Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Environmental Impact of the Production of Asphalt Mixes Modified with Recycled Materials

This research focuses on the production and construction stages of the life cycle analysis (LCA) of asphalt mixtures modified with industrial waste and by-products, based on the quantification of methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions produced during these processes. A laboratory-designed and calibrated gas measurement system with a microcontroller and MQ sensors is used to compare the emissions (GHG) of a “conventional” asphalt mix with those emitted by waste-modified asphalt mixes (polyethylene terephthalate and nylon fibres) and industrial by-products (copper slag and cellulose ash). The results obtained show that the gases emitted by each type of material can influence the design criteria from an environmental perspective. Methane gas emissions for asphalt mixes made with polymeric materials increase compared to the production phase of a conventional mix (M1) by 21% for PET and 14% for nylon. In contrast, for mixtures made with copper slag and cellulose ash, this emission is reduced by 12%. In addition, the use of copper slag and cellulose ash to replace natural aggregates reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 15% during the production phase and contributes to the creation of photochemical ozone for a shorter period of time. Regarding carbon dioxide emission, it increases considerably for all asphalt mixes, by 26% and 44.5% for cellulose ash and copper slag, respectively. For asphalt mixtures made of polymeric materials, the increase in carbon dioxide emission is significant, 130% for PET and 53% for nylon. In addition, it is noted that for this type of material, not only the emission of the gas must be taken into consideration, but also the time that the volatile particles spend in the atmosphere, affecting climate change and photochemical ozone (smog). The carbon monoxide gases emitted in the production phase of all the asphalt mixes analysed is similar among them.

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Heating with Steam Methane Reformed Hydrogen

10.21203/rs.3.rs-638496/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mark Barrett ◽

Tiziano Gallo Cassarino

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Global Warming ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽

Heat Pumps ◽

Economic Security ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Steam Methane ◽

Gas Supply

Abstract Hydrogen produced from natural gas with steam methane reforming coupled with carbon capture and sequestration (SMRCCS) is proposed as fuel for consumer heating and cooking systems. This paper presents estimates of the energy losses and methane and carbon dioxide emission and global warming across the whole gas to hydrogen heat supply chain – from production to consumer. Processed natural gas is typically about 95% methane which is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) such that, with 20 year and 100 year GWP horizons, about 4% and 8% leakage respectively will cause as much global warming as the carbon dioxide formed when burning the methane. Data on gas emissions and SMRCCS costs and performance are sparse and wide ranging and this presents a major problem in accurately appraising the possible role of hydrogen from methane. The survey indicates emissions between 50 and 200 gCO2eq per unit of heat (kWhth) for SMRCCS H2 heat depending on leakage and GWP time horizon assumed. The second part of the paper reviews gas supply pricing and security and presents a cost minimised configuration of a SMRCCS hydrogen heating system derived with a simple model. Uncertainty in SMRCCS greenhouse gas emissions coupled with a net zero emission target and the long term issue of the physical and economic security of natural gas supply, bear on the potential advantages of SMRCCS as compared to other options, such as heating with renewable electricity driving consumer or district heating heat pumps.

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Net Carbon Dioxide Emission from An Eroding Atlantic Blanket Bog

10.21203/rs.3.rs-991712/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rebekka Artz ◽

Mhairi Coyle ◽

Gillian Donaldson-Selby ◽

Ross Morrison

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Global Climate ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Special Cases ◽

Blanket Bog ◽

Projected Changes

Abstract The net impact of greenhouse gas emissions from degraded peatland environments on national Inventories and subsequent mitigation of such emissions has only been seriously considered within the last decade. Data on greenhouse gas emissions from special cases of peatland degradation, such as eroding peatlands, are particularly scarce. Here, we report the first eddy covariance-based monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from an eroding Atlantic blanket bog. The CO2 budget across the period July 2018 to November 2019 was 147 (+/- 9) g C m-2. For an annual budget that contained proportionally more of the extreme 2018 drought and heat wave, cumulative CO2 emissions were nearly double (191 g C m-2) of that of an annual period without drought (106 g C m-2), suggesting that direct CO2 emissions from eroded peatlands are at risk of increasing with projected changes in temperatures and precipitation due to global climate change. The results of this study are consistent with chamber-based and modelling studies that suggest degraded blanket bogs to be a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere, and provide baseline data against which to assess future peatland restoration efforts in this region.

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U.S. Public Support to Climate Change Initiatives?

Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability - Handbook of Research on Green Economic Development Initiatives and Strategies ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-0440-5.ch026 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 605-624

Author(s):

Mary Schmeida ◽

Ramona Sue McNeal

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Action Plan ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽

Change Initiatives ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Climate Action ◽

Emission Limits

The Obama Administration Climate Action Plan is enforcing goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions below 2005 levels by 2020, regulating both stationary and mobile sources of pollution. As energy-related carbon dioxide emissions account for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions, the plan proposed carbon pollution standards for both new and existing plants. Impacts related to upgraded regulations have been projected as both favorable and not, with public and political opinions showing support among some groups and among other interests a concern. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze factors predicting which groups are supportive and non-supportive on setting stricter carbon dioxide emission limits on coal-fired electricity generating power plants. This topic is explored using multivariate regression analysis and individual level data. Findings suggest that comprehension of the policy area and individual financial situation are the most important factors in predicting support for stricter emission limits.

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U.S. Public Support to Climate Change Initiatives?

Natural Resources Management ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-0803-8.ch058 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 1196-1215 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mary Schmeida ◽

Ramona Sue McNeal

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Action Plan ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽

Change Initiatives ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Climate Action ◽

Emission Limits

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Efficacy of methane-reducing supplements in beef cattle rations

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an15601 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 276 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Caetano ◽

M. J. Wilkes ◽

W. S. Pitchford ◽

S. J. Lee ◽

P. I. Hynd

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Beef Cattle ◽

Control Diet ◽

Effective Means ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽

Open Circuit ◽

Biochemical Pathways ◽

By Products ◽

Supplement Intake ◽

Lower Carbon

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of including a pellet containing feed components targeted at methane-producing microbes and methane-producing biochemical pathways, into the ration of beef cattle in southern Australia. The so-called ‘methane-reducing supplement’ (MRS) components were chosen from readily available and inexpensive sources to ensure high adoption of the practice if successful. The effect of the pellet on animal performance, diet DM digestibility and gas emissions (measured using an open-circuit gas quantification system) of beef cattle in comparison with animals fed a control diet or high-quality supplement (HQS) was evaluated. In the first trial, there were no differences in DM and digestible energy (DE) intake, but the methane emission in g/day, g/MJ of DE intake (P < 0.01), and in g/kg of DM intake (P = 0.01) were lower for steers fed MRS. There was also a trend to lower carbon dioxide emission (g/MJ of DE intake) in steers fed MRS (P = 0.07). In the second trial, heifers fed the MRS produced 18.7% less carbon dioxide (P < 0.01) and 15.5% less methane (P = 0.01) than heifers on the HQS supplement, when expressed in g per unit supplement intake on a bodyweight basis. There was no difference in growth rate of heifers on the HQS and MRS supplements. Combining methane-inhibiting feedstuffs derived from agro-industrial by-products into supplements for cattle in southern Australia appears to be an effective means of reducing methane output and methane intensity from grazing beef cattle.

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IMPACT OF MODIFICATED ASPHALT MIXTURES ON PAVING FUNCTIONING AND ENVIRONMENT / MODIFIKUOTŲ ASFALTBETONIO MIŠINIŲ POVEIKIS DANGOS FUKNCIONAVIMUI IR APLINKAI

Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis ◽

10.3846/mla.2016.950 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 418-424

Author(s):

Gediminas Gribulis ◽

Donatas Čygas ◽

Audrius Vaitkus

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Industrial Development ◽

Asphalt Mixtures ◽

Asphalt Mixes ◽

The Road ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

The World ◽

Asphalt Mix ◽

On The Road ◽

Road Paving

Atmospheric pollution began to increase in the beginning of 19th century, when the global economy and industrial development started the signal grow. The current problem of global warming is partly related with emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) to environment, which one of the sources are industrial production companies. Warm asphalt mix is usually used in the practice of Lithuania and the world for equipment of road paving. These mixes are produced in specialized asphalt mixers where stone dosing, drying and its mixing with bituminous binders are performed. The temperature of produced hot asphalt mix in mixer reach 150–180 °C and 120–160 °C of mixture laying on the road. Various pollutants, carbon dioxide, formaldehydes, and other are spread to the environment. The carried out researches in Lithuania and the world have showed that while using special additives it is possible to reduce the temperatures of warm asphalt production and laying on the road. Such reduction of temperature helps not to worsen the quality of asphalt layer, to lower the emission of pollutants to environment, to improve the conditions of road workers and to economically use the gas for production of asphalt mixes. Production technologies of different asphalt mixes, their advantages and disadvantages, and results of laboratory tests are analyzed in this article. Equipment samples of experimental road sections, using the warm mixing asphalt mixtures are given. 19 amžiaus pradžioje, ėmus sparčiai augti pasaulinei ekonomikai ir vystytis pramonei, pradėjo didėti ir atmosferos užterštumas. Dabartinė globalinė pasaulinio atšilimo problema iš dalies siejama su anglies dioksido (CO2) išmetimu į aplinką, kurio vienas iš šaltinių yra pramoninės gamybos įmonės. Automobilių kelių dangoms įrengti Lietuvos ir pasaulinėje praktikoje dažniausiai naudojami karšto asfalto mišiniai. Šie mišiniai yra gaminami specialiuose asfalto maišytuvuose, kuriuose akmens medžiagos dozuojamos, džiovinamos, maišomos su bituminiais rišikliais. Gaminamo karšto asfalto mišinio temperatūra maišytuve siekia 150–180 oC, o kelyje klojamo – 120–160 oC. Šių procesų metu į aplinką paskleidžiama įvairių teršalų: anglies dioksido, formaldehidų ir kt. Pasaulyje ir Lietuvoje atlikti moksliniai tyrimai parodė, kad naudojant specialius priedus galima sumažinti karštų asfalto mišinių gamybos bei klojimo kelyje temperatūrą. Toks temperatūros sumažinimas leidžia nepabloginti asfalto dangų kokybės, sumažinti teršalų išmetimą į aplinką, pagerinti kelyje dirbančių darbuotojų darbo sąlygas, ekonomiškiau naudoti asfalto mišinių gamybai reikalingas dujas. Šiame straipsnyje analizuojamos skirtingų asfalto mišinių gamybos technologijos, jų privalumai ir trūkumai, laboratorinių bandymų rezultatai. Pateikiami eksperimentinių kelių ruožų įrengimo pavyzdžiai, naudojant šiltojo maišymo asfalto mišinius.

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ASSESSMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL AVIATION AND NAVIGATION FROM THE TERRITORY OF RUSSIA

Fundamental and Applied Climatology ◽

10.21513/2410-8758-2020-4-38-53 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 38-53

Author(s):

V.A. Grabar ◽

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Total Emission ◽

Intergovernmental Panel ◽

Gas Emissions

The current intensive development of shipping and aviation is accompanied by an increase in anthropogenic impact on the environment and climate. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) assessments, greenhouse gas emissions from international air and sea traffic are expected to increase by 2-3 times by 2050. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from international aviation and navigation from the territory of Russia for the period of 1990-2018 were estimated, the dynamics and the main drivers of emissions changes are analyzed, international comparisons are provided. The calculation was made in accordance with the methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change based on the data from the Federal Air Transport Agency and IAA «Port News». Analysis of historical trends shows that greenhouse gas emissions dynamics during the reporting period for international sea and air shippingis almost the same. In 2018, the total emission of CO2, СH4 and N2O from international transport from the territory of Russia amounted to 47.0 million tons of CO2-equivalent, which is 2.7 times higher than in 1990. Carbon dioxide dominates in the component composition of the emissions, its share in the total emission amounted to 99.5%. Contributions of methane and nitrous oxide emissions were 0.1% and 0.4%, respectively. Shipping makes a major contribution to emissions. Russia's share of worldwide carbon dioxide emission from international water and aviation transport does not exceed 3.5%.Emissions from aviation and shipping have been largely driven by economy and international trade. Greenhouse gases emissions from international aviation and maritime transport are expected to decrease in the coming years related to IMO's banon high-sulfur fuel use and reduction of international air and sea traffic in the light of the spread of the coronavirus in 2020.

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