliable options when it comes to industrial applications. TSCH offers a degree of high flexibility and can be tailored to the requirements of specific applications. Several performance aspects of TSCH have been investigated so far, such as the energy consumption, reliability, scalability and many more. However, mobility in TSCH networks remains an aspect that has not been thoroughly explored. In this paper, we examine how TSCH performs under mobility situations. We define two mobile scenarios: one where autonomous agriculture vehicles move on a predefined trail, and a warehouse logistics scenario, where autonomous robots/vehicles and workers move randomly. We examine how different TSCH scheduling approaches perform on these mobility patterns and when a different number of nodes are operating. The results show that the current TSCH scheduling approaches are not able to handle mobile scenarios efficiently. Moreover, the results provide insights on how TSCH scheduling can be improved for mobile applications.

Energy Efficient Beacon-Enabled IEEE 802.15.4 Guaranteed Time Slot-Based Adaptive Duty Cycle Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150256
Author(s):  
Manoj Tolani ◽  
Sunny ◽  
Rajat Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Time Slot ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Medium Access Control Protocol ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Guaranteed Time Slot

In this work, energy-efficient adaptive duty cycle guaranteed time slot algorithm is proposed for beacon-enabled standard medium access control protocol to efficiently handle low, medium and high data traffic loads. The proposed protocol can efficiently handle high traffic load by effective utilization of slots. The protocol can dynamically update the number of slots for contention access period and contention free period in each beacon interval. Therefore, it can capably handle high network load condition. The protocol continuously monitors the utilization capacity of each of the sensor node and allots the contention free period slots to the needy nodes based on their utilization capacity. Simulation analysis is done for three different scenarios. The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with the other existing protocols. Simulation results show the overall superiority of our proposed algorithm in terms of packet delivery and energy consumption.

scholarly journals A Novel Energy-Safe Algorithm for Enhancing the Battery Life for IoT Sensors’ Applications

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6613
Author(s):  
Ahmed Zouinkhi ◽  
Aymen Flah ◽  
Lucian Mihet-Popa
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Problem Formulation ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Battery Lifetime ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 Standard

Energy safe is mandatory for all isolated IoT tools, such as in long way roads, mountains, or even in smart cities. If increasing the lifetime of these tools, the rentability of the global network loop becomes more efficient. Therefore, this paper presents a new approach for saving energy inside the source nodes by supervising the state of energy inside each source node and calculating the duty cycle factor. The relationship between these parameters is based on an optimization problem formulation. In this respect, the present paper is designed to propose a new approach that deals with increasing the lifetime of the wireless sensor network (WSN)-attached nodes, as fixed in the application. The newly devised design is based on implementing the IEEE 802.15.4 standard beacon-enabled mode, involving a cluster tree topology. Accordingly, every subgroup is allotted to apply a specifically different duty cycle, depending on the battery’s remaining energy level, which contributes to creating a wide range of functional modes. Hence, various thresholds are defined. Simulation results prove the efficiency of the proposed approach and show the energetic benefit. The proposed flowchart has minimized the consumed energy for the WSN, which improves the battery lifetime and enhances the IoT application’s robustness. Simulations and experiments have been carried out under different conditions and the results prove that the proposed method is a viable solution.

scholarly journals Duty Cycle Control Method Considering Buffer Occupancy for IEEE 802.15.4-Compliant Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1362
Author(s):  
Kohei Tomita ◽  
Nobuyoshi Komuro
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Buffer Occupancy ◽  
Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Analytical Expressions

This paper proposes a Duty-Cycle (DC) control method in order to improve the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) for IEEE 802.15.4-compliant heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The proposed method controls the DC so that the buffer occupancy of sensor nodes is less than 1 and assigns DC to each sub-network (sub-network means a network consisting of a router node and its subordinate nodes). In order to use the appropriate DC of each sub-network to obtain the high PDR, this paper gives analytical expressions of the buffer occupancy. The simulation results show that the proposed method achieves a reasonable delay and energy consumption while maintaining high PDR.

scholarly journals A Simulation Model of IEEE 802.15.4 GTS Mechanism and GTS Attacks in OMNeT++ / MiXiM + NETA

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmin M. Amin ◽  
Amr T. Abdel-Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽  
Mac Layer ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Free Data ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 Standard ◽  
Time Critical

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines the PHY and MAC layer specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs). With the proliferation of many time-critical applications with real-time delivery, low latency, and/or specific bandwidth requirements, Guaranteed Time Slots (GTS) are increasingly being used for reliable contention-free data transmission by nodes within beacon-enabled WPANs. To evaluate the performance of the 802.15.4 GTS management scheme, this paper introduces a new GTS simulation model for OMNeT++ / MiXiM. Our GTS model considers star-topology WPANs within the 2.4 GHz frequency band, and is in full conformance with the IEEE 802.15.4 – 2006 standard. To enable thorough investigation of the behaviors and impacts of different attacks against the 802.15.4 GTS mechanism, a new GTS attacks simulation model for OMNeT++ is also introduced in this paper. Our GTS attacks model is developed for OMNeT++ / NETA, and is integrated with our GTS model to provide a single inclusive OMNeT++ simulation model for both the GTS mechanism and all known-to-date attacks against it.

Researching, building the routing algorithm in Zigbee networks

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Dao Xuan Uoc
Keyword(s):  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Optimal Routing ◽  
Star Network ◽  
Transmission Distance ◽  
Zigbee Networks ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 Standard ◽  
Better Than

Zigbee wireless network built on IEEE 802.15.4 standard is becoming one of the most popular wireless networks in modern IoT devices. One of the disadvantages of Zigbee networks is the short transmission distance between devices. This paper focuses on researching and comparing routing algorithms in Zigbee networks, thereby building the optimal routing algorithm in the existing system. The paper’s objective is to form the basis for making Zigbee tree and mesh networks, which improves the transmission distance for Zigbee networks better than the star network.

Measuring heavy traffic with WIM-ROAD and WIM-BRIDGE systems in an urban environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Soudijn ◽  
Sebastiaan van Rossum ◽  
Ane de Boer
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Strain Sensors ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The Road ◽  
Weigh In Motion ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Calibration Program

<p>In this paper we present weight measurements of urban heavy traffic comparing two different Weigh In Motion (WIM) systems. One is a WIM-ROAD system using Lineas quartz pressure sensors in the road surface. The other is a WIM-BRIDGE system using optical fibre-based strain sensors which are applied under the bridge to the bottom fibre of a single span of the bridge deck. We have designed our tests to determine which system is most suited to Amsterdam. We put special focus on the accuracy that each system can achieve and have set up an extensive calibration program to determine this. Our ultimate goal is to draw up a realistic traffic load model for Amsterdam. This model would lead to a recommendation that can be used to re- examine the structural safety of existing historic bridges and quay walls, in addition to the current traffic load recommendations.</p>

scholarly journals Toward Green Sensor Field by Optimizing Power Efficiency Using D-Policy M/G/1 Queuing Systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuu-Cheng Jiang ◽  
Hsiang-Wei Wu ◽  
Fang-Yi Leu ◽  
Chao-Tung Yang
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Rechargeable Batteries ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Sensor Field

Power efficiency is a crucially important issue in the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee sensor networks (ZSNs) for majority of sensor nodes equipped with non-rechargeable batteries. To increase the lifetime of sensor networks, each node must optimize power consumption as possible. Among open literatures, much research works have focused on how to optimally increase the probability of sleeping states using multifarious wake-up strategies. Making things different, in this article, we propose a novel optimization framework for alleviating power consumption of sensor node with the D-policy M/G/1 queuing approach. Toward green sensor field, the proposed power-saving technique can be applied to prolong the lifetime of ZSN economically and effectively. For the proposed data aggregation model, mathematical framework on performance measures has been formulated. Data simulation using MATLAB tool has been conducted for exploring the feasibility of the proposed approach. And also we analyze the average traffic load per node for tree-based ZSN. Focusing on ZigBee routers deployed at the innermost shell of ZSN, network simulation results validate that the proposed approach indeed provides a feasibly cost-effective approach for prolonging lifetime of ZSNs.

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