scholarly journals Stability of Treatment from Earth-Based Mortar in Conservation of Stone Structures in Tanais, Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2220
Author(s):  
Ewa Sobczyńska ◽  
Wojciech Terlikowski ◽  
Martyna Gregoriou-Szczepaniak
Keyword(s):  
Surface Profile ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Repair Mortar ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Stone Structures

Identification of materials, masonry elements, their shapes, physical and mechanical parameters and type of connection is crucial for the conservation works related to ancient masonry structures. In the case of the archaeological site where the research was carried out (Tanais in Russia), some irregular masonries made of limestone and earth-based mortar were stated. Such type of structures is a common finding during the archaeological excavations in the Black Sea basin carried out by the Division of Fundamental of Building of the Civil Engineering Faculty of the Warsaw University of Technology in cooperation with the Institute of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw and the Antiquity in Southeastern Europe Research Center. The structure of such walls is degraded to a large extent, has low strength, internal cohesion and, as a result—low durability. At the same time, due to their historical importance, proper conservation, as well as the development of the whole methodology for selecting the best composition of earth-based mortar, is of great importance. Presented in the article, research on earth-based mortars were carried out to determine the best way to strengthen them, using cement (creating an earth-based mortar stabilized with cement with the most appropriate recipe) and other substances available in the region where conservation works are carried out not only to improve the durability physical and mechanical parameters but also to achieve the desired esthetic effect in the form of a suitable tone together with the compatibility of repair mortar with the substrate and constitutes the primary stage of creating the whole methodology of selecting a proper composition of earth-based mortar for the conservation of ancient stone structures. In this stage, four criteria were taken into consideration: mechanical (compressive strength test), conservation (compatibility, reversibility, color, texture and surface profile), durability (freeze–thaw test, the appropriate finish of the surface, shrinkage, workability) and technological one (application of materials, technology and techniques available at the conservation area). Applied treatment was evaluated in the next two years of the conservation works. Parameters of repair earth-based mortar stabilized with cement fulfilled all of the above-mentioned requirements.

scholarly journals Approach to conservation of irregular stone masonry based on archaeological excavations in the Black Sea basin

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 00117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Terlikowski ◽  
Kacper Wasilewski ◽  
Ewa Sobczyńska ◽  
Martyna Gregoriou-Szczepaniak
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Stone Masonry ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

The article presents and describes the methodology of conservation of masonry structures that are architectural monuments discovered as part of the work carried out during archaeological excavations. The authors' experiences presented in the article result from many years of cooperation between the Faculty of Civil Engineering at Warsaw University of Technology, the National Museum in Warsaw and the Antiquity of Southeastern Europe Research Center at the University of Warsaw. Examples of preserved masonry structures come from excavations located in the Black Sea area - from the archaeological site in Tyritake in Kerch on the Crimean Peninsula and Tanais near Rostov-on-Don in Russia. Works on masonry structures located in the area of archaeological excavations are characterized by a unique specificity covering both formal issues, resulting from international standards and agreements regulating the conservation of historic buildings, as well as technical and environmental issues. The basic technical issues include ensuring the safety of further excavation works, protection of masonry structures against the destructive effects of atmospheric conditions and preparing the structure for possible exhibition in archaeological parks organized on the site of excavations. Environmental issues relate to local, social and economic conditions. The article presents the procedures that should be used in the conservation of these types of structures and presents the specific technological and material solutions used in the presented objects.

scholarly journals Conservation of irregular stone masonry in Tanais in Russia

2018 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 02041
Author(s):  
Wojciech Terlikowski ◽  
Marcin Matera ◽  
Kacper Wasilewski ◽  
Martyna Gregoriou-Szczepaniak ◽  
Ewa Sobczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Condition ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Stone Masonry ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Unique Specificity ◽  
The University

The article presents and describes the conservation of masonry structures at archaeological site in Tanais near Rostov-on-Don in Russia. The authors' experiences presented in the article result from many years of cooperation between the Faculty of Civil Engineering at the Warsaw University of Technology and the Centre for Research on the Antiquity of Southeastern Europe at the University of Warsaw. Works on masonry structures located in the area of archaeological excavations are characterized by a unique specificity covering both formal issues, resulting from international standards and agreements regulating the conservation of historic buildings, as well as technical and environmental issues. The basic technical issues include ensuring the safety of further excavation works, protection of masonry structures against the destructive effects of atmospheric condition and preparing the structure for possible presentation in archaeological parks organized on the site of trenches. Environmental issues relate to local, social and economic conditions. The article presents the procedures that should be used in the maintenance of antique irregular masonry and presents the specific technological and material solutions used in the example objects.

Architects of the Engaruka Techno-Cultural Complex: Testing the Sonjo Connection

Utafiti ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-297
Author(s):  
Penina E. Kadalida
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Cultural Complex ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time ◽  
Stone Structures

Abstract Engaruka is an archaeological site that became known to the world of scientific researchers for the first time in 1883. Since then the site has been the subject of many research undertakings varying in purpose and intensity. Most of the published literature about Engaruka has focused on its economy, technology, population, probable reasons for its success and demise, as well as speculations about its first settlers. Several different ethnic groups have been proposed as Engaruka’s architects: the Iraqw, Tatoga, Maasai, and the Sonjo. Despite the impressive scope of collected evidence, the original occupants of Engaruka have yet to be determined conclusively. The analysis of available evidence assembled here supports the hypothesis that the Sonjo people were the creators of Engaruka, by virtue of these indicators: (i) terrace patterns, (ii) pottery technologies, (iii) stone structures, (iv) fire places, and (v) contemporary ethnography.

Lamps from a Sanctuary of Eleusinian Goddesses – “Beregovoï-4”

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-216
Author(s):  
Alexeï Zavoïkin ◽  
Denis Zhuravlev
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Site ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Kerch Strait ◽  
Terracotta Figurines ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Mud Bricks ◽  
Sanctuary Of Demeter ◽  
Demeter And Persephone

AbstractThe sanctuary known as Beregovoï-4 is situated on the Taman Peninsula (Kerch Strait between the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea), 5 km north-west of the ancientpolisof Patraios.The large amount of terracotta figurines and other sacral objects, in conjunction with the absence of any groups of buildings, testifies clearly to the fact that this archaeological site was a sanctuary. The contexts of the finds are extremely significant – there are simple altars –escharae– made from stones and mud bricks, burnt places, sometimes covered with sea grass and containing numerous pits filled with charcoal and ash, situated in the north-west corner of the site.All the lamps originated from the upper level, which can be dated to a period from the 4thto the first quarter of the 1stcentury BC. There is a complete absence of lamps in the earliest levels of this sanctuary (late-6thto the first half of the 5thcentury BC).Most lamps have several tiers (ranging from 2 to 6/7) and several nozzles. They were never used for lighting (the nozzles very often do not even have holes connecting them to the oil reservoir). Small pieces predominate among the several hundred fragments of these lamps found at the sanctuary. Their state of preservation makes it clear that they must have been broken deliberately during rituals (most probably at the end of the latter). Almost complete lamps (broken into large pieces) were found in the upper level, in the turf.Highly significant for our purposes is the fact that multi-nozzle lamps of a similar shape have been recorded at the sanctuary on Mount Maïskaya situated not far from Phanagoria – the largestpolisof the Asiatic Bosporus. A remarkable parallel for our lamps originated from the sanctuary of Demeter at Selinunt in Sicily, where many types of multi-nozzle lamps were found. Dozens of other parallels originated from the territory of Sicily, Italy and Greece, where broken multi-nozzle lamps, often without any traces of burning, have been found at sanctuaries of Demeter and Persephone.

scholarly journals Shedding Light on the Dark Ages: Sketching Potential Trade Relationships in Early Medieval Romania through Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Sheep Remains

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Arina Acatrinei ◽  
Ioana Rusu ◽  
Cristina Mircea ◽  
Cezara Zagrean-Tuza ◽  
Emese Gál ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Near East ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Mitochondrial Control Region ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
Early Middle Ages

Southeast Europe has played an important role in shaping the genetic diversity of sheep due to its proximity to the Danubian route of transport from the Near East into Europe, as well as its possible role as a post-domestication migration network and long tradition of sheep breeding. The history of Romania and, in particular, the historical province of Dobruja, located on the shore of the Black Sea, has been influenced by its geographical position at the intersection between the great powers of the Near East and mainland Europe, with the Middle Ages being an especially animated time in terms of trade, migration, and conflict. In this study, we analyzed the mitochondrial control region of five sheep originating from the Capidava archaeological site (Dobruja, Southeast Romania), radiocarbon dated to the Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century AD), in order to better understand the genetic diversity of local sheep populations and human practices in relation to this particular livestock species. The analyses illustrate high haplotype diversity in local medieval sheep, as well as possible genetic continuity in the region. A higher tendency for North to South interaction, rather than East to West, is apparent, together with a lack of interaction along the Asian route. Continuous interaction between the First Bulgarian Empire, which occupied Dobruja starting with the 7th century AD, and the Byzantine Empire is indicated. These results might suggest expanding trade in Southeast Romania in the Early Middle Ages.

scholarly journals Numerical Verification of the Wooden Structure of Fortified Settlement from the Early Iron Age in Biskupin

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-245
Author(s):  
Wojciech Terlikowski ◽  
Martyna Gregoriou-Szczepaniak ◽  
Ewa Sobczyńska ◽  
Kacper Wasilewski
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Interdisciplinary Team ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Structural Systems ◽  
Numerical Verification ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
The Individual

AbstractBiskupin is one of the most recognizable archaeological site in Pola1nd and Central Europe. The origins of the excavations dates back to year 1934 and had lasted almost continuously until 1974. In the framework of the grant from the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage interdisciplinary team of scientists from Archaeological Museum in Biskupin and Warsaw University of Technology performed multi-dimensional analysis of the settlement. Based on the integrated vector documentation, resulting from the photographic documentation, numerical models of structural systems of main types of buildings and defensive rampart were prepared. The aim of the analysis was a verification of the earlier findings of archaeological and architectural researches. The analysis allowed to verify both the arrangement of individual parts of structure of buildings, their work and the interconnection, as well as the possible dimensions of the individual components.

scholarly journals Achievement of required surface roughnesses in complex profile channels by dynamic combined processing

2018 ◽  
Vol 226 ◽  
pp. 01021
Author(s):  
Alexander I. Boldyrev ◽  
Gennady A. Sukhochev ◽  
Alexander A. Boldyrev ◽  
Denis V. Silaev ◽  
Vasily N. Sokolnikov
Keyword(s):  
Anodic Dissolution ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Surface Profile ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Complex Profile

At present for processing of complex geometrical channels of workpieces electrochemical dimensional processing, vibro-impact machining and vibro-extruding are widely used. However combined electrochemical mechanical processing, that unites anodic dissolution and plastic flow of material in space and time, provides the required characteristics of surface layer. Local action anodic dissolution changes cold work amount and accelerates dissolution of micro- and macro-cusps, this causes annealing of physical and mechanical parameters in processed segments and accross the whole surface profile the required strengthening degree is attained. The authors examine annealing model for microsurface by grain displacement in channel where extrusion forcing is dictated by grains size and profile of narrow blade channel and also by actual processing conditions. Operating conditions that are recommended for implementation of combined electrochemical mechanical processing of impeller and turbine type workpieces are found by experiments. In consequence of field research they determined availability of standard microgeometry across the whole surface profile by combined processing with vibrations hashing with up to 2030 Hz frequency and low voltage current (in operation range from 1,2 till 1,8 V). Therein technological cycle decreases up to two fold, this reduces inadmissible jumping of blade edges and dimensional allowance.

scholarly journals LANSKAP SPIRITUAL SITUS LIYANGAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-120
Author(s):  
Daud Aris Tanudirjo ◽  
Jarwo Susetyo Edy Yuwono ◽  
Ari Mukti Wardoyo Adi
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
Interesting Aspect ◽  
Central Java ◽  
The People ◽  
Wooden Structures ◽  
The Village ◽  
Thick Layers ◽  
Stone Structures ◽  
Archaeological Approach

Liyangan archaeological site in the village of Purbasari, Residency Temanggung, Central Java, is an Old Mataram settlement predictably existed from around 8th to 10th century CE. In this site, which was buried by thick layers of pyroclastic materials of Gunung Sindoro eruption, various artefacts as well as stone structures are found including pavement, altars, retaining walls, water-temple, and remains of wooden structures. One of the most interesting aspect of this site is the orientation of the stone structures. Although the whole settlement was arranged to follow the sloping contour of the Mount Sindoro, most of the stone structures were oriented to southeast, which was not common for stone shrines built at the same period. This paper attempts to explain the reason for such an exceptional orientation using landscape archaeological approach. Our research demonstrates that the ten Liyangan stone structures were oriented to either Mount Merapi, Baka Hill, or the Prambanan temple. The orientation of the stone structures is believed as a reflection of the spatial map and the cosmology of the community lived in Liyangan centuries ago. It is suggested here that such an orientation represents the so-called “spiritual landscape”of the people.

scholarly journals NETWORK THROUGH CENTURIES: FROM THE BYZANTINE ERA TO PRESENT DAYS

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W11 ◽  
pp. 519-524
Author(s):  
E. Fioretto
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Danube River ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
General View ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Specific Location ◽  
Byzantine Era ◽  
The Military

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Over the centuries, the Roman Empire enlarge and restrict its borders, as a consequence of many factors, like different emperor’s policies, wars and conquests.</p><p>In a general view, we can identify them and we can consider the <i>Danubian Limes</i> as one of the most important one.</p><p>This <i>Limes</i> was mostly characterized by the fact that it was corresponded with the path of the Danube river, from Germany till the Black Sea.</p><p>Those lands, through centuries, were always threaten by the risk of barbarians’ incursions and this is the reason why the <i>Danubian Limes</i> had always been considered as a fragile border.</p><p>During the sixth century, in the midst Byzantine Era, Justinian the I was the first emperor able to consider the problem of the military protection not even “site by site”. He felt the need of an (absolutely modern) idea of considering the <i>limes</i> as a network of sites, who need each other to guarantee a strong and efficient result.</p><p>Speaking about the architectonical choices, the system of military camps and fortress starts to change its identity, becoming cities with specific relations.</p><p>Focusing on the case study of Serbia, the aim of the work is to map the specific location of each archaeological site, trying to use this network as an index of places. The research would like to highlight the important value of those sites as Cultural Heritage, considering the necessity of their preservation and valorization as historical evidence in a new European and common scenario.</p>

scholarly journals Bacteria-based self-healing concrete: evaluation of full scale demonstrator projects

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 138-144
Author(s):  
Renée Mors ◽  
Henk M. Jonkers
Keyword(s):  
Crack Width ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Crack Healing ◽  
Repair Mortar ◽  
Crack Sealing ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Healing Agent ◽  
Negative Side Effects

Bacteria-based self-healing concrete is an innovative concrete that contains a self-healing agent that provides the material with enhanced autonomous crack-sealing performance. A specific type of this concrete, based on a healing agent composed of bacterial spores and lactate as carbon source, has been developed and applied by the Delft University of Technology for over ten years. Under laboratory conditions it was proven that, depending on the dosage of healing agent, self-healing of cracks up to 0.8 mm widths occurs. As such the material potentially allows reduction of steel reinforcement used for crack width limitation in watertight constructions. Application of  self-healing concrete would therefore not only result in a reduction of costs but also in improvement of environmental performance (lower CO2 footprint) and ease of in situ casting due to reduction of use of steel in waterproof applications. However, according to the EN 1990 Eurocode (Basis of structural design), customary application of a novel type of concrete must be preceded by full scale demonstrators proving evidence for safe and functional performance. In this contribution we portray full scale application of bacteria-based self-healing agent as developed by the Delft research group in two repair mortar- and in two concrete construction demonstrator projects. These demonstrator projects show that addition of the bacteria-based self-healing agent to the concrete mix is safe as no negative side effects on construction performance was observed. However, it also proved difficult to find evidence for increased crack-healing performance as cracking in the demonstrator constructions hardly occurred. In further full scale demonstrators we therefore plan to drastically reduce amount of crack width-restraining reinforcement to show crack-healing capacity and potential to save on use of reinforcement steel in watertight concrete constructions.

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