scholarly journals A Frequency-Programmable Miniaturized Radio Frequency Transmitter for Animal Tracking

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6683
Author(s):  
Jun Lu ◽  
Huidong Li ◽  
Chuan Tian ◽  
Mitchell J. Myjak ◽  
Jie Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Circuit Design ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Animal Tracking ◽  
Coding Schemes ◽  
New Radio ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Animal Monitoring ◽  
Radio Frequency Transmitter

In animal tracking applications, smaller transmitters can reduce the impact of the transmitter on the tagged animal and thus provide more accurate data about animal behavior. By combining a novel circuit design and a newly developed micro-battery, we developed frequency-programmable and more powerful radio frequency transmitters that are about 40% smaller and lighter in weight than the smallest commercial counterpart for animal monitoring at the time of development. The new radio frequency transmitter has a miniaturized form factor for studying small animals. Designs of two coding schemes were developed: one transmits unmodulated signals (weight: 152 mg; dimensions: Ø 2.95 mm × 11.22 mm), and the other transmits modulated signals (weight: 160 mg; dimensions: Ø 2.95 mm × 11.85 mm). To accommodate different transmitter life requirements, each design can be configured to transmit in high or low signal strength. Prototypes of these transmitters were evaluated in the laboratory and exhibited comparable or longer service life and higher signal strength compared to their smallest commercial counterparts.

scholarly journals A Framework for Assessing the Value of RFID Implementation by Tier-One Suppliers to Major Retailers

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
Dharmaraj Veeramani ◽  
Jenny Tang ◽  
Alfonso Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Data Capture ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Rfid Technology ◽  
Frequency Identification ◽  
The Impact

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a rapidly evolving technology for automatic identification and data capture of products. One of the barriers to the adoption of RFID by organizations is difficulty in assessing the potential return on investment (ROI). Much of the research and analyses to date of ROI in implementing RFID technology have focused on the benefits to the retailer. There is a lack of a good understanding of the impact of RFID at upper echelons of the supply chain. In this paper, we present a framework and models for assessing the value of RFID implementation by tier-one suppliers to major retailers. We also discuss our real-life application of this framework to one of Wal-Mart’s top 100 suppliers

scholarly journals An overview of channel coding for 5G NR cellular communications

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Hyun Bae ◽  
Ahmed Abotabl ◽  
Hsien-Ping Lin ◽  
Kee-Bong Song ◽  
Jungwon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Channel Coding ◽  
Ldpc Codes ◽  
Low Latency ◽  
Polar Codes ◽  
Coding Scheme ◽  
Coding Schemes ◽  
Successive Cancellation ◽  
New Radio ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
User Data

AbstractA 5G new radio cellular system is characterized by three main usage scenarios of enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine type communications, which require improved throughput, latency, and reliability compared with a 4G system. This overview paper discusses key characteristics of 5G channel coding schemes which are mainly designed for the eMBB scenario as well as for partial support of the URLLC scenario focusing on low latency. Two capacity-achieving channel coding schemes of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and polar codes have been adopted for 5G where the former is for user data and the latter is for control information. As a coding scheme for data, 5G LDPC codes are designed to support high throughput, a variable code rate and length and hybrid automatic repeat request in addition to good error correcting capability. 5G polar codes, as a coding scheme for control, are designed to perform well with short block length while addressing a latency issue of successive cancellation decoding.

scholarly journals Design of Cell-Based Flotation Circuits under Uncertainty: A Techno-Economic Stochastic Optimization

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 459
Author(s):  
Seyed Hassan Amini ◽  
Aaron Noble
Keyword(s):  
Circuit Design ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Structure Identification ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Flotation Kinetics ◽  
Deterministic Models ◽  
Kinetic Coefficients ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Circuit Structure ◽  
The Impact

The design of cell-based flotation circuits is often completed in two distinct phases, namely circuit structure identification and equipment sizing selection. While recent literature studies have begun to address the implications of stochastic analysis, industrial practice in flotation circuit design still strongly favors the use of deterministic metallurgical modeling approaches. Due to the complexity of the available mathematical models, most flotation circuit design techniques are constructed based on deterministic models. Neglecting the impact of various sources of uncertainty may result in the identification of circuit solutions that are only optimal in a narrow region of specific operating scenarios. One promising strategy to address this shortcoming is through the Sample Average Approximation (SAA) methodology, a stochastic approach to handling uncertainty that has been widely applied in other disciplines such as supply chain and facility location management problems. In this study, a techno-economic optimization algorithm was formulated to select the optimal size and number of flotation cells for a fixed circuit structure while considering potential uncertainty in several input parameter including feed grade, kinetic coefficients, and metal price. Initially, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to screen the uncertain parameters. After simplifying the optimization problem, the SAA approach was implemented to determine the equipment configuration (i.e., cell size and number) that maximizes the plant’s net present value while considering the range of potential input values due to parameter uncertainty. The SAA methodology was found to be useful in analyzing uncertainty in flotation kinetics; however, the approach did not provide a useful means to assess the influence of uncertainties in ore grade and metal price, as these values are not significant in determining equipment size but rather influence the optimal circuit structure, which was not considered in this study. Results from an application example indicate that the SAA approach produces optimal solutions not initially identified in a deterministic optimization, and these SAA solutions tend to provide greater robustness to uncertainty and variation in the flotation kinetics.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Hybrid Radio Frequency and Free Space Optical Communication Networks with Cooperative Spectrum Sharing

Photonics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Dong Qin ◽  
Yuhao Wang ◽  
Tianqing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Spectrum Sharing ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Free Space Optical ◽  
Secondary Users ◽  
Primary Users ◽  
Cooperative Spectrum Sharing ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the impact of cooperative spectrum sharing policy on the performance of hybrid radio frequency and free space optical wireless communication networks, where primary users and secondary users develop a band of the same spectrum resource. The radio frequency links obey Nakagami-m distribution with arbitrary fading parameter m, while the free space optical link follows gamma-gamma distributed atmospheric turbulence with nonzero pointing error. Because the secondary users access the spectrum band without payment, their behavior needs to be restricted. Specifically, the power of the secondary users is dominated by the tolerable threshold of the primary users. Considering both heterodyne and intensity modulation/direct detection strategies in optical receiver, the performance of optical relaying networks is completely different from that of traditional networks. With the help of bivariable Fox’s H function, new expressions for cumulative distribution function of equivalent signal to noise ratio at destination, probability density function, outage probability, ergodic capacity and symbol error probability are built in closed forms.

The impact of neutralizer-free ignition of a radio frequency ion thruster on the lifetime of the ion optics system

2021 ◽  
pp. 2140017
Author(s):  
Long-Fei Ma ◽  
Li Duan ◽  
Jian-Wu He ◽  
Qi Kang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Pyrolytic Graphite ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
External Source ◽  
Ion Thruster ◽  
Neutral Gas ◽  
Discharge Ignition ◽  
Ion Optical System ◽  
The Impact

In the initial stage of a radio frequency ion thruster (RIT) ignition, an influx of electrons is required from an external source into the discharge chamber and ionization of the neutral gas propellant. A neutralizer-free method for Townsend breakdown discharge ignition based on Paschen’s law was developed in this study. The feasibility of the ignition method was confirmed by performing thousands of ignition experiments. Metallic Molybdenum (Mo), pyrolytic graphite (PG) and Zr[Formula: see text]Ti[Formula: see text]Cu[Formula: see text]Ni[Formula: see text]Be[Formula: see text]alloy acceleration grids were prepared, and ignition-induced damage on the grids was investigated. A field-emission scanning electron microscope was used to inspect surface damage on the grids after multiple ignitions and to analyze the influence of the ignition method on the lifetime of the ion optical system. Grid materials for space missions that require multiple RIT ignitions (10[Formula: see text] should be high-strength blocks that are resistant to sputtering corrosion and high temperature.

Radio Propagation Models: A Performance Analysis based Impact of Sparse and Dense Deployment of Nodes under Different Propagation Models in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Altaf Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Rafiq Khan
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Propagation Models ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is the most emerging and fast expanding technology since the last two decades. One of the major issue and challenging area in MANET is the process of routing due to dynamic topologies and high mobility of mobile nodes. The exchange of information from source to a destination is known as the process of routing. Spectacular amount of attention has been paid by researchers to reliable routing in ad-hoc networks. Efficiency and accuracy of a protocol depends on many parameters in these networks. In addition to other parameters node velocity and propagation models are among them. Calculating signal strength at receiver is the responsibility of a propagation model while mobility of nodes is responsible for topology of the network. A huge amount of loss in performance is occurred due to variation of signal strength at receiver and obstacles between transmissions. Simulation tools are developed to analyze the weakness and strength of protocols along with different parameters that may impact the performance. The choice of a propagation models have an abundant effect on performance on routing protocols in MANET. In this research, it has been analyzed to check the impact of different propagation models on the performance of Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) in Sparse and Dense scenarios in MANET. The simulation has been carried out in NS-2 by using performance metrics as average Throughput, average packet drop and average latency. The results predicted that propagation models and mobility has a strong impact on the performance of OLSR in considered scenarios.

scholarly journals Hygienic assessment of the impact of 5G/IMT-2020 communication networks on public health (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (9) ◽  
pp. 929-932
Author(s):  
Anna M. Egorova ◽  
Lydiya A. Lutsenko ◽  
Anna V. Sukhova ◽  
Vyacheslav V. Kolyuka ◽  
Rustam V. Turdyev
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
The Cochrane Library ◽  
The Impact

The program “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation” approved the Concept for the creation and development of 5G / IMT-2020 networks. The development of 5G communications will significantly impact the implementation of many innovative projects and initiatives: the Smart City project, Unmanned Transport, etc. Along with significant technical advantages compared to previous generations of communication (2G, 3G, 4G), 5G technology has completely different emitting characteristics: more emitting elements, signal modulation, three-dimensional beam, the ability to control the beam, SHF (ultra-high) and EHF (extremely high) radio frequency ranges and centimetre and millimetre wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. Therefore, it is becoming an especially urgent problem to ensure exposure to the human body of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields of the radio frequency range (30 kHz-300 GHz). The authors searched the literature on the biological effects of 5G cellular communications and electromagnetic radiation in the centimetre and millimetre ranges using the appropriate keywords in PubMed search engines, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, RSCI and others. There is currently tentative and conflicting evidence on the impact of 5G. The rapidly growing density of wireless devices and antennas (considering future 5G networks) increases the public health risk from exposure to RF EMFs as the penetration depth for 5G EHF radiation is only a few millimetres. At these wavelengths, resonance phenomena are possible at the cellular and molecular levels, particularly concerning stimulating SHF and EHF oxidative processes and damaging DNA. The influence of the millimetre range of RF-EMF is poorly understood; oncological and non-oncological (impact on the reproductive, immune systems, etc.) effects are possible. Using numerical simulation methods of EMF radiation resonances on insects, Thielens A et al., 2018, found a significant overall increase in the absorbed RF power at a frequency of 6 GHz and higher than a frequency below 6 GHz.

scholarly journals Experimental characterisation of the thermal energy released by a Radio-Frequency Corona Igniter in Nitrogen and Air

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Discepoli
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Driving Voltage ◽  
Pure Nitrogen ◽  
Ignition System ◽  
Application Range ◽  
Released Energy ◽  
The Impact

The Radio-Frequency Corona Ignition System is characterised by a wide initial combustion volume and precursors production, via radical insemination by the streamers, in addition to high released thermal energy. These features lead to faster combustion, a higher tolerance for lean mixtures and EGR dilutions and, in general, more adaptability. The thermal energy released by the igniter to the surrounding medium can help to understand the performance, the behaviour and the application range. This paper proposes a systematic experimental analysis of the thermal energy released by the igniter at room temperature, via pressure-based calorimetry. This analysis, carried out at different pressures (up to 10 bar) and medium type (air or nitrogen), is extended to the whole range of the corona igniter control parameters, namely streamer duration and driving voltage. The latter is proportional to the maximum electrode voltage, as shown in the model here presented, and as confirmed by experiments. The results show, for all the vessel pressures, the high energetic efficiency of the ignition system and the high amount of the released energy. The latter is found to increase linearly with the corona streamers duration and quickly with the driving voltage up to the streamer-to-arc transition threshold. The efficiency tends to reach a defined upper limit. For each tested point, the energy released to pure nitrogen is higher than to air, which evidences the impact of the oxygen presence under streamer exposure.

A NEW RADIO-FREQUENCY HEATING DEVICE SHRINKS CHRONIC LEFT VENTRICULAR MYOCARDIAL INFARCT AREA

ASAIO Journal ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
S Wadhwani ◽  
M B Ratcliffe ◽  
A W Wallace ◽  
A Salahieh ◽  
J Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Myocardial Infarct ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Radio Frequency Heating ◽  
Infarct Area ◽  
Heating Device ◽  
New Radio ◽  
Frequency Heating

Radio Frequency Identification

2011 ◽  
pp. 502-526
Author(s):  
Róbert Schulcz ◽  
Gábor Varga
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Common Coding ◽  
Coding Schemes ◽  
Data Capacity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Frequency Identification ◽  
The Common ◽  
System Selection ◽  
Reading Distance

In this chapter, we will start by briefly summarizing the history of radio frequency identification systems. After that, we will introduce the components of such systems and classify them based on programmability, data capacity, frequency, and reading distance, as well as power supplement and reply transfer methods. We will describe the various coupling types used in RFID systems, present the common coding schemes and modulations, and give an overview of the standardization efforts. This chapter will focus on collision detection and resolution algorithms and conclude by practical suggestions on RFID system selection for different tasks.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document