scholarly journals Women Farmers and Agricultural Innovation: Marital Status and Normative Expectations in Rural Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9847
Author(s):  
Lone Badstue ◽  
Patti Petesch ◽  
Cathy Rozel Farnworth ◽  
Lara Roeven ◽  
Mahlet Hailemariam
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Women Farmers ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Effective Use

Sustainable agricultural development depends on female and male smallholders being effective farmers. This includes the ability to access or control resources and make the best decisions possible agro-ecologically, economically, and socially. Traditionally, gendered studies on innovation practice focus on female- versus male-headed households. In this paper, we focus on married women in acknowledged male-headed households and women heading their own households to examine how marital status influences women’s capacity to innovate in their rural livelihoods. Using data from eight community case studies in Ethiopia, we used variable-oriented and contextualized case-oriented analysis to understand factors which promote or constrain women’s innovative capacities. We use Kabeer’s Resources–Agency–Achievements framework to structure our findings. Single women are more likely to own land and experience control over their production decisions and expenditures than married women, but engage in considerable struggle to obtain resources that should be theirs according to the law. Even when land is secured, customary norms often hamper women’s effective use of land and their ability to innovate. Still, some single women do succeed. Married women can innovate successfully provided they are in a collaborative relationship with their husbands. Finally, we find that gender-based violence limits women’s achievements. The article concludes with recommendations.

“If I Don’t Allow Him to Have Sex With Me, Our Relationship Will Be Broken”: Rape, Sexual Coercion, and Sexual Compliance Within Marriage in Rural Cambodia

2021 ◽  
pp. 107780122110211
Author(s):  
Panteá Farvid ◽  
Rany Saing
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Coercion ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Forced Sex ◽  
Critical Realist ◽  
Consensual Sex ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Sexual Compliance ◽  
Heterosexual Marriage

Rape, sexual coercion, and sexual compliance within marriage are major components of gender-based violence globally. This article examines a range of non-consensual sexual experiences within heterosexual marriage in Aoral and Thpong districts in Kampong Speu, Cambodia. Interviews were conducted with 11 married women and thematically analyzed from a critical realist and feminist perspective. Four categories of non-consensual sex were identified and analyzed (rape/forced sex, sexual coercion, sexual compliance, and internalized pressure). These are discussed in detail, alongside the need for educational efforts that disrupt traditional gender norms that create a context conducive to women’s non-consensual sex in Cambodia.

scholarly journals The impact of civil status on womencs wages in Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Madalozzo ◽  
Carolina Flores Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Consensual Union ◽  
Women's Wages ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Consensual union, also known as cohabitation, has become more frequent in recent decades in Brazil and many other countries. In this context, some studies have analyzed the impact of marriage on women's wages. This article analyzes the effects of marital status on Brazilian women's wages by specifically investigating the individual characteristics of these effects using data from the 2000 Brazilian Census Database. This study concludes that wages differ by up to 15 per cent between married and single women and up to 3 per cent between married and cohabiting women.

scholarly journals Age and Sex-Related Associations Between Marital Status, Physical Activity and TV Time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Gustavo Cavazzotto ◽  
Natã Gomes de Lima Stavinski ◽  
Marcos Roberto Queiroga ◽  
Michael Pereira da Silva ◽  
Edilson Serpeloni Cyrino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Married Individuals ◽  
Obesity Hypertension ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to identify the age and sex-related associations between marital status with PA and TV time. We used data from Vigitel, an annual telephone survey started in 2006 in Brazil. We applied a complex sample logistic regression model to estimate the odds for PA and TV time comparing marital statuses according to age and sex subgroups, independent of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, self-assessed poor health, and smoking. Our sample included 561,837 individuals with a TV time > 3 h/day (prevalence = 25.2%) and PA > 150 min/week (prevalence = 35%). Compared to single individuals, married men and women were less likely to watch TV more than 3 h/day in participants > 30 years old. When compared to single, married participants were less likely to do more than 150 min of PA/week at younger age groups. Married women older than 40 years were more likely to do more than 150 min of PA/week than the single ones, while there were no differences among married men by age group. In conclusion, married individuals are less likely to spend more than 3 hours a day watching TV than single individuals. Single men and women were more likely to do more than 150 min of PA/week at younger age groups and married women older than 40 years were more likely to do 150 min of PA/week than single women.

scholarly journals Safeguarding women’s and girls’ wellbeing: Exploring the role of gender-based violence on HIV transmission in Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munyaradzi Mapingure ◽  
Zindoga Mukandavire ◽  
Innocent Chingombe ◽  
Rouzeh Eghtessadi ◽  
Diego F. Cuadros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Mapping Techniques ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Background Gender-based violence (GBV) is a growing epidemic, whose role in HIV transmissions remains minimally addressed by the majority of national HIV response interventions. Methods Statistical and geo-spatial analysis was used to explore the relationship between GBV variables and HIV status using data from Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey, 2015-16. Results Women who were ever humiliated by their husbands or partners were 1.45 times more likely to be HIV positive than those who were never humiliated, p = 0.002. The same was true for women whose husbands or partners ever threatened to harm them or someone they love, OR (95%CI) 1.33 (1.04–1.68), p = 0.022. There was a positive association between HIV status and women who reported that their husband or partner, either pushed, shook, or threw something at them or punched them with his fist or with something that could hurt them or kicked, dragged or beat them, or tried to choke or burn them on purpose or threatened or attacked them with a knife or gun, or any other weapon. Women who experienced forced sexual violence with threats were more likely (odds 1.61, p = 0.019), to be HIV positive than those women who did not experience the same. Using geospatial mapping techniques our study has shown a substantial countrywide epidemic of GBV against women in Zimbabwe requiring urgent attention. Emotional GBV had a similar geographical distribution with HIV in the northern part of the country, where all three types of violence tend to aggregate. Conclusion There is a significant association between forms of GBV (emotional, physical, and sexual) and HIV status. The results suggest the need to strengthen interventions that empower women and girls with skills to withstand violence in order to curb HIV transmission. The engagement of men as proponents of gender equality, bringing other men to account for perpetuating GBV and actively countering violence against women and girls, is critical to the design of such interventions.

Networks for Social Impact

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Shumate ◽  
Katherine R. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Social Issue ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Network Governance ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Original Case ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Network Approaches

Networks for Social Impact is a broad review of how nonprofits, businesses, and governments work together to tackle social problems. The book takes a systems approach to explain how networks make a social impact, and when they are unlikely to do so. It argues that network design and management is not a one-size-fits-all formula. Instead, the type of social issue, the mechanism for social impact, environment, and resources available each determine appropriate choices. Drawing on research from public administration, psychology, business, network science, social work, and communication, it synthesizes what we know about how to best design and manage networks. It includes illustrations from 30 original case studies; they describe groups of organizations addressing issues such as gender-based violence, educational outcomes, senior care, veterans’ services, mental health and wellness, and climate change. Additionally, the volume describes critical issues that leaders address in creating and managing networks, including social issue analysis, network governance, securing and managing funding, dealing with power and conflict, using data effectively, and managing change. Each chapter includes tools for network leaders to use to handle these issues. This book is neither a Pollyannaish, pro-collaboration account of the benefits of network approaches, nor is it a critical view of these efforts. Instead, it highlights the opportunities and challenges of networks.

scholarly journals Childlessness among women of reproductive age in Serbia from a demographic perspective

Stanovnistvo ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 2-2
Author(s):  
Goran Penev ◽  
Biljana Stankovic
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Childless Women ◽  
The Postponement

The social, economic, and cultural changes that have taken place in Europe in the past few decades in the field of fertility have been accompanied by an increase in permanent childlessness. The childlessness level among women born in 1968 is 12% in Serbia, slightly below the European average (14%). The aim of this paper is to explore in more detail the level of childlessness in Serbia and the characteristics of women aged 15-49 without live births. Changes in childlessness over a 60-year period (1961-2020) by five-year age groups were analysed. The basic characteristics of childless women of reproductive age by education, marital status, and age were observed from 1991 to 2011. The paper is based on census and vital statistics data. The authors introduce two new indicators of childlessness: the general childlessness rate (GChR) as the share of women without live births in the total female population aged 15-49, and the age-specific childlessness rate (ASChR) as the percentage of childless women by age. Changes in cumulative fertility rates by age were less influenced by the reproductive behaviour of mothers and much more by an increase in the proportion of childless women. The general childlessness rate until 1991 was relatively stable in Serbia. Since then, it has increased intensely (from 30.1% in 1991 to 41.6% in 2011, and 43.4% in 2020). The increase in childlessness is largely a consequence of the postponement of first births, but also of the increase in permanent childlessness among women aged 45-49. The postponement of first births has occured in all age groups and the ASChR has increased across the board. In Serbia, in 2020, the ASChR reached record values for all five-year age groups (36.5% for women aged 30-34, 21.4% for ages 35-39), as did the level of permanent childlessness (13.8% for ages 45-49). The paper also analyses childlessness by education and marital status. According to census data (1991, 2002, and 2011), the general childlessness rate is lowest among women without any formal education and those who haven?t completed primary school, and highest among women with a primary education. Childlessness rates are particularly high among women in their thirties and forties. The influence of marital status on the level of childlessness was also confirmed. The GChR of single women was at least 10 times higher than the value for ever married women. The GChR ranged from 96% to 89% for single women and invariably slightly above 8% for ever married women. The results of direct standardization showed the greater importance of the changes that occurred between 1991 and 2011 by education and marital status of women aged 15-49 on the childlessness level, as well as their completely opposite effects compared to those caused by the change in the age structure. The large impact of changes in marital structure also indicates the possibility of a certain influence on reducing childlessness in Serbia. As the decreasein marriage is not accompanied by a higher prevalence of stable extramarital unions, it?s possible that the creation of more favourable circumstances for an independent life for young people and for forming a union could contribute to reducing the postponement of childbearing, and thus reducing childlessness during and at the end of the reproductive age. This is especially important considering that family and children are highly valued in Serbia. It should be noted that the high and growing shares of women without children in the 30-34 and 35-39 age groups limit the possibilities of reducing permanent childlessness, particularly in the near future.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study to explore causes of domestic violence among married women

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 5963
Author(s):  
Pushti V. Vachhani ◽  
Nishant R. Bhimani ◽  
Premaram T. Choudhary ◽  
Punit Patel
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Gender Based

Background: Domestic violence, as with all forms of gender-based violence, represents a barrier to development due to its negative impact not only on women, but also on men, children and the wider community. Objective was to find out the causes of domestic violence. To trace the reasons for which abused women continue to stay in abusive relationship. To find out help-seeking behavior of abused women.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out among 600 ever married women of 15-49 years of age.  All the information was gathered based on self-administered questionnaire. Confidentiality was maintained strictly.Results: Out of 600 respondents, 231 respondents were victims of domestic violence. Alcoholism of the husband was found the main cause of domestic violence as reported by a majority of about 29% of the respondents. Regarding reaction of victims to the violence, 168 of the respondents informed that they become silent. Total 159 respondents approached the informal or formal sources to seek help.Conclusions: Alcoholism of the husband was found the main cause of domestic violence against women. Majority of the victims could not resist or fight back. A majority of women were unaware about the relief available to the victims of domestic violence. 

scholarly journals Data Augmentation for Speaker Identification under Stress Conditions to Combat Gender-Based Violence

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Rituerto-González ◽  
Alba Mínguez-Sánchez ◽  
Ascensión Gallardo-Antolín ◽  
Carmen Peláez-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Speaker Recognition ◽  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Speaker Identification ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Augmentation Techniques ◽  
Recognition Systems ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Using Data

A Speaker Identification system for a personalized wearable device to combat gender-based violence is presented in this paper. Speaker recognition systems exhibit a decrease in performance when the user is under emotional or stress conditions, thus the objective of this paper is to measure the effects of stress in speech to ultimately try to mitigate their consequences on a speaker identification task, by using data augmentation techniques specifically tailored for this purpose given the lack of data resources for this condition. An extensive experimentation has been carried out for assessing the effectiveness of the proposed techniques. First, we conclude that the best performance is always obtained when naturally stressed samples are included in the training set, and second, when these are not available, their substitution and augmentation with synthetically generated stress-like samples improves the performance of the system.

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