scholarly journals The Sustainability of EU Labor Immigration in Terms of Poverty Inequalities and Employment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2265
Author(s):  
Eva Ivanová ◽  
Eva Grmanová

The basic feature of developed economies is a high economic growth rate, which creates the preconditions for a high living standard of population based on high incomes from economic activities. Development processes in advanced economies also include changes in demographic development, resulting in population structure changes, as well as labor force structure changes caused by birth rates reduction and life expectancy increase and an aging process. Due to the high standard of living in European developed countries, they are becoming attractive to less developed countries, having a surplus of labor that migrates to work with a vision of increasing living standards and quality of life. The workforce does not always find full employment here in terms of qualifications, leading to social inequalities between the domestic population and immigrants for whom the social situation poses a risk of poverty. The goal of the article is to determine the specifics of inequalities between the domestic and immigrant population in terms of social status in individual EU countries. Immigrants coming out of the EU are significantly at higher risk of poverty. In most EU countries, the employment rate in the group “nationals” is lower than in the group “foreign” from the EU.

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-514
Author(s):  
Ivan Vuković

In this paper we researched European Union starting with the Agreement from Maastrich from year 1992, even though the European Union has a long traditional history and its origin is founded on regulations of economical integrations in Europe beginning from the 1950’s through the Roman treaty from year 1957 and the forming of the European Union Committee in year 1965. Further we follow her expansion and introduction of the European economic and monetary policy, to last, the joining perspective of Croatia. According to the Agreement from Maastrich, European Union lies on three posts: 1) Legal-political and regulative post, 2) Economical post, where the forming of European economical and monetary policy is in the first plan, especially the introducing of Euro as the unique European currency, 3) Post of Mutual foreign security policy within European Union. In that context we need to highlight the research conducted here and in European Union, including the world, regarding development of European Union and its economical, legal, political and cultural, as well as foreign diplomatic results, which are all perspectives of European Union. All the scientists and researches which were involved in exploring the development of EU with its modern tendencies and development perspective, agree that extraordinary results are achieved regards to economical, legal, political, foreign-security and diplomatic views, even tough many repercussions exist in progress of some particular members and within the EU as a whole. The biggest controversy arises in the perspective and expanding of European Union regarding ratification of the Constitution of EU from particular country members, but especially after the referendum was refused from two European countries, France and Netherlands. According to some estimates, the Constitution of EU would have difficulty to be adopted in Switzerland and some other Scandinavian countries, but also in Great Britain and other very developed countries. However the European Community and European Union were developing and expanding towards third European countries, regardless of Constitutional non-existence, where we can assume that if and when the Constitution of EU will be ratified, the EU will further develop as one of the most modern communities. This will enable economical development, especially development of European business, unique European market and free trade of goods and services, market of financial capital and labour market in free movement of labour. Being that EU has become one of the most largest dominating markets in the world, it offers a possibility to all new members to divide labour by using modern knowledge and high technology which insure economical, social and political prosperity. This results to forming a society of European countries which will guarantee all rights and freedom of development for all nations and ethnic groups. As well as, all European countries with somewhat less sovereignty, but in international relations will be stronger and significant, not only in sense of economics, but also in politics and military diplomatic relations. Therefore, Croatia has no choice and perspective if she does not join the European Union till year 2010, but until than it needs to create its strategy of economical and scientific-technological development, including demographic development, which will insure equal progress of Croatia as an equal member of European Union.


2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Czarny ◽  
Małgorzata Żmuda

Competitiveness of a nation is associated with a set of characteristics that enable structural adjustment to global technological trends, and as a consequence, a rise in the living standard of its citizens. For catching-up economies, GDP convergence towards the most developed economies, constituting their developmental goal, relies upon its ability to shift production and exports structure towards specialization based on knowledge and innovation. Thus, in this paper, competitiveness is evaluated through structural adjustments of exports, and for catching-up economies (the EU–10 states) it may be understood as the ability to close the structural gap to the most developed countries (here: the strongest EU member economy: Germany). We analyse the evolution of the EU–10 nations’ exports specialization in the years 2000 and 2014, checking whether the convergence towards the German exports pattern can be observed, and which of the analysed economies shows the best ability to shift its exports structure towards high-tech specialization. We look additionally at exports structures in 2004 (the year of EU-accession of eight out of 10 countries in the sample) and in 2009 (world trade collapse during the economic crisis). The analysis is based on the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) concept by Balassa (1965). We use the UN Trade Statistics data in the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), Rev. 4. Commodity groups are classified following the methodology developed by Wysokińska (1997, p. 18).


Author(s):  
Valentina Diana Rusu ◽  
Angela Roman

Purpose – the purpose of this paper is to identify how entrepreneurs from European Union (EU) use informational and communicational technologies in their business activities. We also try to identify the benefits and the challenges arisen for the European entrepreneurs in using information technologies. Research methodology – we analyze a sample of EU countries, by including them into two groups, according to the stage of their economic development. As methods, we use the logical-constructive method and also comparative methods. We also use the benchmarking method in order to estimate country indicators in the sample and compare them. Findings – the results of our study emphasize that e-entrepreneurship in developed countries is more advanced compared to developing countries. There are also significant differences regarding the use of informational technologies between types of firms by their size. Research limitations – are given by the availability of data. Practical implications – we emphasize that in order to support the development of E-entrepreneurship in the EU, government policies should pay more attention to the development of information technology infrastructure. Originality/Value – comes from grouping the EU countries into two groups, according to their stage of economic development. And, comparing the two groups as regards the use of informational and communication technologies. Keywords: information technology, e-entrepreneurship, e-business, innovation, EU countries


Author(s):  
Viktor Kozlovskij

Economic development and socioeconomic cohesion have always been an object of scientific research. In particular, this issue had become a focus of attention after EU enlargement in 2004 and Great Recession in 2007–2009. The above changes have given way to a certain slowdown in economic growth in most EU countries along with triggering a range of divergence processes between EU countries and regions. As a response to situation, the EU offered a Europe 2020 strategy, in which smart growth was mentioned as one of critical instruments to deal with increasing menaces. The objective of the study is to evaluate the progress of the main smart growth indicators (investment in research and development (R&D), employment rate and share of population obtaining tertiary education) in the EU over the period 2001–2017 within the framework of the economic cohesion concept. The paper seeks to explore the EU from different perspectives. First, the EU new member states (EU-10) and the old ones (EU-14) were compared. Second, the EU countries were divided by economic development level (calculated by GDP per capita in PPP): highly developed (H-7), medium developed (M-7) and less developed (L-7) countries. Finally, aggregate cohesion indices of all three smart growth indicators were calculated for the entire EU (EU-28). The research findings have revealed some interesting trends. First, each smart growth indicator’s progress depends on countries’ economic development level. Aggregate values for more developed countries (EU-14, H-7 and G-3) are always higher than the EU average (EU-28) and aggregate values for less developed economies are basically lower. Second, cohesion progress of smart growth indicators was influenced by economic recession in 2007–2009. It is argued that cohesion is evident in times of economic growth, but its progress ceases or divergence might occur in case of economic hazards. However, despite the expanding cohesion between the new and the old member states, a gap between certain groups of countries is even growing. This is clearly evident when the EU member states are divided into groups subject to the level of their economic development.


Author(s):  
Müslüme Narin ◽  
Alpay Öznazik

Sun comes into prominence as both a strong and clean energy source. Because of its being inexhaustible and creating an effect reducing import dependency, a noticeable progress has been made in solar-oriented technologies in recent years. In this regard, Germany as the pioneer in world, China whose installed solar capacity has overtaken Germany, and the USA and Japan which caught up Germany became benefited from solar energy significantly nowadays. Besides, the EU countries like Italy, England, France, Spain and Belgium are also raising their installed solar capacities. Turkey has relatively high solar potential compared to the EU countries. However, it is not benefiting from solar energy sufficiently. Because its setup costs are still higher than other sources, solar production requires to be carried out R&D activities intensively. For these R&D activities there is a need for big budgets. Developed countries mentioned above could have been successful in allocating these budgets. Turkey as a developing country has difficulties in this respect. The purpose of this paper is to reveal required policies and works to raise installed solar capacity and benefit more from solar energy in Turkey. In this context, primarily, policies imposed in leader countries in world with regards to benefit from solar energy will be examined. Thereafter, imposed policies and developments in Turkey until today in this respect will be mentioned. Consequently, suggestions will be made for Turkey in light of experiences of the countries that could have succeeded to benefit from solar energy by higher rates in primary sources.


2021 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 01065
Author(s):  
Mariia I. Ermilova

The article evaluates the impact of a certain list of factors on the main indicators of the development of the housing market, including its financing. Within the framework of the study, a system of statistical indicators was formed, which were divided into two blocks and their influence on each other and on the market was determined. It is essential to determine the mutual combination of housing provision and the level of GDP. According to the results of the study, a rating of the EU countries and Russia was formed in terms of housing affordability.


Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Karolina Pawlak ◽  
Luboš Smutka ◽  
Pavel Kotyza

Although the EU and the USA are the largest players in the global agricultural market, there are only a few up-to-date comparative studies concerning their agricultural potential and performance. No comprehensive study covering all individual EU member states in relation to the USA has been provided so far. Considering that in the light of the lasting impasse in the negotiations on both international and transatlantic trade liberalization, differences in the production structures seem to be a decisive factor affecting competitiveness of the EU and the US agriculture, the paper attempts to identify the gap in the agricultural potential between individual EU countries and the USA and determine which EU countries are able to face the competitive pressure exerted by the US agricultural producers. Ward’s agglomerative hierarchical clustering method with the Euclidean distance was used to separate the most and the least competitive countries depending on their agricultural potential. Based on the conducted analyses it may be stated that the US agriculture is characterized by more rational ratios between production factors, resulting in their higher efficiency compared to the EU. The conducted typological analysis showed that thanks to the high standard of capital assets per employee leading to high labor productivity, only such countries as Germany, the Netherlands, France, Denmark, and Belgium may be considered as capable of meeting the competitive pressure exerted by the US agriculture with its greater degree of concentration and benefits from proper proportions between the production factors. A much more difficult competitive situation is observed in the EU countries of Central and Eastern Europe as well as the Mediterranean region, specializing in land- and labor-intensive production, in which the rational utilization of the production potential is limited by the structural deficit, resulting from the fragmented agrarian structure and manifested in the low level of land and capital assets assigned to labor actively involved in the production process.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6894
Author(s):  
Tomasz Rokicki ◽  
Piotr Bórawski ◽  
Barbara Gradziuk ◽  
Piotr Gradziuk ◽  
Aldona Mrówczyńska-Kamińska ◽  
...  

The paper’s main purpose is to identify the differentiation and variation of electricity prices for households in EU countries. The specific objectives are to highlight the directions and differentiation of price changes in EU states, determine the degree of volatility (or stability) of electricity rates, and establish the correlation between electricity prices for household consumers and economic and energy parameters. All members of the European Union were chosen for this project as of 31 December 2019 (28 countries). The analyzed period covered the years 2008–2019. The source of collected information was the thematic literature review and the data from Eurostat. Descriptive, tabular and graphical methods, constant-based dynamics indicators, coefficient of variation, Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were used to analyze and present the materials. It was determined that higher electricity prices for households in the EU states were associated with better economic parameters. Developed countries must have higher energy rates because they will ensure energy transformation, i.e., implementing energy-saving technologies. In the EU, electricity prices for household consumers showed little volatility, but that variability increased in line with the surge of the volume of household energy consumption.


Economies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Erika Urbankova ◽  
David Krizek

This paper evaluates the homogeneity of the financial markets in European Union (EU) countries and the impact of determinants of the financial sector in individual EU countries on the investment by economic entities in the given countries. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the homogeneity of financial sectors in EU countries in terms of individual indicators. The paper also evaluates the interdependence between the loan amount (debt and liabilities of the financial sector) on one side and the selected investments on the other. This paper uses the statistical method of correlation analysis to determine the strength and closeness of dependence among indicators, and the multidimensional statistical method of cluster analysis to determine the homogeneity among the individual countries. The results show that, in terms of financial markets, there is still a difference between developed countries in terms of Gross Domestic Product and the rest of the EU Member States. However, in the case of investment activity that is no longer. Partial integration therefore takes place within the EU, in terms of financial markets.


2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 176-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Svatošová

Demographic development of human society is influenced by economic and political changes. The demographic development of most EU countries, including the Czech Republic, is characterized by the change of the age structure, the increase in the share of the third biological generation and thereby by aging of the population. These changes do not proceed with the same intensity in all countries; there are differences in the development, both among the EU countries and also the regional ones in the frame of the country. The paper presents an evaluation of the demographic development in the EU countries and further in the particular CR regions. The aim is to judge the regional differentiation of this development and to find an analogy of the EU countries.


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