Evidence That Forage-Fed Cows Can Enhance Milk Quality

Researching the distinguishing factors of nutritional milk quality is key to sustainable production and addresses increasing media and scientific scrutiny regarding human health effects and ecological impacts of dairy products. Modern Western diets have high omega-6 relative to omega-3 fatty acid (FA) consumption. This ratio in milk can be manipulated by management practices; increasing forage in dairy diets raises omega-3 in milk. Whilst studies identify higher concentrations of nutritionally beneficial FAs in organic dairy, milk from 100% forage-fed cows in the UK has not been investigated. This study explores differences in FA composition between supermarket conventional and organic and Pasture for Life Association (PFLA) milk, collected in April, July and October, 2017. PFLA milk had higher concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (+94%) and omega-3 (+92%) than conventional milk. Additionally, concentrations of palmitic acid (+11%), omega-6 (+69%) and the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 (+201%) were higher in conventional than PFLA milk. PFLA milk had higher concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid (+39%), conjugated linoleic acid (+30%) and omega-3 (+21%) and lower concentrations of omega-6 (−36%) and a lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 (−44%) than organic milk. This supports previous studies and demonstrates the scope to improve milk FA profiles further for potential health benefits through pasture-based management.

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Fatty Acid Profiles of Western Canadian Bison (Bison bison) Meat

Journal of Food Research ◽

10.5539/jfr.v3n6p146 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 146 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tyler D. Turner ◽

Jessica L. Pilfold ◽

Jessica Jensen ◽

Dipesh Prema ◽

Kingsley K. Donkor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Bison Bison ◽

Longissimus Dorsi ◽

Fatty Acid Profiles ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Total N ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Biohydrogenation Intermediates

Western Canadian bison meat is renowned for its natural healthfulness; however, studies on the dietary effects on the fatty acid (FA) profile are limited. Herein, we evaluated the FA profiles of retail bison (longissimus dorsi) representing grain-fed (Grain), grass-fed (Grass) and grass-fed plus oat and pea screening supplement from early (Early-con) or late (Late-con) season harvested finishing regimes. Bison meat contained less than 30 mg fat/g meat, and was lowest for Early-con bison. Proportions of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were greatest in Early-con and lowest for Late-con bison. Early-con bison had the greatest proportion of omega-6 (n-6) FA and Late-con bison the lowest, yet as mg/g meat, total n-6 content did not differ. In contrast, Grass and Early-con bison had greater proportions of 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, 22:6n-3 and total omega-3 (n-3) FA. The n-3 content for Grain, Grass, Early-con and Late-con bison were 38, 90, 69 and 69 mg/100 g meat, respectively. The 3:1 n-6/n-3 ratios of Grass, Early-con and Late-con bison were superior to the 7:1 ratio of Grain bison. Proportions of potentially beneficial biohydrogenation intermediates (BI), including t11-18:1 and c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid, were greater for Early-con and Late-con bison. Proportions of cis-monounsaturated FA were similar for both Grain and Grass bison; however, Late-con was greater than Early-con bison. Cumulatively, Grass, Early-con and Late-con bison were more desirable compared to Grain on account of greater proportions of n-3 FA and a lower n-6/n-3 ratio. Furthermore, seasonal supplementation enhanced the BI proportions with potential beneficial bioactivity in Early-con and Late-con bison.

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Influence of fish oil in the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid and omega 6 and 3 in buffalo milk

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s0102-09352012000200024 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 427-433

Author(s):

E.M. Patiño ◽

M.A. Judis ◽

M. Sanchez Negrette ◽

D.O. Pochon ◽

J.F. Cedres ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Linoleic Acid ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Research Work ◽

Buffalo Milk ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Group Ii

The aim of this research work was to investigate the influence of fish oil supplementation on the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega 6 and 3 in samples of buffalo milk. A total of 24 female buffaloes separated at random into three groups were fed for 49 days with: natural pasture (group I), supplemented with 70mL of fish oil (group II) and 140mL of fish oil (group III). In the experiment the concentration of CLA showed differences (P<0.05) among the three groups, with a maximum of 7.14mg/g fat in group II. No significant differences were found in omega-6 among the three groups. The highest value of 3.82mg/g fat corresponded to group I, whicht had not been supplemented with fish oil. Significant differences were observed in omega 3 (P<0.05) in groups II and III with respect to group I. The highest average value of 2.42mg/g fat was obtained in group III. The closest relationship omega 6/3 (1.37:1) was observed in group III. As a result, the diets of groups II and III, which included fish oil, increased significantly the content of CLA and omega 3 with reductions in levels of omega 6.

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Functional Lipids as Nutraceuticals: A Review

International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research ◽

10.52403/ijshr.20211018 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 111-123

Author(s):

Sneha S. Bhat

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Acid Medium ◽

Scientific Data ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽

Medium Chain ◽

Omega 6

Stephen L. Defelice, founder and chairman of the Foundation of Innovation Medicine, created the term "Nutraceuticals" in 1989 as a combination of the words "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical." Nutraceuticals are food-derived products that are claimed to give additional health advantages in addition to the fundamental nutritional content present in meals. Their kinds may be more significant than their quantity in terms of health and disease. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the research on the role of functional lipids namely: Omega -6 fatty acid, Omega -3 fatty acid, Conjugated linoleic acid, Medium chain triglycerides and Phytosterols as nutraceuticals in human health. Functional lipids have been related to the prevention and treatment of a variety of ailments, according to new study. With the use of supplementary and dietary forms of functional lipids, scientific data has demonstrated positive improvements in patients and favorable benefits in healthy people. Keywords: Nutraceuticals, Functional lipids, Conjugated linoleic acid, Medium chain triglycerides, Omega -6 fatty acid, Omega -3 fatty acid, Phytosterols,

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Creation of a database to assess effects of omega-3, omega-6 and total polyunsaturated fats on health: methodology for a set of systematic reviews

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029554 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. e029554 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Lee Hooper ◽

Asmaa Abdelhamid ◽

Julii Brainard ◽

Katherine H O Deane ◽

Fujian Song

Keyword(s):

Health Outcomes ◽

Systematic Reviews ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽

Trial Duration ◽

Omega 6 ◽

3 Omega ◽

Meta Analyses ◽

Total Pufa

ObjectiveTo create a database of long-term randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing higher with lower omega-3, omega-6 or total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), regardless of reported outcomes, and to develop methods to assess effects of increasing omega-6, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), long-chain omega-3 (LCn3) and total PUFA on health outcomes.DesignSystematic review search, methodology and meta-analyses.Data sourcesMedline, Embase, CENTRAL, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Clinicaltrials.gov and trials in relevant systematic reviews.Eligibility criteriaRCTs of ≥24 weeks' duration assessing effects of increasing ALA, LCn3, omega-6 or total PUFAs, regardless of outcomes reported.Data synthesisMethods included random-effects meta-analyses and sensitivity analyses. Funnel plots were examined, and subgrouping assessed effects of intervention type, replacement, baseline diabetes risk and use of diabetic medications, trial duration and dose. Quality of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).ResultsElectronic searches generated 37 810 hits, de-duplicated to 19 772 titles and abstracts. We assessed 2155 full-text papers, conference abstracts and trials registry entries independently in duplicate. Included studies were grouped into 363 RCTs comparing higher with lower omega-3, omega-6 and/or total PUFA intake of at least 6 months’ duration—the Database.Of these 363 included RCTs, 216 RCTs were included in at least one of our reviews of health outcomes, data extracted and risk of bias assessed in duplicate. Ninety five RCTs were included in the Database but not included in our current reviews. Of these 311 completed trials, 27 altered ALA intake, 221 altered LCn3 intake and 16 trials altered omega-3 intake without specifying whether ALA or LCn3. Forty one trials altered omega-6 and 59 total PUFA.The remaining 52 trials are ongoing though 13 (25%) appear to be outstanding, or constitute missing data.ConclusionsThis extensive database of trials is available to allow assessment of further health outcomes.

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Shelf life of ground beef enriched with omega‐3 and/or conjugated linoleic acid and use of grape seed extract to inhibit lipid oxidation

Food Science & Nutrition ◽

10.1002/fsn3.251 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 67-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Inmaculada Gómez ◽

María J. Beriain ◽

Jose A. Mendizabal ◽

Carolina Realini ◽

Antonio Purroy

Keyword(s):

Linoleic Acid ◽

Lipid Oxidation ◽

Shelf Life ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Ground Beef ◽

Grape Seed Extract ◽

Grape Seed ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Omega 3

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The Fatty Acid Profile in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Diabetes: Why It Could Be Unsuspected

International Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1155/2017/6424186 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

C. Castro-Correia ◽

S. Sousa ◽

S. Norberto ◽

C. Matos ◽

V. F. Domingues ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽

Diabetes Group ◽

Diabetic Children ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Diagnosed Diabetes

Context. Several studies have shown a link between proinflammatory activity and the presence or deficit of some fatty acids. Inflammation is associated with several diseases including diabetes.Objective. To characterize and compare the fatty acids profiles in children with inaugural type 1 diabetes, diabetic children (at least 1 year after diagnosis), and healthy children.Design. Plasma fatty acids profiles in children with inaugural diabetes, children with noninaugural diabetes, and controls, all of whom were prepubescent with a BMI < 85th percentile, were evaluated.Results. Omega-3 fatty acid levels were higher in recently diagnosed subjects with diabetes than in controls. The ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids was higher in the control population. Omega-6 fatty acid levels were higher in the nonrecent diabetic subjects than in the children with recently diagnosed diabetes, and the levels were higher in the nonrecent diabetes group compared to the control group.Conclusion. Our findings showed higher levels of alpha-linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA, as well as mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, in diabetic children. These findings reinforce the importance of precocious nutritional attention and intervention in the treatment of diabetic children.

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OPTIMIZATION OF COCOA BUTTER EQUIVALENT PRODUCTION FROM FORMULATED HARD PALM OIL MID-FRACTION AND CANOLA OIL BLENDS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v78.9243 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 78 (6-12) ◽

Author(s):

Reiza Mutia ◽

Dayang Norulfairuz Abang Zaidel ◽

Ida Idayu Muhamad

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Cocoa Butter ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Canola Oil ◽

Cocoa Butter Equivalent ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Omega 6

The study to find cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) as an alternative to cocoa butter (CB) from available and low cost commercial oils or fats has been increased recently. Current study investigates the blending of hard palm oil mid-fraction (PMF) with canola oil to produce high nutritional CBE using immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. The experiments were designed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimize the percentage of saturated-unsaturated-saturated (StUSt) triacylglycerols (TAGs). The experiment was performed at hard PMF concentration of 50 to 90% (w/w), lipozyme load between 5% and 10% (based on the weight of substrate) with a reaction time between 2 to 14 hours. The best reaction conditions to attain this target was 89.35% (w/w) of hard PMF concentration, 2 hours of reaction time, and 5% (based on the weight of substrate) of lipozyme load, resulting CBE which contains 64.44±1.18% of StUSt. The addition of canola oil improved the nutritional value of CBE which was marked by the higher percentage of linoleic acid (omega-6, 4.53±0.06%) and linolenic acid (omega-3, 0.74±0.14%) in CBE than CB (omega-6, 2.68±0.34%). Enzymatic interesterification was not altering fatty acid content in the CBE, especially linoleic acid (omega-6) and linolenic acid (omega-3) which was characterized by no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the fatty acid profile of initial mixture (before interesterification) and CBE (after interesterification).

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Profile of ingested fatty acids and in the duodenal digest of steers fed different diets

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982010001100025 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 39 (11) ◽

pp. 2502-2511 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Luís Fernando Glasenapp de Menezes ◽

Gilberto Vilmar Kozloski ◽

João Restle ◽

Ivan Luiz Brondani ◽

Raul Dirceu Pazdiora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Latin Square ◽

Tropical Pasture ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Conventional Diet

It was evaluated in this study the effect of the type of the diet on duodenal flow of long-chain fatty acids in steers. The tested diets were the following: conventional (feedlot diet composed of 60% corn silage and 40% of concentrate); winter forage silage - rye grass (Lolium multiflorum, Lam); or tropical forage silage - association of millet (Pennisetum americanum, Leeke + alexander grass, Brachiaria plantaginea). Six Charolais × Nellore crossbred steers with cannulas in duodenum were used in a 3 × 3 double Latin square. Dry material intake was similar among the groups (mean of 4,037 g/day), but the intake of total fatty acids and saturated fatty acids were higher in the group fed tropical pasture silage. On the other hand, the animals which received the conventional diet consumed higher quantity of unsaturated fatty acids. Tropical pasture silage provided higher consumption of vacenic acid (C18:1 t-11) and the winter forage silage offered higher consumption of conjugated linoleic acid. The intake of omega-6 fatty acids was higher in the group fed conventional diet and for omega-3, intake was higher in the group fed tropical pasture diet. The total fatty acid flow in the duodenum was not affected by the diets, but in all treatments it was higher than the consumed one. The animals fed diet with concentrate show the greatest changes on the profile of fatty acids during the ruminal fermentation. Conventional diets provide the highest intake of unsaturated fatty acids and the highest availability of vacenic acid in the small intestine, but they do not increase the supply of intestinal conjugated linoleic acid.

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ω-3 and ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Obesity and Cancer

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12092751 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2751

Author(s):

Stefania D’Angelo ◽

Maria Letizia Motti ◽

Rosaria Meccariello

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Lipid Mediators ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽

Potential Health ◽

Energy Sensing ◽

Obesity And Cancer

Recently, nutraceutical bioactive compounds in foods have been discovered for their potential health benefits regarding the prevention of chronic disorders, such as cancer, and inflammatory, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3PUFAs), including alpha-linolenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid, are mostly attractive. They are available for the customers worldwide from commonly used foods and/or as components of commercial food supplements. The anti-inflammatory and hypotriglyceridemic effects of these fatty acids are well known, whereas pro-inflammatory properties have been recognized in their dietary counterparts, the ω-6PUFAs. Both ω-3 and ω-6PUFAs contribute to the production of lipid mediators such as endocannabinoids that are notably involved in control of food intake, energy sensing, and food–related disorders. In this review, we present ω-3 and ω-6PUFAs and their derivatives, endocannabinoids; discuss the anti-obesity effects of ω-3PUFAs; their roles in inflammation and colorectal cancer development; and how their action can be co-preventative and co-therapeutic.

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