Match Experience at the Danish Women’s Soccer National A-Team Matches: An Explorative Study

Women’s soccer is more popular than ever, but match attendance is still relatively low. In order to develop sustainable revenue streams for women’s football, and help it grow further, it is necessary to understand what drives spectator’s overall demand. We explore factors that affect the overall match experience for spectators (i.e., spectator satisfaction) attending Danish women’s national soccer A-team games in the 2016 to 2019 period as a proxy for this. Using survey data gathered by the Danish Football Association (DBU) consisting of 4010 individuals and 13 matches, coupled with other match-specific data, we employ multilevel regression modelling. The results at the individual level suggest that female spectators are significantly more content with the overall match experience, while several additional factors are also important at the match-specific level, such as kick-off time and the result. Furthermore, there are indications that match significance and derby matches affect overall match experience. An important implication of these results is that they can aid national and international federations and other governing bodies in promoting women’s soccer in general, and women’s national A-team soccer specifically, in order to help the sport to become more financially viable. Although numerous initiatives have been designed to increase the attractiveness of women’s soccer, these are yet to materialize into long-term effects.

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Study protocol for the evaluation of long-term effects of the school-based obesity prevention program Lekker Fit! (‘enjoy being fit’): a retrospective, controlled design

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046940 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. e046940

Author(s):

Michel Sebastiaan Smit ◽

Hein Raat ◽

Famke Mölenberg ◽

Mireille Eleonore Gabriëlle Wolfers ◽

Rienke Bannink ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Status ◽

Propensity Scores ◽

Well Being ◽

Psychosocial Health ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Multilevel Regression ◽

The Individual

IntroductionPreventive interventions to reduce overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence are studied on their effectiveness worldwide. A number with positive results. However, long-term effects of these interventions and their potentially wider influence on well-being and health have been less studied. This study aims to evaluate the long-term effects of a multicomponent intervention in elementary school children targeting individual behaviour as well as environment (Lekker Fit!). The primary outcomeis body mass index and the secondary outcomes are waist circumference, weight status, physical fitness, lifestyle, psychosocial health and academic performance.Methods and analysisIn a naturalistic effect evaluation with a retrospective, controlled design adolescents in secondary schools, from intervention and non-intervention elementary schools, will be compared on a wide set of outcome variables. Data will be collected by questionnaires and through anthropometric and fitness measurements by trained physical education teachers and research assistants. Baseline data consist of measurements from the adolescents at the age of 5 years old and are gathered from preventive youth healthcare records, from before the intervention took place. Multilevel regression models will be used and adjusted for baseline measurements and potential confounding variables on the individual and environmental level. Furthermore, propensity scores will be applied.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (permission ID: MEC-2020-0644). Study findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and by conference presentations.Trial registration numberNL8799. Pre-results.

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Analyzing Individual-Level Secondary Data with Instrumental Variable Methods Is Useful for Studying the Effects of Air Pollution on Dementia

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-200497 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

pp. 15-23

Author(s):

Kelly C. Bishop ◽

Sehba Husain-Krautter ◽

Jonathan D. Ketcham ◽

Nicolai V. Kuminoff ◽

Corbett Schimming

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Instrumental Variable ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Quality Data ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Individual Level ◽

Medicare Claims Data ◽

Advance Knowledge ◽

Air Quality Data

We hypothesize that analyzing individual-level secondary data with instrumental variable (IV) methods can advance knowledge of the long-term effects of air pollution on dementia. We discuss issues in measurement using secondary data and how IV estimation can overcome biases due to measurement error and unmeasured variables. We link air-quality data from the Environmental Protection Agency’s monitors with Medicare claims data to illustrate the use of secondary data to document associations. Additionally, we describe results from a previous study that uses an IV for pollution and finds that PM2.5’s effects on dementia are larger than non-causal associations.

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Does workplace social capital protect against long-term sickness absence? Linking workplace aggregated social capital to sickness absence registry data

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1403494817721672 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 290-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Anne-Sophie K. Hansen ◽

Ida E. H. Madsen ◽

Sannie Vester Thorsen ◽

Ole Melkevik ◽

Jakob Bue Bjørner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Private Sector ◽

Sickness Absence ◽

Collective Good ◽

Standard Deviation Increase ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Individual ◽

Adjusted Model ◽

Workplace Social Capital

Aims: Most previous prospective studies have examined workplace social capital as a resource of the individual. However, literature suggests that social capital is a collective good. In the present study we examined whether a high level of workplace aggregated social capital (WASC) predicts a decreased risk of individual-level long-term sickness absence (LTSA) in Danish private sector employees. Methods: A sample of 2043 employees (aged 18–64 years, 38.5% women) from 260 Danish private-sector companies filled in a questionnaire on workplace social capital and covariates. WASC was calculated by assigning the company-averaged social capital score to all employees of each company. We derived LTSA, defined as sickness absence of more than three weeks, from a national register. We examined if WASC predicted employee LTSA using multilevel survival analyses, while excluding participants with LTSA in the three months preceding baseline. Results: We found no statistically significant association in any of the analyses. The hazard ratio for LTSA in the fully adjusted model was 0.93 (95% CI 0.77–1.13) per one standard deviation increase in WASC. When using WASC as a categorical exposure we found a statistically non-significant tendency towards a decreased risk of LTSA in employees with medium WASC (fully adjusted model: HR 0.78 (95% CI 0.48–1.27)). Post hoc analyses with workplace social capital as a resource of the individual showed similar results. Conclusions: WASC did not predict LTSA in this sample of Danish private-sector employees.

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Does your neighborhood protect you from being depressed? A study on social trust and depression in Indonesia

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-019-7657-5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mohamad Fahmi ◽

Nur Afni Panjaitan ◽

Ibnu Habibie ◽

Adiatma Y. M. Siregar ◽

Gilang Amarullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Trust ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Severe Depression ◽

Total Sample ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Multilevel Regression ◽

Individual Level ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

The Individual

Abstract Background Prevalence of depression in Indonesia is estimated at about 3.7% of the total population, although the actual may be higher. Studies worldwide have linked the environment where people live to their mental health status. However, little research is found in Indonesia regarding this link. We examined the association between individuals’ perception towards their neighborhood and their depression symptoms. Methods Social trust was measured at the individual (level 1) and community (level 2) levels based on the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5 (IFLS5) in 2014. Depression was measured using the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R-10) and the scores were transformed into logit form using the Rasch model. Multilevel regression was used to determine correlations. Results Of the total sample of 14,227 respondents in this study, about 19.4% had experienced severe depression symptoms in the past week. Social trust was found to be significantly associated with severe depression symptoms. The weaker the individuals’ social trust towards their neighbourhood, the higher the probability of experiencing severe depression symptoms would be. Conclusions This study shows that social trust is associated with the severity of depression symptoms: the higher the social trust, the lower the probability of having severe depression symptoms is. Depression symptoms may also be attributed to significant differences between communities.

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Suitability of a young deciduous-dominated forest for American marten and the effects of forest removal

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z04-006 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 82 (3) ◽

pp. 423-435 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Kim G Poole ◽

Aswea D Porter ◽

Andrew de Vries ◽

Chris Maundrell ◽

Scott D Grindal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Populus Tremuloides ◽

Forest Cover ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Prey Availability ◽

Population Level ◽

Home Ranges ◽

American Marten ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Individual

American marten (Martes americana (Turton, 1806)) are generally considered to be reliant upon and most successful in continuous late-successional coniferous forests. By contrast, young seral forests and deciduous-dominated forests are assumed to provide low-quality marten habitat, primarily as a result of insufficient structure, overhead cover, and prey. This study examined a moderate-density population of marten in northeastern British Columbia in what appeared to be comparatively low-quality, deciduous-dominated habitat, overgrown agricultural land primarily consisting of 30- to 40-year-old stands of regenerating trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Over 4 years, we monitored 52 radio-collared marten. The population appeared to be stable, as indicated by large numbers of adults, relatively constant densities, long-term residency of many individuals, low mortality rates, and older age structure. Relatively small home ranges (males, 3.3 km2; females, 2.0 km2) implied good habitat quality and prey availability. Shearing (removal of immature forest cover) of 17% of the study area resulted in home range shifts at the individual level but no detectable impact at the population level. Categorically, marten avoided nonforested cover types and preferred mature coniferous (>25% conifer) stands (7% of the study area) but otherwise appeared to use all forested stands relative to their availability, including extensive use of deciduous-dominated stands and deciduous stands <40 years of age. Thus, these young deciduous forests appeared to have sufficient structure, overhead cover, and prey to maintain moderate densities of resident marten on a long-term basis.

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Gameplay as a Source of Intrinsic Motivation for Individuals in Need of Ankle Training or Rehabilitation

Presence Teleoperators & Virtual Environments ◽

10.1162/pres_a_00090 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 69-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Niels Christian Nilsson ◽

Stefania Serafin ◽

Rolf Nordahl

Keyword(s):

Intrinsic Motivation ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Future Health ◽

Rehabilitation Process ◽

Design And Implementation ◽

Quantitative Test ◽

Ankle Rehabilitation ◽

The Future ◽

The Individual

Injuries to the ankle may be a source of great discomfort and the long-term effects can negatively influence the future health of the individual who has suffered the injury. Wobble boards represent a relatively inexpensive type of equipment that may be used to train one's ankles preventively or as part of the rehabilitation process once the damage has been done. However, individuals in need of such training frequently lack the motivation necessary in order to successfully complete the training or rehabilitation process. This paper details the design and implementation of a prototype intended to alleviate this problem by leveraging games' potential as a source of intrinsic motivation. More specifically, the prototype enables users to control a game by means of a wobble board, thus allowing them to perform the necessary exercises while playing. An expert on ankle rehabilitation assessed the efficacy of the training facilitated by the prototype, and 40 individuals partook in a quantitative test performed in order to determine whether the prototype could potentially provide the needed motivation. Based on the findings from the two tests, it is concluded that the prototype does ensure correct ankle training and the act of playing was experienced as intrinsically motivating by the majority of the test participants.

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A Bifactor Model of Subjective Well-Being at Personal, Community, and Country Levels: A Case With Three Latin-American Countries

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641641 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Javier Torres-Vallejos ◽

Joel Juarros-Basterretxea ◽

Juan Carlos Oyanedel ◽

Masatoshi Sato

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

Well Being ◽

Bifactor Model ◽

General Factor ◽

Subjective Well Being ◽

Specific Level ◽

Single Measure ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Individual ◽

Latin American Countries

Improving citizens' subjective well-being (SWB) has become an increasingly visible policy goal across industrialized countries. Although an increasing number of studies have investigated SWB at the individual level, little is known about subjective evaluation at social levels, such as the community and national levels. While the relationships between these levels have been analyzed in previous research, these assessments, which are part of the same unique construct of SWB, are under-investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the dimensionality and reliability of a single measure of SWB, which contained individual, community, and national levels across three Latin-American countries (Argentina, Chile, and Venezuela), using a bifactor model analysis. Findings showed that the bifactor model exhibited a good fit to the data for the three countries. However, invariance testing between countries was not fully supported because of each item's specific contribution to both specific and general constructs. The analyses of each country showed that the SWB construct was in a gray area between unidimensionality and multidimensionality; some factors contributed more to the general factor and others to the specific level, depending on the country. These findings call for integrating more distant levels (community and country levels) into the understanding of SWB at the individual level, as they contribute not only to an overall construct, but they make unique contributions to SWB, which must be considered in public policy making.

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Addressing the Pension Decumulation Phase of Employee Retirement Planning

Who Wants to Retire and Who Can Afford to Retire? ◽

10.5772/intechopen.90807 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jorge Miguel Ventura Bravo

Keyword(s):

Mortality Data ◽

Term Care ◽

Individual Level ◽

Bequest Motives ◽

Care Services ◽

Life Annuity ◽

Financial Options ◽

Income Stream ◽

The Individual

Longevity increases and population ageing create challenges for all societal institutions, particularly those providing retirement income, healthcare, and long-term care services. At the individual level, an obvious question is how to ensure all retirees have an adequate, secure, stable, and predictable lifelong income stream that will allow them to maintain a target standard of living for, however, long the individual lives. In this chapter, we review and discuss the main pension decumulation options by explicitly modelling consumers’ behaviour and objectives though an objective function based on utility theory accounting for consumption and bequest motives and different risk preferences. Using a Monte-Carlo simulation approach calibrated to US financial market and mortality data, our results suggest that purchasing a capped participating longevity-linked life annuity at retirement including embedded longevity and financial options that allow the annuity provider to periodically revise annuity payments if observed survivorship and portfolio outcomes deviate from expected (or guaranteed) values at contract initiation deliver superior welfare results when compared with classical annuitization and non-annuitization decumulation strategies.

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Facemasks and COVID-19 case fatality rate

10.22541/au.161176514.42706494/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zacharias Fögen

Keyword(s):

Risk Ratio ◽

Case Fatality Rate ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Fatality Rate ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Conspiracy Theories ◽

Course Of Disease ◽

The Individual

Mask mandates have been a globally used epidemiologic intervention during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, above all based on the assumption of reduced infection rates. Although there is now much evidence for the latter, the effect of facemasks on the individual and its course of disease has remained controversial. While there are concepts suggesting a protective effect and a better outcome for the individual, public opinion has placed concepts with opposite outcomes in the vicinity of conspiracy theories. However, here I show that counties with mask mandates in Kansas during the summer of 2020 had significantly higher case fatality rates compared to Kansas counties without mask mandates, with a risk ratio of 1.85 for death with COVID-19. Even after adjusting for the number of ‘protected persons’, i.e. the number of persons who were not infected in the mask-mandated group compared to the no-mask group, the risk ratio remains highly significant at 1.52. Over 95% of this effect can solely be attributed to COVID-19. Why this happens and the possible connection between long-term effects associated with SARS-CoV-2 and facemasks are explained in theory herein by the ‘foegen effect’, which describes the deep reinhalation of pure virions that were caught in the facemasks as droplets.

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Entertainment Film and TV Portrayals of Climate Change and Their Societal Impacts

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.374 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Anthony Dudo ◽

Jacob Copple ◽

Lucy Atkinson

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

News Media ◽

Future Research ◽

Small Subset ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Entertainment Media ◽

Individual Level ◽

Social Scientific ◽

The Individual

Although there is an abundance of social scientific research focused on public opinion and climate change, there remains much to learn about how individuals come to understand, feel, and behave relative to this issue. Efforts to understand these processes are commonly directed toward media depictions, because media represent a primary conduit through which people encounter information about climate change. The majority of research in this area has focused on news media portrayals of climate change. News media depictions, however, represent only a part of the media landscape, and a relatively small but growing body of work has focused on examining portrayals of climate change in entertainment media (i.e., films, television programs, etc.) and their implications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of this area of research, summarizing what is currently known about portrayals of climate change in entertainment media, the individual-level effects of these portrayals, and areas ripe for future research. Our overview suggests that the extant work has centered primarily on a small subset of high-profile climate change films. Examination of the content of these films has been mostly rhetorical and has often presumed negative audience effects. Studies that specifically set out to explore possible effects have often unearthed evidence suggesting short-term contributions to viewers’ perceptions of climate change, specifically in terms of heightened awareness, concern, and motivation. Improving the breadth and depth of research in this area, we contend, can stem from more robust theorizing, analyses that focus on a more diverse menu of entertainment media and the interactions among them, and increasingly complex analytical efforts to capture long-term effects.

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