Effects of Salinity and Rootstock on Nutrient Element Concentrations and Physiology in Own-Rooted or Grafted to 1103 P and 101-14 Mgt Rootstocks of Merlot and Cabernet Franc Grapevine Cultivars under Climate Change

Under the current and future climate crisis, a significant rise in soil salinity will likely affect vine productivity in several Mediterranean regions. During the present research, the rootstock effects on salinity tolerance of Merlot and Cabernet Franc grapevine cultivars were studied. In a pot hydroponic culture, own-rooted Merlot and Cabernet Franc grapevine cultivars or grafted onto the rootstocks 1103 P and 101-14 Mgt were drip-irrigated with saline water. A completely randomized 3 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was designed with two vine rootstocks or own-rooted vines, two scion cultivars, and 100 mM NaCl salinity or control treatments, with six replications. A significant effect of scion cultivar, rootstock, and salinity was observed for most of the measured parameters. At the end of salinity stress period, leaf, shoot, root, and trunk nutrient concentrations were measured. Salinity stress increased Chloride (Cl−) and Sodium (Na+) concentrations in all parts of the vines and decreased leaf concentrations of Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca+2), Magnesium (Mg+2), Nitrogen (N), and Iron (Fe). In contrast, salinity stress increased leaf Boron (B) concentrations, whereas that of Manganese (Mn) remained unaffected. Leaf chlorophyll concentration decreased from 42% to 40% after thirty and sixty days of salt treatment, respectively. A similar trend was observed for the CCM-200 relative chlorophyll content. Salinity significantly decreased steam water potential (Ws), net CO2 assimilation rate (A), and stomatal conductance(gs) in all cases of grafted or own-rooted vines. Sixty days after the beginning of salt treatment, total Phenolics and PSII maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) decreased significantly. The rootstock 1103 P seems to be a better excluder for Na+ and Cl− and more tolerant to salinity compared to 101-14 Mgt rootstock.

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Screening of ‘King’ Mandarin Hybrids as Tolerant Citrus Rootstocks to Flooding Stress

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7100388 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 388

Author(s):

Mary-Rus Martínez-Cuenca ◽

Amparo Primo-Capella ◽

María Ángeles Forner-Giner

Keyword(s):

Water Relations ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Co2 Assimilation ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Flooding Stress ◽

Citrus Rootstock ◽

Osmotic Potentials

This work compares the tolerance to long-term anoxia conditions (35 days) of five new citrus ‘King’ mandarin (Citrus nobilis L. Lour) × Poncirus trifoliata ((L.) Raf.) hybrids (named 0501XX) and Carrizo citrange (CC, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.), the widely used citrus rootstock in Spain. Growth parameters, chlorophyll concentration, gas exchange and fluorescence parameters, water relations in leaves, abscisic acid (ABA) concentration, and PIP1 and PIP2 gene expressions were assessed. With a waterlogging treatment, the root system biomass of most hybrids went down, and the chlorophyll a and b concentrations substantially dropped. The net CO2 assimilation rates (An) and stomatal conductance (gs) lowered significantly due to flooding, and the transpiration rate (E) closely paralleled the changes in gs. The leaf water and osmotic potentials significantly increased in most 0501 hybrids. As a trend, flooding stress lowered the ABA concentration in roots from most hybrids, but increased in the leaves of CC, 05019 and 050110. Under the control treatment (Ct) conditions, most 0501 hybrids showed higher PIP1 and PIP2 expressions than the control rootstock CC, but were impaired due to the flooding conditions in 05019 and 050110. From this study, we conclude that 0501 genotypes develop some adaptive responses in plants against flooding stress such as (1) stomata closure to prevent water loss likely mediated by ABA levels, and (2) enhanced water and osmotic potentials and the downregulation of those genes regulating aquaporin channels to maintain water relations in plants. Although these traits seemed especially relevant in hybrids 050110 and 050125, further experiments must be done to determine their behavior under field conditions, particularly their influence on commercial varieties and their suitability as flooding-tolerant hybrids for replacing CC, one of the main genotypes that is widely used as a citrus rootstock in Spain, under these conditions.

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GAS EXCHANGE, CHLOROPLAST PIGMENTS AND GROWTH OF PASSION FRUIT CULTIVATED WITH SALINE WATER AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION 1

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252020v33n120rc ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 184-194

Author(s):

GEOVANI SOARES DE LIMA ◽

COSMO GUSTAVO JACOME FERNANDES ◽

LAURIANE ALMEIDA DOS ANJOS SOARES ◽

HANS RAJ GHEYI ◽

PEDRO DANTAS FERNANDES

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Saline Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Co2 Assimilation ◽

Passion Fruit ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Chloroplast Pigments ◽

Potassium Fertilization ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Fruit Plants

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the gas exchange, chloroplast pigments and growth of ‘BRS Rubi do Cerrado’ passion fruit as a function of irrigation with saline water and potassium fertilization in the seedling formation stage. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in the municipality of Pombal-PB, Brazil. A randomized block design was used in 5 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to five levels of water electrical conductivity - ECw (0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7 and 3.5 dS m-1) and two doses of potassium - KD (50 and 100% of the recommendation), with four replicates and two plants per plot. Water salinity from 0.3 dS m-1 reduced the stomatal opening, transpiration, CO2 assimilation and inhibited the growth of ‘BRS Rubi do Cerrado’ passion fruit plants, at 40 days after sowing. There was no CO2 restriction in the substomatal cavity of passion fruit plants grown under water salinity from 0.3 dS m-1. Potassium dose of 150 mg kg-1 of soil, corresponding to 100%, intensified the effect of salt stress on the assimilation rate and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency in 'BRS Rubi do Cerrado' passion fruit. There was interaction between water salinity levels and potassium doses for the chlorophyll a and b contents of 'BRS Rubi do Cerrado' passion fruit.

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The RESPONSE OF SUGARCANE GENOTYPES SUBJECTED TO SALINITY STRESS AT DIFFERENT GROWTH PHASES

Journal of Plant Stress Physiology ◽

10.25081/jpsp.2019.v5.5643 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 28-33

Author(s):

C. Brindha, S. Vasantha, R. Arunkumar

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Growth Phases ◽

Salt Treatment ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Yield Parameters ◽

Crop Cycle ◽

Yield Responses

A few commercial sugarcane genotypes were subjected to salinity stress at various growth phases of sugarcane to ascertain the critical growth stage for salinity stress and to assess the response of the genotypes. All the data were recorded and analysed during maturity phase. The salt treatments drastically reduced SPAD chlorophyll, chlorophyll fluorescence, RWC, stalk height, weight and other yield parameters in a few genotypes during T2 (salt treatment given during formative phase) & T5 (salt treatment given throughout crop cycle) but a few genotypes which are tolerant towards salt stress gave better results comparing other genotypes. The ions like sodium, potassium and chloride were analysed in the juice which showed higher elevation in the genotype Co 97010. Among the genotypes, Co 85019 and Co 99004 recorded significantly prime compared to rest of the genotypes. Treatment throughout the growth phases (T5) followed by stress at formative phase (T2) were found to be critical for growth, physiological and yield responses in all the genotypes.

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Photosynthetic performance and biochemical adjustments in two co-occurring Mediterranean evergreens, Quercus ilex and Arbutus unedo, differing in salt-exclusion ability

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp13241 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 391 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Lina Fusaro ◽

Simone Mereu ◽

Cecilia Brunetti ◽

Martina Di Ferdinando ◽

Francesco Ferrini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salinity Stress ◽

Quercus Ilex ◽

Root Zone ◽

Metabolic Cost ◽

Co2 Assimilation ◽

Leaf Life Span ◽

Antioxidant Defences ◽

Arbutus Unedo ◽

Salt Exclusion ◽

Species Specific

The responses to mild root zone salinity stress were investigated in two co-occurring Mediterranean woody evergreens, Quercus ilex L. and Arbutus unedo L., which differ in morpho-anatomical traits and strategies to cope with water deficit. The aim was to explore their strategies to allocate potentially toxic ions at organism level, and the consequential physiological and biochemical adjustments. Water and ionic relations, gas exchange and PSII performance, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, and the activity of antioxidant defences, were measured. Q. ilex displayed a greater capacity to exclude Na+ and Cl– from the leaf than A. unedo, in part as a consequence of greater reductions in transpiration rates. Salt-induced reductions in CO2 assimilation resulted in Q. ilex suffering from excess of light to a greater extent than A. unedo. Consistently, in Q. ilex effective mechanisms of nonphotochemical quenching, also sustained by the lutein epoxide-lutein cycle, operated in response to salinity stress. Q. ilex also displayed a superior capacity to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS) than A. unedo. Our data suggest that the ability to exclude salt from actively growing shoot organs depends on the metabolic cost of sustaining leaf construction, i.e. species-specific leaf life-span, and the relative strategies to cope with salt-induced water stress. We discuss how contrasting abilities to restrict the entry and transport of salt in sensitive organs relates with species-specific salt tolerance.

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MORFOFISIOLOGIA DE GENÓTIPOS DE GERGELIM SUBMETIDOS A DIFERENTES ESTRATÉGIAS DE USO DE ÁGUA SALINA

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2021v1n1p42-55 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 42-55

Author(s):

André Alisson Rodrigues da Silva ◽

Cassiano Nogueira de Lacerda ◽

Geovani Soares de Lima ◽

Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares ◽

Hans Raj Gheyi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Salinity ◽

Saline Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Co2 Assimilation ◽

Sesamum Indicum ◽

Saline Stress ◽

High Salinity Water ◽

Flowering Phase ◽

Salinity Water ◽

Sesame Genotypes

MORFOFISIOLOGIA DE GENÓTIPOS DE GERGELIM SUBMETIDOS A DIFERENTES ESTRATÉGIAS DE USO DE ÁGUA SALINA ANDRÉ ALISSON RODRIGUES DA SILVA1; CASSIANO NOGUEIRA DE LACERDA1; GEOVANI SOARES DE LIMA1; LAURIANE ALMEIDA DOS ANJOS SOARES1; HANS RAJ GHEYI1 E PEDRO DANTAS FERNANDES1 1 Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, UFCG, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]. 1 RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as trocas gasosas e o acúmulo de fitomassas de genótipos de gergelim sob estratégias de uso de águas salinas. A pesquisa foi conduzida em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 6 x 2, sendo seis estratégias de uso de águas salinas aplicadas nas diferentes fases fenológicas das plantas (SE-irrigação com água de baixa salinidade durante todo ciclo de cultivo; VE - irrigação com água de alta salinidade na fase vegetativa; FL - na fase de floração; FR na fase de frutificação; VE/FL - nas fases vegetativa/floração; VE/FR - nas fases vegetativa/frutificação) e dois genótipos de gergelim (BRS Seda e BRS Anahí), com quatro repetições. Foram aplicadas água com alta salinidade (2,7 dS m-1), em alternância com água com baixa concentração de sais (0,3 dS m-1), em fases diferentes do ciclo. A irrigação com água de 2,7 dS m-1 durante a fase de floração, e nas fases vegetativa/floração, não comprometeu a condutância estomática, transpiração e taxa de assimilação de CO2 dos genótipos de gergelim. A salinidade da água de 2,7 dS m-1 quando aplicada nas fases vegetativa/floração prejudicou o acúmulo de fitomassa pelas plantas de gergelim. Palavras-chave: estresse salino, Sesamum indicum L., qualidade de água. SILVA, A, A, R. da; LACERDA, C. N. de; LIMA, G. S. de; SOARES, L. A. dos A.; GHEYI, H. R.; FERNANDES, P.D. MORPHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SESAME GENOTYPES SUBMITTED TO DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR THE USE OF SALINE WATER 2 ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate gas exchange and phytomass accumulation of sesame genotypes under different strategies for the use of saline water. The research was conducted in a greenhouse, in a randomized block design in a 6 x 2 factorial arrangement, with six strategies for the use of saline water applied in the different phenological phases of the plants (SE - irrigation with low salinity water throughout the cultivation cycle; VE - irrigation with high salinity water in the vegetative phase; FL - in the flowering phase; FR - in the fruiting phase; VE/FL - in the vegetative/flowering phase; VE/FR - in the phases vegetative/fruiting) and two sesame genotypes (BRS Seda and BRS Anahí), with four replicates. Water with high salinity (2.7 dS m-1) was used, alternating with water with low salt concentration (0.3 dS m-1), at different stages of the crop cycle. Irrigation with water of 2.7 dS m-1 during the flowering phase, and in the vegetative/flowering phases, did not compromise the stomatal conductance, transpiration and CO2 assimilation rate of sesame genotypes. The water salinity of 2.7 dS m-1 applied in the vegetative/flowering phases impaired the accumulation of phytomass by sesame plants. Keywords: saline stress, Sesamum indicum L., water quality.

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Understanding coastal wetland conditions and futures by closing their hydrologic balance: the case of Gialova lagoon, Greece

10.5194/hess-2019-382 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Stefano Manzoni ◽

Giorgos Maneas ◽

Anna Scaini ◽

Basil E. Psiloglou ◽

Georgia Destouni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coastal Wetland ◽

Saline Water ◽

Summer Precipitation ◽

Water Balance Components ◽

Evaporative Demand ◽

Mediterranean Regions ◽

Freshwater Bodies ◽

Diffuse Surface ◽

Hydrologic Balance ◽

Freshwater Inputs

Abstract. Coastal wetlands and lagoons are under pressure due to competing demands for freshwater resources and climatic changes, which may increase salinity and cause loss of ecological functions. These pressures are particularly high in Mediterranean regions with high evaporative demand compared to precipitation. To manage such wetlands and maximize their provision of ecosystem services, their hydrologic balance must be quantified. However, multiple channels, diffuse surface water exchanges, and diverse groundwater pathways complicate the quantification of different water balance components. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a mass balance approach based on coupled water and salt balance equations to estimate currently unknown water exchange fluxes through the Gialova lagoon, SW Peloponnese, Greece. Our approach facilitates quantification of both saline and freshwater exchange fluxes, using measured precipitation, water depth and salinity, and estimated evaporation rates over a study period of two years (2016–2017). While water exchanges were dominated by evaporation and saline water inputs from the sea during the summer, precipitation and freshwater inputs were more important during the winter. About 40 % and 60 % of the freshwater inputs were from precipitation and lateral freshwater flows, respectively. Approximately 70 % of the outputs was due to evaporation, with the remaining 30 % being water flow from the lagoon to the sea. Under future drier and warmer conditions, salinity in the lagoon is expected to increase, unless freshwater inputs are enhanced by restoring hydrologic connectivity between the lagoon and the surrounding freshwater bodies. This restoration strategy would be fundamental to stabilize the current wide seasonal fluctuations in salinity and maintain ecosystem functionality, but could be challenging to implement due to expected reductions in water availability in the freshwater bodies supporting the lagoon.

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Gas exchanges and growth of passion fruit under saline water irrigation and H2O2 application

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n12p945-951 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (12) ◽

pp. 945-951 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Elysson M. G. Andrade ◽

Geovani S. de Lima ◽

Vera L. A. de Lima ◽

Saulo S. da Silva ◽

Hans R. Gheyi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Saline Water ◽

Co2 Assimilation ◽

Passion Fruit ◽

Water Salinity ◽

Gas Exchanges ◽

Irrigation Water Salinity ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Yellow Passion Fruit

ABSTRACT The study was carried out to evaluate the photosynthetic efficiency and growth of yellow passion fruit, cultivated under different levels of irrigation water salinity and exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse of the Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, PB, Brazil, using drainage lysimeters with capacity for 100 dm3, filled with Entisol of sandy texture. The experimental design was randomized blocks using a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with three repetitions, corresponding to four water salinity (0.7; 1.4; 2.1 and 2.8 dS m-1) and four concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0, 20, 40 and 60 µM). The different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide were applied by soaking the seed for a period of 24 h and spraying the leaves on the adaxial and abaxial sides. At 35 days after transplanting, the interaction between water salinity and hydrogen peroxide concentrations did not significantly interfere with plant physiology and growth, except for the number of leaves. The hydrogen peroxide did not cause significant effects on any of the evaluated plant variables. Increasing salinity of irrigation water led to reduction in gas exchanges at 61 and 96 days after transplanting. Water salinity inhibited the CO2 assimilation, transpiration, stomatal conductance, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency and stem diameter of passion fruit plants.

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Antioxidant responses of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedlings to prolonged salt-induced stress

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs150407107k ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 67 (4) ◽

pp. 1303-1312 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Musa Kavas ◽

Oya Akça ◽

Ufuk Akçay ◽

Begüm Peksel ◽

Seçkin Eroğlu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salinity Stress ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Ion Leakage ◽

Stress Growth ◽

Salt Treatment ◽

Antioxidant Responses ◽

Stress Protection ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Leaf Tissues

In this study, the effects of long-term NaCl treatment were investigated in two cultivars of peanut designated as drought-resistant and drought-sensitive. Growth parameters, changes in the concentrations of MDA, H2O2 and proline, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were determined under salinity stress. Growth parameters indicated the superiority of cv. Florispan to cv. Gazipa?a under milder salinity stress treatment. However, comparative analysis of the two cultivars showed that MDA, H2O2, ion leakage levels and photosystem II activities were not significantly different, except for the proline activity, which increased only in Florispan leaf tissues under 100 mM salt treatment. Among the processes that govern the tolerance in peanut tissues, proline level and the activity of glutathione reductase (GR) appeared to be only components that play an important part in salt stress protection.

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Effect of Saline Water Irrigation on Growth and Physiological Responses of Three Rose Rootstocks

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.5.1479 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 1479-1484 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Genhua Niu ◽

Denise S. Rodriguez ◽

Lissie Aguiniga

Keyword(s):

Saline Water ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Soil Salinization ◽

The Other ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Quality Water ◽

Saline Solutions ◽

Na Uptake

Salt-tolerant landscape plants are needed for arid and semiarid regions where the supply of quality water is limited and soil salinization often occurs. This study evaluated growth, chloride (Cl) and sodium (Na) uptake, relative chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence of three rose rootstocks [Rosa ×fortuniana Lindl., R. multiflora Thunb., and R. odorata (Andr.) Sweet] irrigated with saline solutions at 1.6 (control), 3.0, 6.0, or 9.0 dS·m−1 electrical conductivity in a greenhouse. After 15 weeks, most plants in 9.0 dS·m−1 treatment died regardless of rootstock. Significant growth reduction was observed in all rootstocks at 6.0 dS·m−1 compared with the control and 3.0 dS·m−1, but the reduction in R. ×fortuniana was smaller than in the other two rootstocks. The visual scores of R. multiflora at 3.0 and 6.0 dS·m−1 were slightly lower than those of the other rootstocks. Rosa odorata had the highest shoot Na concentration followed by R. multiflora; however, R. multiflora had the highest root Na concentration followed by R. odorata. All rootstocks had higher Cl accumulation in all plant parts at elevated salinities, and no substantial differences in Cl concentrations in all plant parts existed among the rootstocks, except for leaf Cl concentration in R. multiflora, which was higher than those in the other two rootstocks. The elevated salinities of irrigation water reduced the relative chlorophyll concentration, measured as leaf SPAD readings, and maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) and minimal fluorescence (Fo)/maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm), but the largest reduction in Fv/Fm was only 2.4%. Based on growth and visual quality, R. ×fortuniana was relatively more salt-tolerant than the other two rootstocks and R. odorata was slightly more salt-tolerant than R. multiflora.

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Antioxidant Protection of Photosynthesis in Two Cashew Progenies Under Salt Stress

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v10n10p388 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 388

Author(s):

Anselmo F. da Silva ◽

Valéria F. de O. Sousa ◽

Gisele L. dos Santos ◽

Eugênio S. Araújo Júnior ◽

Sérgio L. F. da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Quantum Efficiency ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Intercellular Co2 Concentration ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Co2 Assimilation ◽

Photochemical Activity ◽

Photochemical Quenching ◽

Tree Seedlings ◽

Cashew Tree

The present work evaluated the indicators of photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidative protection in cashew tree seedlings subjected to salinity stress. The study was conducted with seedlings of two advanced dwarf cashew clones (CCP09 and CCP76) subjected to salt stress with increasing doses of NaCl (0, control; 25; 50; 75; 100 mM) in the nutrient solution for 30 days under greenhouse conditions. The variables of gas exchange, CO2 assimilation (PN), stomatal conductance (gS), transpiration (E), intercellular CO2 concentration (CI), photochemical activity, potential quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), effective quantum efficiency (ΔF/Fm’) of photosystem II (PSII), photochemical quenching (qP), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) electron transport rate (ETR) as well as the indicators of damage and oxidative protection were measured. Under these conditions, there was an intense accumulation Na+ associated with a reduction in the K+/Na+ ratio in the leaves of both clones in response to salt, with higher values for this ratio in clone CCP09 than in CCP76 the highest concentration of NaCl (100 mM). Salinity reduced PN, gS and E in the two clones evaluated, with lower reductions in CCP09 than in CCP76 at the highest salt dose. Instantaneous carboxylation (PN/CI) and water use (PN/E) efficiencies were strongly restricted by salinity but were less affected in CCP09 than in CCP76. Salinity stress also increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in CCP09, whereas lipid peroxidation decreased in both progenies. The clones presented specific antioxidant responses due to greater enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity in CCP76, in addition to the activity of phenol peroxidase (POX) in CCP09.

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