scholarly journals Analysis of Hydrous Ethanol Price Competitiveness after the Implementation of the Fossil Fuel Import Price Parity Policy in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9899
Author(s):  
Aloisio S. Nascimento Filho ◽  
Hugo Saba ◽  
Rafael G. O. dos Santos ◽  
João Gabriel A. Calmon ◽  
Marcio L. V. Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Economy ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Import Price ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Price Ratio ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Parity Price ◽  
Hydrous Ethanol

Competition is a relevant element in any open economy. Public policies are necessary to induce economic efficiency and to create conditions to preserve or stimulate a competitive environment. This paper aims to assess the competitiveness of hydrous ethanol price in a period of political, social and economic crises, in 15 Brazilian state capitals between the years 2012 and 2019. We compared the ethanol–gasoline price ratio behavior in two different periods, before and after the import parity price policy implemented by Petrobras in 2016. Mann–Whitney and Levene’s tests, two non-parametric statistical methods, were applied to verify significant changes between these periods. The implementation of changes in Petrobras’ pricing policy from 2016 onwards caused a statistically significant increase in the ratio coefficient of variation in two-thirds of the distribution market and more than the half of analyzed retail markets. Second, overall, the cities that showed statistically significant changes in the median and coefficient of variation in the distribution market price ratio were followed by the retail market. Our findings suggest that government interventions in the fuel and byproduct final selling prices to distributors negatively impact competition between companies that are part of the fuel distribution and retail chain, also affecting the sale of biofuels in Brazil and discouraging the initiatives to use renewable fuels to reduce the emission of pollutants.

scholarly journals Exchange Rate Pass Through in a Small Open Economy: A case study of West African Monetary Zone

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-290
Author(s):  
Rahman olanrewaju Raji
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Import Price ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Import Prices ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Exchange Rate Pass Through

The  study investigated the magnitude of exchange rate pass through to import prices and domestic prices    (consumer price index) in WAMZ economy using quarterly time-series data between 2000 and 2010 with the aids of Vector autoregressive (VAR) modeling technique supported with Johansen co-integration approach cross country analysis comprising of Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria and Sierra-Leone. The study discovered that transmission of exchange rate to import prices is more when compared with consumer price in the zone while the contributions of exchange rate to import price are not less 13 percent at average in entire zone. Consumer price index was explained by exchange rate pass through with an average of 26 percent in the zone where the pass through to consumer price is less than two percent in Ghanaian economy. The Taylor (2000) hypothesis was observed in the study where Ghana and Nigeria are the outlier economies while Nigeria established a positive relationship between interest rate volatility and exchange rate pass through to import prices.

scholarly journals Economic consequences of mandatory price re-registration for medicines from the high-cost nosology program

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
A. V. Rudakova ◽  
D. T. Ugrekhelidze ◽  
V. A. Krylov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Essential Drug List ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Reference Stock

The Government Decree, approved in December 2019, required registration certificates holders of reference drugs, included in the essential drug list (EDL), submit applications for mandatory price re-registration. Drugs included in the high-cost nosology list (high-cost list) must be included in the EDL.Objective: to assess the budget impact of price re-registration for high-cost list drugs.Material and methods. The comparing economic analysis of high-cost nosology program before and after price re-registration based on the Government Decree N 1683 (effective from 16.12.2019). 125 reference stock keeping units (SKUs), included in the high-cost list, were evaluated.Results. The analysis showed, that after re-registration the prices of 66 SKUs will remain the same. The prices of 43 reference SKUs will be reduced after setting a single maximum selling price («equalization»). Prices for 16 SKUs will be reduced due to lower registered prices in the reference countries. Considering the contracts executed in 20192020, the budget of the high-cost program is up to 74.430 billion rubles, and after re-registration it will be equal to 64.162 billion rubles, so the savings will amount 10.267 billion (13.8 %). The main drivers of re-registration prices savings are: Advagraf (1.175 billion rubles), Elizaria (2.083 billion rubles) and Revlimid (2.247 billion rubles). Separately, we analyzed the consequences ofprices re-registration in the V-thgroup ofhigh-cost list, which are provided topatients with malignant neoplasms of lymphoid, hematopoietic and related tissues. It was calculated, that in 2019 the contracts for V-th group of high-cost list were signed for 19.217 billion rubles, and after the price re-registration for the purchase of the same number of drugs 16.762 billion rubles will be spent, so the savings from the price re-registration will amount to 2.455 billion rubles (12.8 %), among which 2.247 billion rubles will be provided by price re-registration of Revlimid.Conclusions. The pricing policy implemented in the Russian Federation is aimed at increasing the availability of highly effective medical care to the population of the Russian Federation and significantly reduces the burden on the budget of the healthcare system.

Implementation of Pricing Strategy

2013 ◽  
pp. 142-167
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Support ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Work Culture ◽  
Competitive Growth ◽  
Market Uncertainty ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Process Dynamics ◽  
Marketing Firms ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Strategy Integration

This chapter argues that the critical task for marketing firms during the market uncertainty, particularly while implementing the changes in the price policy, is to find a new set of organizational practices that will become the basis for managing the next period of competitive growth. Pricing performance is affected by internal and external factors. Internal factors of the organization include work culture, guidance by the managers, and administrative support. The pricing strategies would be more efficient where outcome-based control is used in driving the performance of price in the competitive marketplace. This chapter discusses the process dynamics in pricing and ways of implementing appropriate pricing policies and demonstrates building high consumer value. The discussion in this chapter is woven around the conceptual framework of developing pricing policy and building the overall strategy integration process in a competitive marketplace.

scholarly journals The effects of alcohol pricing policies on consumption, health, social and economic outcomes, and health inequality in Australia: a protocol of an epidemiological modelling study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e029918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Jiang ◽  
Robin Room ◽  
Michael Livingston ◽  
Sarah Callinan ◽  
Alan Brennan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Risky Drinking ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Pricing Policies ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionAlcohol use and misuse are associated with substantial health and social issues in Australia and internationally. Pricing policy is considered as one of the most effective means to reduce risky drinking and related harms. This protocol paper describes a study that will model and estimate the effects, effectiveness and cost–benefit of alcohol pricing policy initiatives in reducing risky drinking, health and social harms, and health inequalities among subpopulations in Australia.Methods and analysisThe study is a modelling and epidemiological study using data from various resources, such as survey, previous literatures and response agencies. A number of statistical procedures will be undertaken to evaluate the impact of different alcohol pricing policy initiatives on various outcomes, including alcohol consumption in population subgroups, and health and social problems, and to measure health inequalities and cost-effectiveness of those proposed pricing policies, such as a 10% tax increase on all alcohol beverages or introduction of a minimum unit price.Ethics and disseminationThe ethics approval of this study was obtained from the College Human Ethics Sub-Committee of the La Trobe University on 9 November 2017 (Ref: S17-206). While examining the heterogeneous effects of price policy across population subgroups, this study will provide the first comprehensive estimates of the likely impacts of alcohol price changes on health inequalities. The study will also provide sophisticated economic analyses of the impact of price policy changes, which is critical information for policy makers and will assist policy makers in directing resources to a more efficient alcohol strategy. Results will be made available to communities and societies, health departments and other researchers.

scholarly journals Influence of price level of imported wine on competition in the wine-production sector in the Czech Republic

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 317-322
Author(s):  
R. Černíková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Import Price ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Import Prices ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Production Sector

The paper is a part of solution of the grant awarded by the Ministry of Agriculture (NAZV) No. QF 3276 and analyzes the influence of the price level of imported bottled wine on the competition in the wine-production sector in the Czech Republic. The comparison of the industrial producers’ prices in the Czech Republic with the average import prices of bottled wine in particular years brings us to conclusion that a threat for Czech producers is first the price of the imported table wine (white and red) at present. The average import prices of this wine category varied under the minimal average industrial producers’ prices in 1998–2003. The average import price of the white table wine in containers up to 2 liters was 19 CZK per liter in 2003 and the minimal average industrial producers’ price was 26.90 CZK per liter in the same year. The price level is higher in case of the red table wine in general, but the average annual import prices (in 2003, 23 CZK per liter) also varied under the minimal average industrial producers’ prices in all analyzed years (in 2003, 29.70 CZK per liter). The situation is more positive for the Czech wine producers in case of the quality wine. There is a space for an increase in price. The average import prices were by 25 CZK per liter per year higher in average than the maximal industrial producers’ prices in the Czech Republic in all analyzed years. However, while the average annual import price of the white quality wine increases (50 CZK per liter in 1998; 93 CZK per liter in 2003) and creates a bigger space for the Czech wine producers in the price policy, the average annual import prices of the red quality wine varied around 80 CZK per liter in all analyzed years.

Beating Yourself: How Do Runners Improve Their Own Records?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Foster ◽  
Jos J. de Koning ◽  
Christian Thiel ◽  
Bram Versteeg ◽  
Daniel A. Boullosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Average Coefficient ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
World Records ◽  
Elite Runners

Background: Pacing studies suggest the distribution of effort for optimizing performance. Cross-sectional studies of 1-mile world records (WRs) suggest that WR progression includes a smaller coefficient of variation of velocity. Purpose: This study evaluates whether intraindividual pacing used by elite runners to break their own WR (1 mile, 5 km, and 10 km) is related to the evolution of pacing strategy. We provide supportive data from analysis in subelite runners. Methods: Men’s WR performances (with 400-m or 1-km splits) in 1 mile, 5 km, and 10 km were retrieved from the IAAF database (from 1924 to present). Data were analyzed relative to pacing pattern when a runner improved their own WR. Similar analyses are presented for 10-km performance in subelite runners before and after intensified training. Results: WR performance was improved in 1 mile (mean [SD]: 3:59.4 [11.2] to 3:57.2 [8.6]), 5 km (13:27 [0:33] to 13:21 [0:33]), and 10 km (28:35 [1:27] to 28:21 [1:21]). The average coefficient of variation did not change in the 1 mile (3.4% [1.8%] to 3.6% [1.6%]), 5 km (2.4% [0.9%] to 2.2% [0.8%]), or 10 km (1.4% [0.1%] to 1.5% [0.6%]) with improved WR. When velocity was normalized to the percentage mean velocity for each race, the pacing pattern was almost identical. Very similar patterns were observed in subelite runners in the 10 km. When time improved from 49:20 (5:30) to 45:56 (4:58), normalized velocity was similar, terminal RPE increased (8.4 [1.6] to 9.1 [0.8]), coefficient of variation was unchanged (4.4% [1.1%] to 4.8% [2.1%]), and VO2max increased (49.8 [7.4] to 55.3 [8.8] mL·min−1·kg−1). Conclusion: The results suggest that when runners break their own best performances, they employ the same pacing pattern, which is different from when WRs are improved in cross-sectional data.

Spontaneous renal blood flow autoregulation curves in conscious sinoaortic baroreceptor-denervated rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (1) ◽  
pp. F51-F58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silene L. S. Pires ◽  
Claude Julien ◽  
Bruno Chapuis ◽  
Jean Sassard ◽  
Christian Barrès
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Renal Blood Flow ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Tubuloglomerular Feedback ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Renal Blood Flow Autoregulation ◽  
Limited Accuracy ◽  
Weibull Equation ◽  
Intact Rats

These experiments examined whether the conscious sinoaortic baroreceptor-denervated (SAD) rat, owing to its high spontaneous arterial pressure (AP) variability, might represent a model for renal blood flow (RBF) autoregulation studies. In eight SAD and six baroreceptor-intact rats, AP and RBF were recorded (1-h periods) before and after furosemide (10 mg/kg followed by 10 mg · kg−1 · h−1 iv)administration. In control conditions, AP variability was markedly enhanced in SAD rats (coefficient of variation: 16.0 ± 1.2 vs. 5.4 ± 0.5% in intact rats), whereas RBF variability was only slightly increased (8.7 ± 0.6 vs. 6.1 ± 0.5% in intact rats), suggesting buffering by autoregulatory mechanisms. In SAD rats, but not in intact rats, the AP-RBF relationships could be modeled with a four-parameter sigmoid Weibull equation ( r 2 = 0.24 ± 0.07, 3,600 data pairs/rat), allowing for estimation of an autoregulatory plateau (10.1 ± 0.7 ml/min) and a lower limit of RBF autoregulation (PLL = 93 ± 6 mmHg, defined as AP at RBF 5% below the plateau). After furosemide treatment, autoregulation curves ( r 2 = 0.49 ± 0.07) in SAD rats were shifted downward (plateau = 8.6 ± 0.8 ml/min) and rightward (PLL = 102 ± 5 mmHg). In five of six intact rats, PLL became measurable (104 ± 1 mmHg), albeit with limited accuracy ( r 2 = 0.09 ± 0.03). In conclusion, the conscious SAD rat offers the possibility of describing RBF autoregulation curves under dynamic, unforced conditions. The tubuloglomerular feedback and myogenic mechanisms cooperate in setting PLL and thus in stabilizing RBF during spontaneous depressor episodes.

scholarly journals Price policy in the marketing system of agricultural enterprises

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 672-678
Author(s):  
Lyudmyla Tarasovych
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Research ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Price Formation ◽  
Marketing Activity ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Strategic Perspective

The aim of the research is to explain the peculiarities and mechanisms of price formation the system of agricultural enterprises’ marketing. Research methods have scientific and analytical comparison, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis. Place, role, and peculiarities of price policy formation in the system of marketing of agricultural enterprises are explained. Theoretically proven that effective functioning of agricultural enterprises is determined by pricing policy formation which is efficient and corresponds to the market. The pricing policy is considered as a system of actions directed on determining prices for products and services, and on formation of pricing strategy and tactics, and also on changing the level of prices depending on the competitive position of an enterprise on the market in order to hold the desired marketing chares in strategic perspective. The key ideas of complementary connection of pricing policy of agricultural enterprises with other directions of their marketing activity are described.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF LYNAS ADVANCED MATERIAL PLANT (LAMP) TOWARDS SURROUNDING HOUSING MARKET PRICE

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ikmal Ariff Azmee ◽  
Atasya Osmadi
Keyword(s):  
Housing Market ◽  
Market Price ◽  
House Price ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Greenhouse Emission ◽  
The Impact

Lynas Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP) is situated in Gebeng industrial estate in Kuantan, Malaysia. Lynas plant processes rare earth elements that was trucked from Mt Weld Western Australia’s mine site to Fremantle Port and then brought to Malaysia. Rare elements are important in greenhouse emission reduction especially for their distinctive use in wind turbines, hybrid vehicles, automotive chemical action converters and others technologies. However, the construction and the opening of Lynas plant may have caused pollution to the environment and health risk towards surrounding area. Few case studies highlighted the negative impacts of radioactive element towards the surrounding housing market price. Using before-and-after analysis and sensitivity analysis, this research seeks to evaluate the impact from Lynas plant on the price of housing (single storey terrace) in its surrounding area. The findings show that Lynas plant could be one of the factors that have affected the housing market price in the area. This research concludes that, in general, there is an increase of house price after the opening of Lynas plant, however it is evident that there is a trend of increasing house price when the house is farther away from the plant. It is hoped that the findings of this research helps in answering some of the public speculations regarding the impact of the plant.

scholarly journals PRICING POLICY IN TOURISM AS ONE OF THE FACTORS IN FORMING IMAGE OF DESTINATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-26
Author(s):  
Валентина Ячменева ◽  
Valentina Yachmeneva ◽  
Наталья Фокина ◽  
Natalya Fokina
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Tourism Product ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Tourist Center ◽  
Tourist Service

There are several challenges on way to the forming modern international tourist center on the territory of Crimea meeting the criteria of a year-round, demand and competitiveness. The harmonization of tourism product’s prices and its quality is the main among them. Existing currently unbalanced price policy of tourist service enterprises in the territory of the peninsula could have a negative impact on the region’s image and lead to the loss of competitive position in the market of tourist services. This explains the relevance of this study and its purpose. The research aimed at evaluating the experience of successful development of tourism in foreign destinations and analyzing the factors influencing the pricing policy of tourist service enterprises in the Crimean destinations. To achieve the objectives of the study the authors analyze the approaches to the definition of "destination" and "image". There are a variety of definitions of these terms, but they are all focused on a consumer’s comprehensive perception of tourism product. The distinctive features of main consumer of tourist services in Crimea are established. The reasons for the success of tourism in the destinations in Turkey and Egypt are analyzed. The authors have revealed that the government's efforts to support enterprises in Crimean tourism industry create preconditions for improving the quality of tourism products and the introduction of pricing policies aimed at reducing prices. The article provides an analysis of the factors influencing the pricing policy of tourist service enterprises in Crimean destinations through the method of PEST-analysis. The authors concluded that the current pricing policy of the majority of tourist service companies on the territory of the Republic of Crimea, is apart from the pricing policy of its nearest competitors, does not meet the quality of service and, therefore, does not meet the expectations of the consumers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document