A Study of Consumers’ Intentions to Participate in Responsible Tourism Using Message Framing and Appeals

Since responsible tourism (RT) emerged as a critical issue in the tourism literature in the early 2000s, the challenge has been how to encourage consumers to practice RT. In this context, the goal of this study is to examine effective ways to promote individuals’ RT behavior using message framing and appeals. The present study used campaign advertisements as a stimulus and employed a 2 × 2 factorial design ((message framing: gain framing vs. loss faming) × (appeal: rational appeal vs. emotional appeal)) in the experiment. In addition, the study investigated the moderating impact of involvement on people’s attitude towards advertising and intention to participate in RT. Independent-sample t-tests and a two-way analysis of variance were used to verify the hypotheses. The results of the study revealed that gain-framed messages had a greater influence on individuals’ attitude towards the advertisement and their intention to participate in RT than loss-framed messages in the low-involvement group. Furthermore, rational and emotional appeals had a greater influence on people’s attitude towards the advertisement in the high- and low-involvement groups, respectively.

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A smile – the key to everybody’s heart?

European Journal of Marketing ◽

10.1108/ejm-01-2019-0019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 261-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chi Pham ◽

Felix Septianto

Keyword(s):

Message Framing ◽

Content Type ◽

Non Profit ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Emotional Appeal ◽

Request Message ◽

Emotional Appeals ◽

Positive Perspective ◽

Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to investigate how to improve the effectiveness of charitable advertising by matching emotional appeal (happy-faced vs sad-faced beneficiary) and message framing (recognition vs request) within advertising messages. Design/methodology/approach Two experiments examining real donation allocations were conducted. Study 1 established the “match-up” effect between advertising image and message. Study 2 replicated the findings of Study 1 as well as testing the mediating role of hope and sympathy. Findings The authors provide empirical evidence that consumers allocate a greater donation amount to a charity when they see an image of a sad-faced child combined with a request message (e.g. “please donate”), or an image of a happy-faced child combined with a recognition message (e.g. “thank you”). Notably, these effects are mediated by the emotions of hope and sympathy, respectively. Research limitations/implications This research highlights the importance of matching images of beneficiaries with the appropriate advertising copy. Depending on whether a charity seeks to position itself in a positive perspective to evoke hope, or alternatively, portray itself in relation to a sadder landscape that elicits sympathy, the respective choice of recognition or request messages can help boost donation outcomes. Practical implications Charities and non-profit organizations can develop more effective charitable advertising by purposively matching specific emotional appeals and message framings when designing advertisements. Originality/value The research illustrates a novel mechanism that shows when and how combining image and message can influence the effectiveness of charitable advertising.

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The Motivating Role of Positive Feedback in Sport and Physical Education: Evidence for a Motivational Model

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsep.30.2.240 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 240-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 106

Author(s):

Athanasios Mouratidis ◽

Maarten Vansteenkiste ◽

Willy Lens ◽

Georgios Sideridis

Keyword(s):

Physical Education ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Autonomous Motivation ◽

Well Being ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

School Students ◽

Intention To Participate ◽

Motivational Model ◽

Intentions To Participate

Based on self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), an experimental study with middle school students participating in a physical education task and a correlational study with highly talented sport students investigated the motivating role of positive competence feedback on participants’ well-being, performance, and intention to participate. In Study 1, structural equation modeling favored the hypothesized motivational model, in which, after controlling for pretask perceived competence and competence valuation, feedback positively predicted competence satisfaction, which in turn predicted higher levels of vitality and greater intentions to participate, through the mediation of autonomous motivation. No effects on performance were found. Study 2 further showed that autonomous motivation mediated the relation between competence satisfaction and well-being, whereas amotivation mediated the negative relation between competence satisfaction and ill-being and rated performance. The discussion focuses on the motivational role of competence feedback in sports and physical education settings.

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The effect of message framing and the nature of the targeted illness on individuals’ intention to participate in clinical trials

Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée ◽

10.1016/j.erap.2015.06.002 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 65 (4) ◽

pp. 171-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. Bosone ◽

F. Martinez ◽

N. Kalampalikis

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Message Framing ◽

Intention To Participate

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Assessing the Heamatology of Uda Rams Fed Graded Levels of Processed Cassava (Manihot esculentus L.) Peels

Archives of Current Research International ◽

10.9734/acri/2021/v21i530247 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 30-37

Author(s):

M. M. Mika’ilu ◽

A. A. Kwaido ◽

S. A. Maigandi ◽

I. M. Ribah ◽

K. M. Aljameel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factorial Design ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Science And Technology ◽

Processing Method ◽

State University ◽

Normal Range ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Feeding Trials ◽

Cassava Peels ◽

Hematological Values

The experiment was carried out at Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero using thirty two (32) yearlings Uda Rams in two feeding trials ran concurrently. Sixteen (16) rams were used in each experiment with four treatments replicated four times in a completely randomized factorial design (2 × 4). The animal represents the replicates while the processing method (drying and ensiling) and the level of inclusion represents the treatments respectively. The level of inclusion are 0, 10, 20 and 30% dried cassava peels (DCP) and ensiled cassava peels (ECP) respectively. Data were collected in each trial on hematological characteristics. Data generated was subjected to analysis of variance and least significant difference (LSD) was used to separate the means. Hematological values of rams fed DCP were within the normal range while those fed ECP were below the normal range. The results shows significant difference (P<0.05) between dried and ensiled method of processing in terms of haemoglobin, MCH, WBC and MCV. Rams fed dried cassava peels had lower haemoglobin and PCV compared to normal range. It was concluded that there was no significant difference between rams fed dried cassava peels and those fed ensiled cassava peels at 30% level of inclusion.

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Mixed emotional appeal enhances advertising effectiveness of pro-environmental luxury brands: the mediating role of cognitive flexibility

Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics ◽

10.1108/apjml-10-2020-0719 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Kaushalya Nallaperuma ◽

Felix Septianto ◽

Argho Bandyopadhyay

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Flexibility ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Advertising Effectiveness ◽

Luxury Brands ◽

Content Type ◽

Mixed Emotions ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Emotional Appeal ◽

Emotional Appeals

PurposeThe concepts of luxury and pro-environment may be viewed as being in contradiction with each other. Consequently, it is unclear how to promote pro-environmental luxury brands. The present research seeks to develop effective advertising strategies for pro-environmental luxury brands by employing mixed emotional appeals.Design/methodology/approachTwo experimental studies were conducted to test two hypotheses. Study 1 examines the effects of mixed emotions (happiness and sadness vs. happiness alone) on intentions to purchase a pro-environmental luxury product. Study 2 replicates the findings of Study 1 using a different product and extends it by establishing the underlying mechanism.FindingsThe results reveal that an advertisement featuring mixed emotions of happiness and sadness (vs. happiness alone) enhances intentions to purchase a pro-environmental luxury product. Further, the effect is mediated by cognitive flexibility.Originality/valueThe present research tests a novel perspective on how mixed emotional appeals can leverage the advertising effectiveness of pro-environmental luxury brands.

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Heat Treatment Map of Al2Ca-added AlSi11MnMg Pressure-Cast Alloy Plotted by Full Factorial Design of Experiment and Analysis of Variance

Metal Science and Heat Treatment ◽

10.1007/s11041-019-00454-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 61 (7-8) ◽

pp. 511-516

Author(s):

Gil-Yong Yeom ◽

G. Eisaabadi B. ◽

Shae K. Kim ◽

Soong-Keun Hyun ◽

Kyeong Suk Sim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Design Of Experiment ◽

Cast Alloy ◽

Full Factorial Design ◽

Full Factorial

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Electrocutaneous Coding of Information

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/107118137702100415 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 331-334

Author(s):

Lura I. Raple ◽

John Lyman

Keyword(s):

Phase Shift ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Pulse Width ◽

Discrimination Threshold ◽

Electrocutaneous Stimulation ◽

Threshold Distance ◽

Electrical Stimuli ◽

Frequency Pulse

Responses to electrocutaneous stimulation were investigated using the two point discrimination threshold as a means of providing information about the range of sensitivity to electrical stimuli. A complete factorial design was used to investigate the effects of frequency, pulse width, and phase shift on the threshold distance at which two electrocutaneous stimuli can be discriminated. Results were analyzed by an analysis of variance. The two point discrimination threshold was found to be significant for frequency, pulse width, and the interaction between pulse width and phase shift. Electrocutaneous sensitivity was determined by the level at which the minimum two point discrimination threshold occurred.

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Type of Message, Personality, and Attitude Change

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1968.23.2.643 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 643-648 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Larry C. Jensen ◽

Susan Knecht

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Multiple Regression Analysis ◽

Attitude Change ◽

Persuasive Communication ◽

Self Concept ◽

Emotional Appeal ◽

Treatment Conditions ◽

Emotional Appeals ◽

The Relationship

This experiment was designed to test the hypotheses that the relationship between personality and attitude change is affected by the type of persuasive communication and that the relationship between personality, attitude change, and type of appeal would be different for the two sexes. 280 college students were randomly divided into three treatment conditions. Each group received either a factual, emotional, or conforming appeal. Measures of anxiety (MAS), self-concept (S-C), authoritarianism (F), and intolerance of ambiguity (IA) were obtained for each student. A multiple regression analysis was conducted for each treatment and sex group with attitude change scores used as the dependent variable. Significant F ratios for the cumulative regression were found for males receiving the conforming message and for females receiving the conforming and emotional appeals. No personality measure was associated with attitude change following the factual appeal for either sex, or for the emotional appeal for the males. For the males in the con forming-appeal treatment IA was positively correlated with attitude change, while MAS and F were negatively correlated. For females in the conforming-appeal treatment S-C was positively correlated and MAS negatively correlated, while MAS was positively correlated in the emotional treatment. The results were interpreted as supporting the basic hypotheses and suggest that considerable attention must be given to the appeal used to induce attitude change in studies investigating personality and persuasibility.

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Promoting Vaccination with Lottery Incentives

10.31234/osf.io/ux73h ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jennifer M Taber ◽

Clarissa A. Thompson ◽

Pooja Gupta Sidney ◽

Abigail O'Brien ◽

John Updegraff

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Economics ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Message Framing ◽

Monetary Incentive ◽

Anticipated Regret ◽

Online Experiments

Background: In May, 2021, U.S. states began implementing “vaccination lotteries” to encourage vaccine-hesitant individuals to get a COVID-19 vaccine. Purpose: Drawing on theories from math cognition and behavioral economics, we tested several monetary lottery structures and their framing to determine which would best motivate unvaccinated individuals. Methods: In two online experiments conducted in May, 2021, U.S. adults were asked to imagine that their state had implemented a vaccination lottery. In Experiment 1, participants (n=589) were randomly assigned to 1 of 12 conditions that varied the monetary amount and number of winners, holding constant the total payout ($5 million). In Experiment 2, participants (n=274) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions in a 2 (Message Framing: Gain versus Loss) by 2 (Numeric Framing: 5 total winners versus 1 winner for 5 weeks) factorial design; in all four conditions, 5 people would each win $1 million. Following the manipulation, participants rated their COVID-19 vaccination intentions, perceived likelihood of winning, and anticipated regret. Results: Vaccination intentions did not differ across conditions in either experiment, and post-manipulation vaccination intentions were strongly associated with baseline vaccination willingness. When asked to choose from 12 different lottery structures, participants tended to prefer options that awarded less money to more people, with 41.9% of participants across experiments indicated they would not vaccinate for any lottery-based monetary incentive. Conclusion: Findings suggest that multiple lottery structures could be equally motivating for unvaccinated adults, although states could consider structures that distribute incentives across more people.

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Time advice and learning questions in computer simulations

Australasian Journal of Educational Technology ◽

10.14742/ajet.951 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Günter Daniel Rey

Keyword(s):

Computer Simulation ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Factorial Design ◽

Linear Model ◽

Computer Simulations ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Cognitive Theory ◽

Corrective Feedback ◽

General Linear Model ◽

Design Time

Students (N = 101) used an introductory text and a computer simulation to learn fundamental concepts about statistical analyses (e.g., analysis of variance, regression analysis and General Linear Model). Each learner was randomly assigned to one cell of a 2 (with or without time advice) x 3 (with learning questions and corrective feedback, with learning questions without feedback or without learning questions) between subjects factorial design. Time spent with the simulation as well as retention and transfer tests were used as dependent measures. Neither the time advice presented immediately before students chose to finish the simulation nor the learning questions presented during the simulation significantly improves learners' retention or transfer performances. Students who were asked to employ more time on the computer simulation or who received learning questions with corrective feedback spent significantly more time with the simulation than did students for whom the time advice or the learning questions were absent. The results were discussed on the basis of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning and the cognitive-affective theory of learning with media, as well as in conjunction with adaptive computer simulations.

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