scholarly journals Effect of SOP “STAR COW” on Enteric Gaseous Emissions and Dairy Cattle Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10250
Author(s):  
Elizabeth G. Ross ◽  
Carlyn B. Peterson ◽  
Angelica V. Carrazco ◽  
Samantha J. Werth ◽  
Yongjing Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Trial Period ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Commercial Feed

Feed additives have received increasing attention as a viable means to reduce enteric emissions from ruminants, which contribute to total anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the commercial feed additive SOP STAR COW (SOP) to reduce enteric emissions from dairy cows and to assess potential impacts on milk production. Twenty cows were blocked by parity and days in milk and randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (n = 10): supplemented with 8 g/day SOP STAR COW, and an unsupplemented control group. Enteric emissions were measured in individual head chambers over a 12-h period, every 14 days for six weeks. SOP-treated cows over time showed a reduction in CH4 of 20.4% from day 14 to day 42 (p = 0.014), while protein % of the milk was increased (+4.9% from day 0 to day 14 (p = 0.036) and +6.5% from day 0 to day 42 (p = 0.002)). However, kg of milk protein remained similar within the SOP-treated cows over the trial period. The control and SOP-treated cows showed similar results for kg of milk fat and kg of milk protein produced per day. No differences in enteric emissions or milk parameters were detected between the control and SOP-treated cows on respective test days.

The efficacy of feeding a live probiotic yeast, Yea-Sacc®, on the performance of lactating dairy cows

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Tristant ◽  
C. A. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Target Dose ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Farm Model ◽  
The Impact

SummaryThe following trial was conducted to evaluate the impact of feeding Yea-Sacc® (YS; Alltech Inc, USA), a zootechnical feed additive based on a live probiotic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to lactating dairy cows over a 12 week period. Sixty-four primiparous and multiparous Holstein dairy cows, grouped to give similar range of parity, physiological and milk production stages, were selected for the study. Cows were equally allocated to either a control feed group or a diet supplemented with YS (32 cows per treatment). The test diet was formulated to include YS (Yea-Sacc® Farm Pak) incorporated in the total mixed ration (TMR), supplying a target dose of 5 × 107 CFU/kg feed dry matter (DM). This target dose delivered 1 × 109 CFU/cow/day, for a cow consuming 20 kg feed (DM basis) daily. Each cow was considered a replicate unit. Cows were fed a nutritionally adequate total TMR plus hay and a supplementary protein/energy concentrate (calculated according to milk yield) for 12 weeks, supplied once a day after the morning milking. Weigh backs of feed were recorded daily, with refusals being maintained at 3% of the total intake. During the 12 week study period, YS had significant beneficial effects on milk production (+0.8 kg/day; P = 0.003), energy corrected milk production (+1.4 kg/day; P < 0.0001), synthesis of milk protein (+36 g/day; P = 0.001), milk protein content (+0.3 g/kg; P = 0.009), and milk urea content (−0.09 mg/l; P = 0.004). The synthesis of milk fat was similar between treatments but milk fat content was lower for the YS group compared to the control group (−1.1 g/kg; P = 0.0002). Lactose content was always higher (+0.8 g/kg; P < 0.0001) for the YS group, indicating enhanced energy utilisation. In general, the effect of YS was higher during the first study period (one to seven weeks), when cows were in early lactation and the production potential was higher. YS cows produced significantly more milk during the study, and an additional 220 kg milk per cow was sold from this group from the output measured from the beginning of the study to two weeks post-trial. However, the statistical analysis including the post-study period did not show a significant effect. The 305-day simulated milk production was higher for the YS group (+400 kg/cow) but again the difference was not significant. In conclusion, YS at a target dose of 5 × 107 CFU/kg DM improved milk production and milk quality in healthy dairy cows. In addition, when the data were included in a whole-farm model, feeding YS reduced methane emissions by 4%, reduced the number of animals required for the desired milk production by 4% and increased overall farm margins by 1.4%.

Benefits of accurately allocating feed on a daily basis to dairy cows grazing pasture

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
K. McKean ◽  
K. S. Nandra ◽  
I. M. Barchia
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Milk Component ◽  
Supplementary Feed

Two experiments were conducted, each over several months, when cows grazed either ryegrass (September–November 2001) or kikuyu (February–March 2002) pastures, to assess the effects of accurately allocating feed on a daily basis to lactating Holstein–Friesian dairy cows. In each case, 28 cows were randomly stratified into 2 equal groups on the basis of milk and milk component yield, liveweight, age and days in lactation. The metabolisable energy requirements of the animals were estimated from standard established requirements. In each experiment, both groups of cows received the same amount of supplement over a period that was equivalent to a pasture regrowth cycle of 12–16 days. The control group received a set amount of supplements each day, while supplements fed to the adjusted group varied, dependent on pasture available. Available pasture was varied from 7 to 21 kg DM/cow.day (above a stubble height of 5 cm), to mimic the variation found on well-managed dairy farms. When pasture available was above the predicted requirement for cows in the adjusted group, pasture availability was restricted to predicted requirements and the extra milk that could be produced from the spared pasture was estimated. However, cows in the control group had the opportunity to eat more pasture if allocated more than required. This could result in more milk being produced, a gain in liveweight, and/or a higher post-grazing pasture residue (and hence potentially improve pasture regrowth). If less pasture than required was allocated to the control group, production could reduce or the cows might graze harder. Thus, in the control group the proportion of forage to supplement remained relatively constant, but intake varied in relation to pasture allocated, while for the adjusted group the total intake was kept relatively constant. In experiment 1 (ryegrass), the milk yield, percentage of milk fat and liveweight change of cows in the control and adjusted groups was not significantly different. However, the cows in the adjusted group produced 0.016 kg/cow.day more milk protein. As the control group ate 0.35 kg DM/cow.day more ryegrass pasture (P = 0.008) it is assumed that accurate daily allocation of feed improved feed efficiency. In experiment 2, the milk yield and percentage of milk protein of cows grazing kikuyu pastures was not significantly different between groups but the percentage of milk fat and covariate-corrected liveweight at the end of the experiment was higher in the control group than in the adjusted group. The pasture spared by cows in the adjusted group was predicted to produce 8.9% more milk when grazing ryegrass pasture and 12.3% when grazing kikuyu pasture. Linear regression analysis of pasture on offer on post-grazing pasture residue was not significant for the cows in the adjusted group but was significant for the control group cows when grazing either pasture, indicating success in accurately allocating supplementary feed to maintain a constant grazing pressure. The results of this study should assist dairy farmers in deciding whether the effort required to allocate feed accurately to dairy cows on a daily basis, is worthwhile.

scholarly journals Effects of subclinical Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection on some physiological parameters, health status and production in dairy cows

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Jurkovich ◽  
Barbara Bognár ◽  
Krisztián Balogh ◽  
Mária Kovács-Weber ◽  
Kinga Fornyos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Service Period ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Significant Difference

Milk yield, milk ingredients, health and other, production-related parameters of subclinically infected, Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP-) shedding (positive faecal PCR, n = 20) and non-shedding (negative faecal PCR, n = 10) dairy cows were compared in the period from 10 days prepartum to 120 days postpartum. Body condition, rumen fill and faeces scores were lower in the MAP-shedding cows. There was no significant difference in plasma or urine metabolic parameters between the groups. Milk yield and lactose content tended to be lower (P = 0.074 and 0.077, respectively), somatic cell count tended to be higher (P = 0.097), while milk fat content was significantly higher (P = 0.006) in MAP-shedding cows than in the controls. Milk protein content did not differ between the groups. All other health and production parameters [number of reproductive tract treatments, number of udder treatments, number of artificial inseminations (AIs), calving interval, and service period] were significantly better in the control group. It is concluded that MAP infection, even in a subclinical form, has a significant impact on some production and health parameters of dairy cows.

scholarly journals Milk yield and metabolic processes in cows during the usage of the biosprint drug in the diet structure

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (79) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Kharko ◽  
B. S. Denkovich ◽  
Y. I. Pivtorak ◽  
A. S. Naumyuk ◽  
R. A. Petryshak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Yeast Cultures ◽  
Milk Cows

In recent years, a significant part of milk has been produced in farms of various organizational forms, mainly using feeds of their own production. At the same time, there are a number of problems, the solution of which affects the yield, quality and value of products, as well as future prospects in this industry. Scientific research has shown that the intensification of such an industry as dairy farming first of all depends on a strong forage base of the farm. In addition, lactating cows do not need generic feed, but a diet balanced in compliance with detailed rules. Their use makes it possible to increase milk yield by 20 and more percent. Therefore, when organizing a comprehensive feeding, it is necessary to take into account the features of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, mineral and vitamin nutrition. However, even a fully balanced ration does not guarantee the desired effectiveness. In this regard, a variety of feed additives of a natural substance, which also include supplements with probiotic action, deserve a special attention in the system of nutrition. One of these is the Biosprint microbial additive, which contains living yeast cultures (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, MUCL strain, 39885) and belongs to the group of biotic additives. This research is based on the need for the optimization of the limited feeding of milk cows through the use of the Biosprint feed additive in addition to a semi-concentrated type of feeding. Based on the conducted test use (90 days), it is necessary to determine the additive’s effect on the rumen digestion processes, milk yield and qualitative indicators of milk and to determine its optimal content in the diet. It was established that feeding the Biosprint additive as part of the diet contributed to the improvement of the intensity of metabolic processes in cows, in particular, in the rumen. The assumed growth of the number of amylo- and cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria was detected, which contributed to their enzyme activity and, in turn, led to an intensive hydrolysis of carbohydrate feeds, as a result of which an assumed growth of VFAs as milk fat precursors occurred. Positive results were obtained in terms of the value of milk yield of cows in study groups in comparison with the control group across average daily milk yield by 1.2–2 kg, which constitutes a growth of 5.5–9.2%.There was a stable tendency towards an increase of fat content in milk by 0.05–0.1% and protein by 0.02–0.03%, which indicates an improvement in milk quality. Summing up, conducted study focused on the evaluation of the productive effect of the Biosprint drug on the milk yield of cows and the qualitative indicators of milk make a case for the expediency of the use of the above in the diet structure when feeding milk cows.

Zootechnical and economic evaluation of the use of energy additives in the rations of highly productive cows

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
I. Mikolaychik ◽  
L. Morozova ◽  
N. Kostomakhin ◽  
E. Bulygina
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Experimental Group

In order to compensate for the lack of energy in the ration of lactating cows, optimize carbohydrate metabolism and maintain health, specialized feed additives are often used, which include components that make up for or stimulate metabolic processes during metabolism, which reduces the accumulation of ketone bodies. The researches have been carried out in CJSC Glinki in the Kurgan region (Russia). The cows of Black-and-White breed were as the object of research. The purpose of the research was to provide practical justifi cation for the use of modern energy additives in the rations of highly productive cows during the period of increasing the milk yield. It has been found in the course of the conducted research that the cows of the 1st experimental group received in addition to the main ration the energy feed additive Enermix plus in the amount of 250 g/head/day milk yield of natural fat content was highest and exceeded by 273,42 kg or 7,59 % (P < 0,05) of the control group’s herdmates. It has been found in terms of milk at 4 % fat content that for 100 days of lactation 3915,03 kg of milk has been received from cows of the 1st experimental group, which was by 332,55 kg or 9,28 % (P < 0,05) more than from analogues of the control group. At the same time, the yield of milk fat in the milk of cows of the 1st experimental group was 157,67 kg, which was more than the same indicator of cows of the control group by 14,88 kg or 10,42 % (P < 0,05). It has been found that additional feeding of highly productive cows of Black-and-White breed of energy feed additive of domestic production Enermix plus in the dose of 250 g/head/day increases the level of their milk productivity and has a positive infl uence on the composition of milk and economic indicators of production.

Influence of the herbal component of a commercial feed additive on serum parameters, fertility and longevity of dairy cows

Planta Medica ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Walkenhorst ◽  
S Ivemeyer ◽  
J Spranger ◽  
G Arndt ◽  
R Schaette
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Serum Parameters ◽  
Commercial Feed

The effectiveness of use RUSMA additive in the rations of lactating cows

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
S. Sukhanova ◽  
N. Pozdnyakova ◽  
F. Yaroslavtsev
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Control Group ◽  
New Mineral ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Experimental Group

The results of researches on the development of new mineral feed additives based on raw materials produced by Uralchem and the study of the eff ectiveness of their use in the rations of lactating cows have been presented in the article. The experiment has been carried out in the conditions of LLC “PF Barabinskoe” in the Dalmatovsky area in the Kurgan region where 3 groups of lactating cows of Black-and-White breed have been formed. Animals in the control group have been received the ration adopted in the farm, the 1st experimental group with the additive RusMA No. 1 at a dose of 150 g, the 2nd experimental group– with the additive RusMA No. 2 at the dose of 350 g. The use of experimental mineral additives in feeding lactating cows allowed us to increase their milk productivity and profi tability of production. At the same time, the best eff ectiveness was shown by the additive RusMA No. 2 at the dose of 350 g/head/day. The use of RusMA additives during the experiment period (105 days) allowed to increase the milk productivity of cows in the 1st experimental group by 6,03 % and in the 2nd experimental group by 8,24 %. Taking into account the fat content in milk, this diff erence was 6,31 and 8,53 %, respectively. The energy value of milk from cows of the experimental groups was higher compared to the control group by 2,45 and 1,76 %, respectively. According to the content of dry matter in milk, cows of the 2nd experimental group exceeded the control and 1st experimental group by 0,39 and 0,12 abs.%, respectively. The maximum milk fat content has been observed in the milk of cows of the 1st experimental group by 0,03 and 0,01 abs.% more than in the control and 2nd experimental groups, respectively. In terms of protein content, the cows of the 2nd experimental group signifi cantly exceeded the control group by 0,10 abs.% and the 1st experimental by 0,04 abs.%. The content of milk sugar in the 2nd experimental group was higher than in the control by 0,30 abs.% and compared to the 1st experimental by 0,11 %. Signifi cantly more calcium and phosphorus were contained in the milk of cows of the 2nd experimental group by 4,58 % (Р ≤ 0,001) and 2,86 % (Р ≤ 0,05), compared with the control group. The expenditures of feed in the EFU for the production of 1 kg of milk in animals of the 2nd experimental group was less by 5,13 % than in control cows and by 2,63 % compared to the 1st experimental group. The prime cost of 1 centner of milk was lower in the 2nd experimental group by 3,94 %, in the 1st experimental group by 2,65 % compared to the control group. The level of profi tability of milk production in the 2nd experimental group was higher by 9,0 and 1,0 abs.% in comparison with the control and 1st experimental groups, respectively.

ВЛИЯНИЕ КОМПЛЕКСНОЙ МИНЕРАЛЬНО-ВИТАМИННОЙ КОРМОВОЙ ДОБАВКИ НА ГЕМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ КРОВИ ТЕЛЯТ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. SABITOV ◽  
A.R. FARKHUTDINOVA ◽  
M.G. MALIKOVA ◽  
N.G. FENCHENKO ◽  
N.I. KHAIRULLINA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Young Stock ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus

Изучена целесообразность использования в рационах телят черно-пестрой породы комплексной минерально-витаминной кормовой добавки (КМВКД). Установлено пониженное содержание в кормах таких элементов, как кальций, фосфор, магний, сера, марганец, медь, цинк и кобальт. Соотношение питательных и минеральных веществ, степень их доступности для усвоения организмом не обеспечивают их потребность. Использование КМВКД способствовало улучшению всех гематологических показателей. Все испытываемые рецепты, имеющие в своем составе разные варианты макро-, микроэлементов и витаминов положительно влияют на обменные про- цессы в организме животных. У молодняка опытной группы, получавшей подкормку по рецепту 1, количество эритроцитов в сравнении с животными контрольной группы увеличилось на 6,6, гемоглобина на 6,93 соответственно, по рецепту 2 11,05 и 11,39 по рецепту 3 16,75 и 15,27, то есть соотношение макро- и микроэлементов, имеющихся в составе КМВКД и взаимодействие между собой меди, железа и кобальта сыграли особую роль на концентрацию форменных элементов. У молодняка, получавшего подкормку по рецепту 1 количество общего белка в сравнении с животными контрольной группы увеличилось на 1,99, кальция на 16,02, каротина на 10,92 соответственно, по рецепту 2 4,91, 25,96 и 19,12 по рецепту 3 на 3,58, 27,07 и 20,21. Значительное повышение содержания белка, кальция, фосфора и каротина по сравнению с животными контрольной группы объясняется тем, что недостаток их в рационах восполнялся за счет используемой подкормки, в результате их содержание увеличилось в сыворотке, но не выходило за пределы нормативных данных и соответствовало физиологическим нормам.Practicability of using a complex mineral and vitamin feed additive (CMVFA) in the ration of black-and-white calf breed was studied. Decreased content of such elements as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, manganese, copper, zinc, and cobalt was registered. The correlation of nutritive and mineral substances, and the level of their availability for digestion did not provide for their need. CMVFA use facilitated the increase of all hematologic parameters. Tested recipes which had different content of sapropel and zeolite, as well as various types of macronutrients, microelements, and vitamins, positively influenced the digestive processes in animal bodies. Young stock from the test group that was receiving food additives according to recipe No. 1 showed 6.6 increase in the quantity of red blood cells compared to control group animals, and 6.93 increase in hemoglobin quantity the ones who were fed according to recipe No. 2 demonstrated the increase by 11.05 and 11.39 recipe No. 3 showed 16.75 and 15.27 increase, which means that the ratio of macronutrients and microelements present in CMVFA and the mutual interaction of copper, iron, and cobalt played a special role in the concentration of formed elements due to the fact that they are integral elements of blood. Total protein of young stock that was receiving food additives according to recipe No. 1 was 1.99 higher than in test group animals calcium 16.02 higher carotene 10.92 as for recipe No. 2 the values were increased by 4.91, 25.96, and 19.12 recipe No. 3 3.58, 27.07, and 20.21. Substantial increase in the content of protein, calcium, phosphorus, and carotene compared to control group animals can be explained by the fact that their insufficiency in animal feed was replenished due to the use of feed additives, and as a result their content increased in the serum but did not go beyond the norm and corresponded to physiological norms.

Replacing wheat with canola meal and maize grain in the diet of lactating dairy cows: Feed intake, milk production and cow condition responses

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruairi P McDonnell ◽  
Martin vH Staines
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
The Difference

This research paper describes the effect of partially replacing wheat with maize grain and canola meal on milk production and body condition changes in early lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows consuming a grass silage-based diet over an 83-d period. Two groups of 39 cows were stratified for age, parity, historical milk yield and days in milk (DIM), and offered one of two treatment diets. The first treatment (CON) reflected a typical diet used by Western Australian dairy producers in summer and comprised (kg DM/cow per d); 8 kg of annual ryegrass silage, 6 kg of crushed wheat (provided once daily in a mixed ration), 3·6 kg of crushed lupins (provided in the milking parlour in two daily portions) and ad libitum lucerne haylage. The second treatment diet (COMP) was identical except the 6 kg of crushed wheat was replaced by 6 kg of a more complex concentrate mix (27% crushed wheat, 34% maize grain and 37% canola meal). Lucerne haylage was provided independently in the paddock to all cows, and no pasture was available throughout the experiment. The COMP group had a greater mean overall daily intake (22·5vs20·4 kg DM/cow) and a higher energy corrected milk (ECM) yield (29·2vs27·1 kg/cow;P= 0·047) than the CON cows. The difference in overall intake was caused by a higher daily intake of lucerne haylage in COMP cows (4·5vs2·3 kg DM/cow). The CON group had a higher concentration of milk fat (42·1vs39·3 g/kg;P= 0·029) than COMP cows. Milk protein yield was greater in COMP cows (P< 0·021); however, milk fat yield was unaffected by treatment. It is concluded that partially replacing wheat with canola meal and maize grain in a grass silage-based diet increases voluntary DMI of conserved forage and consequently yields of ECM and milk protein.

The effects on milk yield and composition of incorporating lactose into the diet of dairy cows given protected fat

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Garnsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fat Supplementation ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Group A

AbstractTwenty-eight Holstein/Friesian dairy cows were divided into four groups of seven. From weeks 4 to 15 of lactation they were given a basal diet consisting of 8 kg hay, 2 kg sugar-beet feed and 2 kg grass nuts, together with a concentrate allowance of 8 kg/day. Concentrates for group A were based on cereals and soya (control). Concentrate B contained 60 g protected fat supplement per kg; concentrate C contained 100 g lactose per kg; concentrate D contained 60 g fat supplement and 100 g lactose per kg. Milk yields were 24·6, 27·7, 25·6 and 26·5 kg/day and milk protein concentrations were 32·3, 30·7, 32·7 and 31·9 g/kg for groups A, B, C and D respectively. The effect of fat supplementation on milk yield and protein concentration was significant (P < 0·05) but the effect of lactose was not significant. Milk fat concentration was not significantly affected by treatment. It is concluded that lactose can partially alleviate the depression in milk protein concentration often observed when cows are given protected fat.

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